“Metula”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Metula ({{lang-he-n|מְטֻלָּה}}) is a town in the Northern District of Israel. Metula is located between the sites of the Biblical cities of Dan, Abel Bet Ma'akha, and Eyon, bordering Lebanon. In {{Israel populations|Year}} it had a population of {{Israel populations|Metula}}. Metula is the most northern town in Israel.

History

Roman and Byzantine periods

A settlement existed in the area in the Roman and Byzantine periods.^[2]^[3] Ancient wine presses and a mosaic pavement have been found here.^[4] A tomb excavated in 1967 contained at least four graves dating from between the late third century and the late sixth century.^[4]

Ottoman period

In 1816, the traveller Buckingham visited "a large village, called Metully, altogether inhabited by Druses".^[5] In 1875, Victor Guérin described Methelleh or Metelleh as a village with a spring, occupied by Druzes from the Hauran who cultivated a garden to the east.^[6] Soon afterwards, in 1881, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine recorded "El Mutallah: A small village, built of stone, containing about 100 Druzes, situated on slope of hill, near a large stream, surrounded by arable land."^[7]

Founding of the Jewish moshava

When the Druze Rebellion of 1895 broke out, the men of Mutallah joined its ranks. Since the women were not able to cope with the work, the owner of the land, a Christian from Sidon named Jabur Bey Riskalas (Greek Diplomat to Middle East), sold 12,800 dunams of land to Baron de Rothschild's chief officer Joshua Ossovetski.^[8]^[9] It had been inhabited and cultivated by more than 600 Druze tenant farmers. When the Druze Rebellion was put down, the men returned and demanded their tenancy rights back.^[9] Ossovetski called in the Turkish authorities, who came to arrest the Druse as deserters and rebels, while Ossovetski offered them paltry compensation to leave the land.^[9] Many were unsatisfied and eight years of feuds and violent clashes ensued.^[9] Eventually an agreement was reached between the villagers and the Jewish Colonization Association in 1904 for an additional payment of 60,000 francs (3,000 Turkish pounds).^[8]^[9]^[10] This episode brought much criticism of the methods of Rothschild's agents, including some from other Zionists such as Ahad Ha'am.^[9]^[10]^[11]

The Jewish moshava settlement was founded in June 1896 by 60 farming families from more established settlements and 20 families of non-farming professions. Most of the founders were immigrants from Russia. Pioneers (halutzim) from Petah Tikva also joined in settling Metula, as did some religious scholars from Safed.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

Mandatory period

At the end of World War I, Metula was in the area of French military occupation.^[12]

The 1920 boundary agreement between Britain and France stated that Metula was to be in Palestine, but it was not until 1924 that the change to British control was complete.^[12] During the intervening years, the residents of Metula even took part in elections for the Lebanese parliament.^[12]

Nahal Ayyun Bridge

The bridge over Nahal Ayyun was built by the British in the years 1943-44. On June 17, 1946 (Night of the bridges) all four Palmach battalions (the Haganah elite units) captured and destroyed 11 border bridges. As a consequence, on June 29, 1946 ("Black Sabbath"), the British soldiers imprisoned many Yishuv leaders and Palmach members. The bridge was blown up again by the Palmach during the War of Independence. The bridge was repaired in the 1980s.^[14]

State of Israel

In modern Israel, Metula is known as a wealthy town popular as a tourist destination, especially for Israeli schoolchildren during summer vacation.^[15]

The "Good Fence" (1976–2000)

The Good Fence ({{Hebrew|הגדר הטובה}}, HaGader HaTova or Fatima Crossing) was a border crossing from Metula to Lebanon opened in 1976 and closed in 2000 after Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon. The border crossing allowed the population of southern Lebanon to find jobs in northern Israel, access health services, attend school in Israel, and transport goods.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

1985 attack

The Safari Disaster happened during the South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000). In the afternoon of Sunday, March 10, 1985, a convoy of IDF soldiers on their "Safari" model trucks were driving from Metula towards the Lebanese town of Marjayoun. Dozens of soldiers, just returned from Shabbat, were on their way to duty. In accordance with regulations, one armed jeep in the forefront and two on the tail, the soldiers were wearing helmets and bullet-proof vests. They were just crossing the narrow bridge over Nahal Ayyun at 13:45, when they noticed on the other side a red Chevrolet pickup truck driving towards them. The soldiers of the first jeep noticed just one driver, smiling friendly. They signaled him to pull over to let the convoy pass. The first jeep and the first safari truck passed, when at 13:50 a tremendous explosion occurred, which shattered windows even back in Metula. The red truck exploded in a huge fireball, and hurled soldiers through the air. Twelve soldiers were killed and 14 wounded in the explosion.^[16]

2006 Lebanon War

During the 2006 Lebanon War, Metula became a ghost town as its population temporarily fled to escape Hezbollah rocket fire. The town was hit by 120 rockets during the war.^[15]

Area and population

The municipality governs a land area of 2,000 dunams (2 km²). According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), in September 2003 Metula had a population of 1,400, predominantly Jewish. Metula was declared a local council in 1949. Also according to the CBS, the population over the years was:

Geography and climate

Metula lies in the northernmost point of Israel, next to the Lebanese border {{convert|6|km|mi}} at 520 m above sea level.

Winters are usually cold and wet, with an average annual rainfall of 900 mm, while summers are warm and dry. The river Nahal Ayoun has its sources in Lebanon, about seven kilometers north of Metula.

Notable residents

Notes

1. ^Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/30/mode/1up 30]
2. ^Alexandre, 2008, Metulla
3. ^Jaffe, 2010, Metulla
4. ^¹Dauphin, 1998, p. 641
5. ^Buckingham, 1825, p. [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924103698217#page/n430/mode/1up 407]
6. ^Guérin, 1880, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr00gugoog#page/n385/mode/1up 345]–346
7. ^Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/89/mode/1up 89]
8. ^¹Morris, 2001, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jGtVsBne7PgC&pg=PA55 55]
9. ^¹²³⁴⁵Avneri, 1984, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8Teb4dKHQcoC&pg=PA96 96]-98
10. ^¹{{cite book |author= Yosef Gorney |title= Zionism and the Arabs, 1882-1948: a study of ideology |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= USA |year=1987 |page=18 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=crHjZnRmWhgC&q=Metulla#v=onepage&q=Metula |isbn=978-0-19-822721-2 }}
11. ^{{cite journal |author=Alan Dowty |title= "A Question That Outweighs All Others": Yitzhak Epstein and Zionist Recognition of the Arab Issue |journal= Israel Studies |volume=6 |year=2001 |pages=34–54 |doi=10.1353/is.2001.0003}}
12. ^¹²Biger, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jC9MbKNh8GUC&pg=PA134 134]
13. ^Bentwich, 1919, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineofjewsp00bentrich#page/96/mode/1up 96]
14. ^See [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Metula_Bridge.jpg municipality plaque at the site]
15. ^¹[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYLUCovhd28 Calm Returns to Israeli Border Town Two Years After War]
16. ^ http://www.jta.org/1985/03/12/archive/israel-in-mourning-as-12-killed-in-suicide-truck-bombing-are-buried