词条 | Special adviser (UK) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
A special adviser works in a supporting role to the British government. With media, political or policy expertise, their duty is to assist and advise government ministers. They are often referred to as "SpAd"s. Being a special advisor has become a frequent career stage for young politicians, before being elected Members of Parliament, which has attracted criticism in recent years. Special advisers are paid by central government and are styled as so-called "temporary civil servants" appointed under Article 3 of the Civil Service Order in Council 1995.[1] They contrast with "permanent" civil servants in the respect that they are political appointees whose loyalties are claimed by the governing party and often particular ministers with whom they have a close relationship. For this reason, advisers may resign when a general election is called to campaign on behalf of their party.[2] Special advisers have sometimes been criticised for engaging in advocacy while still on the government payroll or switching directly between lobbying roles and the special adviser role.[3] BackgroundSpecial advisers were first appointed from 1964 under the Harold Wilson's first Labour government to provide political advice to Ministers and have been subsequently utilised by all following governments.[4] Code of conductAdvisers are governed by a code of conduct which goes some way to defining their role and delineates relations with the permanent civil service, contact with the media and relationship with the governing party, inter alia: {{cquote|the employment of special advisers adds a political dimension to the advice and assistance available to Ministers while reinforcing the political impartiality of the permanent Civil Service by distinguishing the source of political advice and support [...] Special advisers are employed to help Ministers on matters where the work of Government and the work of the Government Party overlap and where it would be inappropriate for permanent civil servants to become involved. They are an additional resource for the Minister providing assistance from a standpoint that is more politically committed and politically aware than would be available to a Minister from the permanent Civil Service.[5]}}The rules for their appointment, and status in relation to ministers, are set out in the Ministerial Code. Former special advisersSome former special advisers, such as Ed Balls, James Purnell, Ed Miliband and David Miliband, go on to become Members of Parliament or, like Lady Vadera, are given a peerage in order that they may take up a ministerial post. A large number have also gone on to accept lucrative jobs in the private sector{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}. Other famous special advisers include former Director of Communications and Strategy Alastair Campbell and Jo Moore, who was embroiled in scandal while working as adviser to the Secretary of State Transport, Local Government and the Regions Stephen Byers. Number and cost of special advisersThere is no legal limit on the number of special advisers, although the current total is less than it was under Tony Blair. The government had previously accepted calls, made in 2000 by the Neill Committee on Standards in Public Life, for such a legal cap. By 2002, however, the government had altered its position, saying in response to the Wicks Committee report on standards in public life that "the Government does not believe that the issue of special advisers can be considered as a numerical issue. The issue is about being transparent about accountability, roles and responsibilities and numbers".[6] At the last full reporting the government had 68 such personnel in its employment, 18 of whom worked in 10 Downing Street.[7] Special advisers may be paid up to £142,668. Before his resignation Andy Coulson was the highest paid special adviser with a salary of £140,000.[8] The total cost of special advisers in 2006–07 was £5.9 million.[7] Recent special advisersCameron ministry (May 2010)Office of the Prime Minister
Former special advisers to David Cameron:
Office of the Deputy Prime Minister
Other Cabinet MinistersFirst Secretary of State, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
The Cabinet Office released a full list of special advisers as of 10 June 2010 but because of subsequent ministerial resignations and appointments this is already out of date Brown Ministry (June 2007 – May 2010)Office of the Prime Minister
Other ministersGordon Brown released a [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmhansrd/cm071122/wmstext/71122m0002.htm#07112240000024 full list] of special advisers as of 22 November 2007. In fictionFiction set within the Westminster village frequently includes characters that are special advisers, such as Frank Weisel in Yes Minister and Glen Cullen in The Thick of It at the ministerial level, and figures like Malcolm Tucker (also of The Thick of It) seen operating at the apex of power, often overriding or manipulating Prime Ministers and other world leaders. See also
Footnotes1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.civilservicecommissioners.org/web-resources/resources/a6831c096d4.pdf|title=Civil Service Order in Council 1995|accessdate=2008-03-10|publisher=Civil Service Commissioners|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5qfgYobKC?url=http://www.civilservicecommissioners.org/web-resources/resources/a6831c096d4.pdf|archivedate=22 June 2010|df=dmy-all}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.red-star-research.org.uk/subframe4.html|title=Special advisors|accessdate=2008-03-10|publisher=Red Star Research |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080214070450/http://www.red-star-research.org.uk/subframe4.html |archivedate = 2008-02-14}} 3. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1397040/Advisers-move-to-lobby-firm-attacked.html|title=Adviser's move to lobby firm attacked|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=2010-03-08 | location=London | date=12 June 2002}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/special%20adviser%20research%20paper%20final_0.pdf|publisher=Institute for Government |accessdate=2018-12-02}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/propriety_and_ethics/special_advisers/code/code.aspx |archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100407182129/http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/propriety_and_ethics/special_advisers/code/code.aspx |archivedate=7 April 2010 |title= Code of Conduct for Special Advisers |publisher=Cabinet Office}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons/lib/research/briefings/snpc-03813.pdf |title= Special advisers |author=Oonagh Gay |accessdate=2010-12-10 |publisher=House of Commons Library Parliament and Constitution Centre}} 7. ^1 [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmhansrd/cm071122/wmstext/71122m0002.htm#07112240000024 Numbers and Cost of Special Advisers], written statement by Gordon Brown, 22 Nov 2007 : Column 147WS, Hansard 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/newsroom/statements/wms-special-advisers.aspx |title=Written Ministerial Statement on Special Adviser numbers from Cabinet Office, 10 Jun 2010 |publisher=Cabinetoffice.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2012-12-07|archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20101110123628/http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/newsroom/statements/wms-special-advisers.aspx|archivedate=2010-11-10}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/9715414/George-Osborne-hires-thinktank-chief-who-said-the-Tories-had-to-win-the-North.html |title=George Osborne hires thinktank chief who said the Tories had to win the North |publisher=Telegraph |date= |accessdate=2012-12-07}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/9685463/George-Osborne-loses-his-gatekeeper-as-love-blossoms.html |title=George Osborne loses his gatekeeper as love blossoms |publisher=Telegraph |date= |accessdate=2012-12-07}} 11. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/jun/07/cameron-gove-may-extremism-row |title=Furious Cameron slaps down Gove and May over 'Islamic extremism' row |author1=Toby Helm |author2=Daniel Boffey |author3=Warwick Mansell |newspaper=The Observer |date=7 June 2014 |accessdate=8 June 2014}} 12. ^Garner, Richard and Cusick, J (Oct 2013). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/michael-goves-controversial-adviser-dominic-cummings-quits-to-open-new-free-school-8864909.html "Michael Gove's controversial adviser Dominic Cummings 'quits to open new free school'"], The Independent, 7 October 2013. Accessed 26 June 2014 External links
3 : British special advisers|British Prime Minister's Office|Politics of the United Kingdom |
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