| 词条 | Soviet cruiser Voroshilov | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Voroshilov ({{lang-ru|Ворошилов}}) was a Project 26 {{sclass-|Kirov|cruiser}} of the Soviet Navy that served during World War II and into the Cold War. She bombarded German troops during the Siege of Odessa before being badly damaged in November 1941 by German bombers. Upon her return from repairs in March 1942 she supported Soviet troops during the Siege of Sevastopol, the Kerch-Feodosiya Operation and the amphibious landings at Novorossiysk at the end of January 1943. Her active participation in the war ended in October 1943 when three destroyers were lost to air attack and Joseph Stalin forbid missions using large ships without his permission. Postwar she was converted to a missile test ship before being sold for scrap in 1973. DescriptionVoroshilov was {{convert|191.3|m|ftin|sp=us}} long, had a beam of {{convert|17.66|m|ftin|sp=us}} and had a draft of {{convert|6.15|m|ftin|sp=us}}. She displaced {{convert|7890|t|LT|0|lk=out|sp=us}} at standard load and {{convert|9436|t|LT|sp=us}} at full load.[1] Her two steam turbines proved to be more powerful than anticipated, producing a total of {{convert|122500|shp|kW|lk=in}}. This was almost enough to achieve the ship's designed speed of 37 knots during her sea trials, reaching {{convert|36.72|knots|lk=in}} despite being over {{convert|650|t|LT|sp=us}} overweight.[2]Voroshilov carried nine {{convert|180|mm|sp=us|adj=on}} 57-caliber B-1-P guns in three electrically powered MK-3-180 triple turrets.[2] Her secondary armament consisted of six single {{convert|100|mm|adj=on|sp=us}} 56-caliber B-34 anti-aircraft guns fitted on each side of the rear funnel. The ship's light AA guns consisted of six semi-automatic {{convert|45|mm|adj=on|sp=us}} 21-K AA guns and four DK {{convert|12.7|mm|in|adj=on|sp=us}} machine guns.[3] Six {{convert|533|mm|adj=on|sp=us}} 39-Yu torpedo tubes were fitted in two triple mountings.[4]Wartime modificationsWhen war broke out in 1941, Voroshilov was not equipped with any radars, but she received a number of British Lend-Lease radars by 1944. One Type 284 and two Type 285 radars were used for main battery fire control. One Type 291 was used for air search, while anti-aircraft fire control was provided by two Type 282 radars.[4][5] ServiceVoroshilov was laid down at the Marti South shipyard in Nikolayev on 15 October 1935; the second of the Project 26, to use their industrial designation, Kirov-class cruisers. She was launched on 28 June 1937, but she had to wait for her Soviet-built machinery to be delivered before she was completed on 20 June 1940. On 26 June 1941 Voroshilov covered Soviet destroyers bombarding Constanta, after the Germans attacked the Soviet Union, and was slightly damaged by a mine exploded by the destroyer {{ship|Soviet destroyer|Soobrazitelny||2}}'s paravanes. She bombarded Axis troops near Odessa on 19 September with 148 180 mm shells and was transferred to Novorossiysk shortly afterwards.[6] On 2 November the ship was bombed in harbor by Junkers Ju 88 bombers of Kampfgeschwader 51. She was hit twice; one hit started a fire in #3 magazine that was extinguished by water flooding in from the second hit.[7] Voroshilov had to be towed to Poti for repairs, which lasted until February 1942. She shelled Axis positions near Feodosiya on 19 March and 3 April 1942, but was damaged by fragments from bombs from Ju 88s on 10 April and had to return to Batumi for minor repairs.[8]On 8 and 11 May she provided fire support for Soviet troops around Kerch and the Taman Peninsula. On 27 May one of her turbines broke down, while helping to transfer the 9th Naval Infantry Brigade from Batumi to Sevastopol, and required repairs lasting until 24 July 1942. On 1 December 1942, while she was bombarding the then-Romanian Snake Island together with the destroyer Soobrazitelny, the cruiser was damaged by Romanian mines, but she managed to return to Poti for repairs under her own power. During the brief bombardment, she fired forty-six 180 mm and fifty-seven 100 mm shells, which struck the radio station, barracks and lighthouse on the island, but failed to inflict significant losses.[9][10][11] After her repairs were completed she provided naval gunfire support for Soviet forces landing behind German lines at Malaya Zemlya at the end of January 1943. On 17 February the ship transferred from Poti to Batumi.[12] Voroshilov was withdrawn from active operations, however, after the loss of three destroyers that were attempting to interdict the German evacuation of the Taman Bridgehead to air attack on 6 October 1943. This loss caused Stalin to forbid the deployment of large naval units without his express permission which was not granted during the rest of the war.[13] The ship was transferred to Novorossiysk on 18 August 1944 and to Sevastopol on 5 November.[7] She was awarded the Order of the Red Banner on 8 July 1945.[14]PostwarVoroshilov was inspected in 1946 and found unsatisfactory, but she was given routine servicing.[7] She began her postwar modernization in April 1954, but the Navy reevaluated the scope of the work in 1955 and deemed it insufficient to create a fully modern ship. Unlike her half-sister {{ship|Soviet cruiser|Maxim Gorky||2}}, she was selected for conversion as a testbed for missile development as Project 33 on 17 February 1956. The conversion process was prolonged, as her armament was removed and she received an entirely new superstructure and masts. She consequently was not recommissioned as OS-24 until 31 December 1961. The ship was modernized under Project 33M from 11 October 1963 to 1 December 1965. Her final conversion was to a floating barracks on 6 October 1972 and she was redesignated as PKZ-19. Voroshilov was sold for scrap on 2 March 1973.[15] Voroshilov{{'}}s 14-ton propeller and 2.5-ton stop anchor are on display at the Museum of Heroic Defense and Liberation of Sevastopol on Sapun Mountain in Sevastopol.[16]Notes1. ^Yakubov & Worth, p. 84 2. ^1 Yakubov & Worth, p. 90 3. ^Yakubov & Worth, pp. 86–87 4. ^1 Yakubov & Worth, p. 88 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_Radar.htm|title=British Naval Radar Equipment of World War II|accessdate=9 August 2009|publisher=navweaps.com}} 6. ^Rohwer, pp. 82–3, 101 7. ^1 2 Yakubov & Worth, p. 92 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://flot.sevastopol.info/ship/cruiser/voroshilov.htm|title=Cruiser Voroshilov|language=Russian|accessdate=9 August 2009|publisher=Black Sea Fleet}} 9. ^Jipa Rotaru, Ioan Damaschin, Glorie și dramă: Marina Regală Română, 1940-1945, Ion Cristoiu Publishing, 2000, pp. 93-94 10. ^Spencer C. Tucker, World War II at Sea: An Encyclopedia, p. 114 11. ^Nicolae Koslinski, Raymond Stănescu, Marina română in al doilea război mondial: 1942-1944, p. 56 (in Romanian) 12. ^Yakubov & Worth, p. 92 13. ^Whitley, p. 211 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://sovnavy-ww2.by.ru/cruisers/typ_kirov.htm|title=Type Kirov|language=Russian|accessdate=8 August 2009|publisher=sovnavy-ww2.by.ru|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021029024210/http://sovnavy-ww2.by.ru/cruisers/typ_kirov.htm|archivedate=29 October 2002|deadurl=yes|df=}} 15. ^Yakubov & Worth, pp. 91–92 16. ^{{cite book|last=Museum of Heroic Defense and Liberation of Sevastopol|title=Sapun Mountain Guide|publisher=PoliPRESS Publisher|location=Simferopol|year=2006|page=140|language=Russian}} References
External links{{Commons category|Voroshilov (ship, 1937)}}
6 : Kirov-class cruisers|Ships built at the Black Sea Shipyard|1937 ships|World War II cruisers of the Soviet Union|Maritime incidents in November 1941|Ships built in the Soviet Union |
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