请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 SS Indigirka
释义

  1. Pre-Soviet career

  2. Prison ship of the Dalstroi

  3. Final voyage

  4. References

  5. See also

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2012}}

Ship image=Ship caption=

}->

{{Infobox ship career		Ship name=*1919 SS Lake Galva
  • 1920: SS Ripon
  • 1926: SS Malsah
  • 1928: SS Commercial Quaker
  • 1938: SS Indigirka |Ship owner=1920: US Government[1]
  • 1926: C.D.Mallory & Co[1]
  • 1928: Moore and McCormick[1]
  • 1938: Soviet Union
Ship operator=1938: Dalstroi[1]USA|1912}} New York[5]
  • 1938: {{flagicon|USSR|1936}} Nagaevo, Soviet Union[1]
Ship builder=Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company, Wisconsin[1]Ship laid down=Ship launched=20 December 1919[1]Ship completed=May 1920[1]Ship fate=sunk 1939[10]Ship identification=*Official Number 219702[5]
  • Code Letters LVTM (1928–33)[1]
  • {{ICS|Lima}}{{ICS|Victor}}{{ICS|Tango}}{{ICS|Mike}}
  • Code Letters KUGM (1934–38)[2]
  • {{ICS|Kilo}}{{ICS|Uniform}}{{ICS|Golf}}{{ICS|Mike}}

}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		Ship type=cargo ship2,689}}[1]77.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (pp)[1]13.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}}[1]Ship depth=Ship decks=Ship propulsion=1 x triple-expansion steam engine[1]10|knots|km/h}}[1]Ship capacity=about 1,500 prisoners[19]Ship crew=about 40[20]Ship armament=
}}

The SS Indigirka ({{lang-ru|link=no|«Индиги́рка»}}, {{IPA-ru|ɪnʲdʲɪˈɡʲirkə|IPA}}) was an American built steamship that served in the Soviet Gulag system and transported prisoners. Launched in 1919 as SS Lake Galva, it served under the names Ripon, Malsah and Commercial Quaker between 1920 and 1938, when it was renamed Indigirka.[3] On its final voyage in 1939 over 700 prisoners perished.

Pre-Soviet career

The ship was built at the Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company in Manitowoc, Wisconsin as one of the Lake series cargo ships. It was launched on 29 December 1919 as Lake Galva and completed in May 1920 as Ripon. It served as an American merchant ship under various owners as SS Ripon (1920–26), SS Malsah (1926–28), and SS Commercial Quaker (1928–38).[3] In 1938 it was sold to the government of the Soviet Union.[4][5]

Prison ship of the Dalstroi

With some modifications the ship was placed in service by the Dalstroi as the Indigirka (Индиги́рка) – named after the river in Siberia – for the transport of prisoners. With a tonnage of 2,689 and a length 77.3 m it was the smallest ship of the Dalstroi fleet and had a cargo hold of 4,700 m³; Bollinger estimated that it could hold 1,500 captives,[6] while Tzouliades indicates that up to 5,000 prisoners might have been transported.[5] That seems to conflict with evidence that the ship was fully loaded when it departed on its final journey with less than 1,500 crew, passengers and prisoners, forcing Soviet authorities to leave behind many others who were supposed to have made the trip.{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}}

The Indigirka belonged to a fleet of steamships operated by Dalstroi to transport prisoners from Vladivostok, endpoint of the Transsiberian railway, to Magadan and Kolyma across the Sea of Okhotsk. Travel time was about six days to two weeks to Magadan. A steamer would make about ten trips a year. Conditions were horrendous and many people did not survive. Prisoners were held in the cargo holds where criminals ruled; the guards stayed outside and above and would spray the holds with ice-cold ocean water if things became too unruly. Women prisoners were abused.[5]

Final voyage

On 8 December 1939 the Indigirka left Magadan to return to Vladivostok under Captain Nikolai Lavrentevich Lapshin. It contained 39 crew, 249 fishermen and their families, 50 prisoners under guard, and 835 prisoners with technical skills who had been released to work for the war effort.[20] On 13 December 1939 at 2:20 am[20] (other reports place the event on 12 December 1939[7]) the ship ran aground in a blizzard[8] off the Japanese coast near Sarufutsu while trying to enter the La Perouse Strait. As the ship turned over, the guards prevented the escape of the prisoners from the holds, and the ship came to rest in shallow water on its side. The Japanese rescued the captain and most of the crew, guards, and fishermen, but it took three days for any rescue of the trapped prisoners to begin. 16 December, when the Japanese rescue team then opened the hull with acetylene torches, only 28 survivors (one of whom later died) were found among more than 700 dead prisoners. Overall 741 people perished.[9][33] According to Sergey Korolyov's oral statements, he missed the Indigirka convoy and was sent from Kolyma to Vladivostok on the next ship on 23 December.[34]

Captain Lapshin was tried and executed for abandoning the ship; chief of NKVD convoy who locked the prisoners in a sinking ship was sentenced to eight years.[10][11] A cenotaph at Sarufutsu commemorates the tragic end of the Indigirka.[12]

References

1. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.plimsollshipdata.org/pdffile.php?name=30b0281.pdf |title=LLOYD'S REGISTER, STEAMERS & MOTORSHIPS |publisher=Plimsoll Ship Data |accessdate=1 February 2009}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.plimsollshipdata.org/pdffile.php?name=34b0211.pdf |title=LLOYD'S REGISTER, NAVIRES A VAPEUR ET A MOTEURS|publisher=Plimsoll Ship Data |accessdate=1 February 2009}}
3. ^1 Entry in Plimsoll Ship Data
4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{csr|register=MSI| id = 2219702 | shipname = Ripon/Indigarka | accessdate = 29 January 2009 }}
5. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |author=Tim Tzouliadis |title=The Forsaken | publisher=The Penguin Press (2008) |page=155f |isbn=978-1-59420-168-4}}
6. ^1 {{cite book | author= Martin J Bollinger |title=Stalin's Slave Ships |publisher=Greenwood Press (2003) | page=79 |isbn= 0-275-98100-2 }}
7. ^Maritimequest
8. ^{{cite journal| author=anonymous| title=700 Believed Dead on Russian Vessel |journal=The New York Times |date=14 December 1939| url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0911FF3E5A11728DDDAD0994DA415B898FF1D3&scp=1&sq=indigirka&st=cse}}
9. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.mareud.com/Timelines/1939-1945.htm |title=Maritime Research of Uddevalla. Timelines 1939–1945 |author=Rolf Skiold |accessdate=29 January 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820120516/http://www.mareud.com/Timelines/1939-1945.htm |archivedate=20 August 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
10. ^1 {{cite book | author=Yaroslav Golovanov | title=Korolyov | language=Russian |year=1994 |url=http://www.rtc.ru/encyk/bibl/golovanov/korolev/32.html}}, chapter 32
11. ^1 {{cite book | author=Bollinger, Martin J.| title=Stalin's Slave Ships: Kolyma, the Gulag Fleet, and the Role of the West | page= 103|year=2003|isbn=0275981002}}
12. ^Monument to the victims of the Indigirka at Sarufutsu

See also

  • SS Dzhurma
{{Design 1074 ships}}{{December 1939 shipwrecks}}{{coord missing|Hokkaidō Prefecture}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Indigirka}}

11 : Design 1074 ships|Lake ships|Ships built in Wisconsin|1919 ships|Passenger ships of the Soviet Union|Maritime incidents in December 1939|1939 in the Soviet Union|Ships of the Gulag|Prison ships|Soviet Union–United States relations|Maritime incidents in the Soviet Union
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/22 15:38:43