| 词条 | Mianne Bagger |
| 释义 |
| name = Mianne Bagger | image = Maianne Bagger.JPG | imagesize = | caption = Mianne Bagger in 2008 | fullname = Mianne Bagger | nickname = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|12|25}} | birth_place = Copenhagen, Denmark | death_date = | death_place = | height = {{height|m=1.76|precision=0}}[1][1] | weight = | nationality = {{DNK}} | residence = Adelaide, Australia[1] | spouse = | partner = | children = | college = | yearpro = 2003 | retired = | tour = ALPG Tour (joined 2004) Ladies European Tour (joined 2005) | extour = | prowins = | lpgawins = | letwins = | jlpgawins = | klpgawins = | lagtwins = | alpgwins = | futwins = | otherwins = | majorwins = | nabisco = | lpga = | wusopen = | dumaurier = | wbritopen = | wghofid = | wghofyear = | award1 = Vardon Trophy | year1 = 2001[2] | awardssection = }}Mianne Bagger (born in 25 December 1966) is a professional golfer from Denmark.[3] Bagger moved with her family to Australia in 1979, when she was twelve and started to again play golf fully in 1998, first as an amateur player, then turning professional in 2003. In 2004, by playing in the Women's Australian Open, she became the first openly transitioned woman to play in a professional golf tournament.[4] She also became the first trans woman to qualify for the Ladies European Tour in 2004,[5] also becoming the first high-profile transitioned woman to qualify for a professional sports tour since Renee Richards joined the Women's Tennis Association tour during the 1970s.[6] She has been instrumental in gaining eligibility for transitioned women to compete on professional golf tours.[3][7] Through her efforts, many professional golf organizations have amended their practices, but the policies generally still constrict rules of gender variance, and view atypically gendered women as something other than women.[3] Bagger has sought to remove gender policies, specifically female-at-birth, as more problematic than helpful, and encourage sports organizations to see "a fuller understanding and acceptance of gender variance and human diversity."[3] Early life and amateur careerBagger was born in Copenhagen, Denmark on 25 December 1966. She took up golf at the age of eight. At the age of 14, she was pictured with golfer Greg Norman during a golf clinic. Bagger moved with her family to Australia in 1979.[3] In 1992 she started hormone replacement therapy and in 1995, had sex reassignment surgery.[3][15] In 1998 she returned to golf as an amateur in Australia. She was open about her life and played in various amateur events around Adelaide and was invited to join the women's South Australian State Squad.[3] After winning the 1999 South Australian State Amateur the media attention increased.[3] Bagger played for the state team of South Australia (1999–2002) achieving a national top-ten rank for amateur women.[3] Various players from time to time, were still concerned about Bagger having an "unfair advantage"[3] The suspicion was that "if I happen to do well or win a tournament, that it was because of an unfair advantage."[3] She had researched the issues herself and, also through personal experience, realised that concerns were unfounded. All organizations that prevented her from competing had never actually done any research but had merely adopted a blanket ruling without question.[3] Bagger answered that many people are not aware of physiological aspects of gender variant conditions and the issues related to transitioning. Bagger again won the South Australian Amateur in 2001 and 2002. Bagger felt she had taken her amateur career as far as it could go and was looking to turn professional. She found that rules would prevent her from competing professionally in Australia and "on most golf tours around the world."[3] While still an amateur, she was offered the chance to play in the 2004 Women's Australian Open.[3] This led to a front-page story in Sydney, which prompted Bagger to hold a news conference the day before the tournament to answer questions and present information on transitioned and transgender people.[3] Professional career and campaigning for trans rightsAfter becoming the 6th best player in Australia in 2003, she continued as a professional.
Her coach is Australian Andrew Mowatt at the Royal Fremantle GC in Perth. At Bagger's first tournament as a professional, Laura Davies and Rachel Teske were among players who were happy to allow Bagger to compete.[8] Bagger caused a media stir in 2004 when she played the Australia Women's Open and had intentions also of joining the Australian Ladies Professional Golf Tour (ALPG Tour).[9] At a tournament in the United States, she met Ty Votaw, the commissioner of the LPGA Tour, who was later questioned about their policies stating "right now, our rule is that they have to be born women." Bagger notes that "they obviously don't consider that I meet that condition."[10] Her comment reflects current medical findings that there are no physical advantages for transitioned women in the sport. Votaw left the possibility open for that rule to change in the future. The 2004 ruling by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) regarding transitioned athletes led to a re-examination of rules in many sports.[11] The IOC 2004 Stockholm Consensus, which researchers have criticized as "a measure that polices the traditional gender binary while being disguised as a progressive and inclusive measure," spells out specific requirements for a transitioned athlete.[3][12][13][14] Bagger notes that the USGA policy requires "a signed waiver by the entrant giving complete and unrestricted access to one’s medical records and pre-operative and post-operative psychiatric records"[3] – requirements that are unheard of for other competitors.[3] In September 2004, after continued lobbying by Bagger, the Ladies European Tour voted on amending their membership entry criteria, allowing Bagger to compete on tour. Later that year, the ALPG also voted in favour of changing their constitution to remove the 'female at birth' clause, thus making Bagger eligible to join the ALPG Tour in Australia. On 9 February 2005, the Ladies Golf Union also announced a policy change allowing Bagger to compete in the Women's British Open. On 21 March 2005, the United States Golf Association announced it adopted a new 'gender policy' that allows transitioned athletes to compete in USGA golf championships, including the upcoming U.S. Women's Open. In 2010, the LPGA amended their bylaws and removed the 'female at birth' entry condition. Although the various policy changes have enabled transitioned athletes to compete, the policies remain under review.[11][15] Bagger, along with a few high-profile athletes and a growing number of medical professionals and researchers around the world, continue to lobby the IOC, IAAF, WADA et al. in their approach to embracing transitioned athletes.[11] Bagger also shares that many of these decisions are made by popular vote of members, often professionals in their sport, who are not doctors or medical professionals, and have no relevant medical training.[3] Amateur wins
See also
Notes1. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.alpg.com.au/default.aspx?s=playerprofile&id=1299 |title=ALPG profile |publisher=ALPGA Tour |accessdate=10 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106033005/http://www.alpg.com.au/default.aspx?s=playerprofile&id=1299 |archivedate=6 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }} 2. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.ladieseuropeantour.com/player_profile.php?id=50058 |title=Ladies European Tour profile |publisher=Ladies European Tour |accessdate=10 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106034307/http://www.ladieseuropeantour.com/player_profile.php?id=50058 |archivedate=6 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 {{cite journal |last1=Love |first1=Adam |first2=Seung-Yup |last2=Lim |first3=Joy T. |last3=DeSensi |url=http://kinesiology.msstate.edu/faculty/bios/pdf/Love_Lim_DeSensi(2009).pdf |title=Mianne Bagger: A Transitioned Woman's Efforts for Inclusion in Professional Golf |journal=Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal |volume=18 |number=1 |date=Spring 2009 |pages=68–77|doi=10.1123/wspaj.18.1.68 }} 4. ^{{cite book |first=Simon P. R. |last=Jenkins |title=Sports Science Handbook: A-H |publisher=Multi-science Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-0906522363}} 5. ^{{Cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/golf/3980131.stm | title=Transsexual golfer wins Tour spot| date=2004-11-03}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.golftoday.co.uk/news/yeartodate/news04/bagger.html |title=Mianne Bagger creates history on the LET |publisher=GolfToday |year=2004 |accessdate=10 January 2014}} 7. ^{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SPORT/golf/12/30/golf.lawless.bagger.lpga/ |title=Transsexual golfers prove drivers for change |publisher=CNN |date=10 February 2011 |first1=Greg |last1=Duke |first2=Paul |last2=Gittings}} 8. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Primetime/Health/story?id=982855&page=1 |title=Transgender Golfer Still Faces Barriers |work=ABC News |date=27 July 2005 |accessdate=10 January 2014}} 9. ^{{cite journal |last=Sullivan |first=Claire F. |title=Gender Verification and Gender Policies in Elite Sport Eligibility and "Fair Play" |journal=Journal of Sport & Social Issues |volume=35 |number=4 |year=2011 |pages=400–419 |url=http://jss.sagepub.com/content/35/4/400.abstract |doi=10.1177/0193723511426293}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/sportsf/stories/s1059427.htm |title=I Am Woman ! |first=Warwick |last=Hadfield |date=5 March 2004 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040405170826/http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/sportsf/stories/s1059427.htm |archivedate=5 April 2004}} 11. ^1 2 Buzuvis, Erin E., "Transsexual and Intersex Athletes, in Sexual Minorities in Sports: Prejudice at Play," (Melanie L. Sartore-Baldwin, ed., Lynne Reinner Publishers, 2013). 12. ^{{cite web |title=IOC approves consensus with regard to athletes who have changed sex |date=17 May 2004 |accessdate=22 April 2009 |url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/news/olympic_news/full_story_uk.asp?id=841 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040607054103/http://www.olympic.org/uk/news/olympic_news/full_story_uk.asp?id=841 |archivedate=7 June 2004}} 13. ^{{cite journal |last1=Cavanagh |first1=Sheila L. |last2=Sykes |first2=Heather |year=2006 |title=Transsexual Bodies at the Olympics: The International Olympic Committee's policy on Transsexual Athletes at the 2004 Summer Games |journal=Body & Society |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=75–102 |url=http://bod.sagepub.com/content/12/3/75.abstract |doi=10.1177/1357034x06067157|citeseerx=10.1.1.629.4705 }} 14. ^Pieper, Lindsay. "Is The Athlete "Right Or Wrong"?: Gender Regulation in Olympic Sport." International Olympic Academy: 87. 15. ^{{cite journal |last=Teetzel |first=Sarah |title=On transgendered athletes, fairness and doping: An international challenge |journal=Sport in Society |volume=9 |number=2 |date=April 2006 |pages=227–251 |doi=10.1080/17430430500491280}} References{{reflist|2}}Further reading
External links
14 : Australian female golfers|Danish female golfers|Ladies European Tour golfers|ALPG Tour golfers|Gender verification in sports|LGBT golfers|LGBT sportspeople from Australia|LGBT sportspeople from Denmark|Transgender and transsexual sportspeople|Transgender and transsexual women|Australian people of Danish descent|Sportspeople from Copenhagen|1966 births|Living people |
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