“Michael Crichton”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

John Michael Crichton ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|r|aɪ|t|ən}}; October 23, 1942 – November 4, 2008) was an American author, screenwriter, and film director and producer best known for his work in the science fiction, thriller, and medical fiction genres. His books have sold over 200 million copies worldwide, and over a dozen have been adapted into films.

His literary works are usually within the action genre and heavily feature technology. His novels epitomize the techno-thriller genre of literature, often exploring technology and failures of human interaction with it, especially resulting in catastrophes with biotechnology. Many of his novels have medical or scientific underpinnings, reflecting his medical training and scientific background. He wrote, among other works, The Andromeda Strain (1969), The Great Train Robbery (1975), Congo (1980), Sphere (1987), Jurassic Park (1990), Rising Sun (1992), Disclosure (1994), The Lost World (1995), Airframe (1996), Timeline (1999), Prey (2002), State of Fear (2004), and Next (2006). Films he wrote and directed included Westworld (1973), Coma (1978), The Great Train Robbery (1979), Looker (1981), and Runaway (1984).

Early life

John Michael Crichton^[1] was born on October 23, 1942, in Chicago, Illinois,^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] to John Henderson Crichton, a journalist, and Zula Miller Crichton. He was raised on Long Island, in Roslyn, New York,^[1] and showed a keen interest in writing from a young age; at 14, he had an article about a trip he took to Sunset Crater published in The New York Times.^[6]^[7]

Crichton later recalled, "Roslyn was another world. Looking back, it's remarkable what wasn't going on. There was no terror. No fear of children being abused. No fear of random murder. No drug use we knew about. I walked to school. I rode my bike for miles and miles, to the movie on Main Street and piano lessons and the like. Kids had freedom. It wasn't such a dangerous world... We studied our butts off, and we got a tremendously good education there."^[8]

Harvard

Crichton had always planned on becoming a writer and began his studies at Harvard College in 1960.^[6] During his undergraduate study in literature, he conducted an experiment to expose a professor who he believed was giving him abnormally low marks and criticizing his literary style.^[11]{{Rp|4}} Informing another professor of his suspicions,^[9] Crichton submitted an essay by George Orwell under his own name. The paper was returned by his unwitting professor with a mark of "B−".^[10]

He later said, "Now Orwell was a wonderful writer, and if a B-minus was all he could get, I thought I'd better drop English as my major."^[8]

His issues with the English department led Crichton to switch his undergraduate concentration; he obtained his bachelor's degree in biological anthropology summa cum laude in 1964^[11] and was initiated into the Phi Beta Kappa Society.^[11] He received a Henry Russell Shaw Traveling Fellowship from 1964 to 1965 and was a visiting lecturer in Anthropology at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom in 1965.^[11]

Crichton later enrolled at Harvard Medical School.^[11]{{Page needed|date=September 2015}} By this time, he had become exceptionally tall; by his own account, he was approximately {{convert|6|ft|9|in|m}} tall in 1997.^[12]^[13]

Crichton later said "about two weeks into medical school I realised I hated it. This isn't unusual since everyone hates medical school - even happy, practising physicians."^[21]

Early novels

John Lange

In 1965 while at medical school he wrote a novel Odds On. "I wrote for furniture and groceries," he said later.^[14] Odds On is a 215-page paperback novel which describes an attempted robbery in an isolated hotel on Costa Brava. The robbery is planned scientifically with the help of a critical path analysis computer program, but unforeseen events get in the way.

Crichton submitted it to Doubleday where a reader liked it but did not feel it was for that company; they passed it on to New American Library who published it in 1966. Crichton used the name John Lange because at this stage he planned to be a doctor and did not want his patients worried he would use them for his plots. The name came from a fairy tale writer called Andrew Lang; Crichton added an "e" and substituted his own real first name, John, for Andrew.^[23] The novel was successful enough to lead to a series of John Lange novels.^[15] (Film rights were sold in 1969 but no movie resulted.^[16])

The second Lange novel was Scratch One (1967). The novel relates the story of Roger Carr, a handsome, charming and privileged man who practices law, more as a means to support his playboy lifestyle than a career. Carr is sent to Nice, France, where he has notable political connections, but is mistaken for an assassin and finds his life in jeopardy, implicated in the world of terrorism. Crichton wrote the book while travelling through Europe on a travel fellowship. He visited the Cannes Film Festival and Monaco Grand Prix and then decided "any idiot should be able to write a potboiler set in Cannes and Monaco" and wrote it in eleven days. He later described the book as "no good".^[23]

His third John Lange novel was Easy Go (1968), the story of Harold Barnaby, a brilliant Egyptologist, who discovers a concealed message while translating hieroglyphics, informing him of an unnamed pharaoh whose tomb is yet to be discovered. He later said the book earned him $1,500.^[17]

Crichton later said "My feeling about the Lange books is that my competition is in-flight movies. One can read the books in an hour and a half, and be more satisfactorily amused than watching Doris Day. I write them fast and the reader reads them fast and I get things off my back."^[18]^[19]

A Case of Need

Crichton's fourth novel was A Case of Need (1968), a medical thriller in which a Boston pathologist, Dr. John Berry, investigates an apparent illegal abortion conducted by an obstetrician friend, which caused the early demise of a young woman. The novel had a different tone to the Lange books; accordingly, Crichton used the pen name "Jeffrey Hudson", based on Sir Jeffrey Hudson, a famous 17th-century dwarf in the court of Queen consort Henrietta Maria of England). ^[20]

The novel would prove a turning point in Crichton's future novels, in which technology is important in the subject matter, although this novel was as much about medical practice. The novel earned him an Edgar Award in 1969.^[21] He intended to use the "Jeffrey Hudson" for other medical novels but ended up using it only once. He sold the film rights (it would be turned into The Carey Treatment.)^[22]

Crichton says after he finished his third year of medical school "I stopped believing that one day I'd love it and realised that what I loved was writing".^[15]

He continued to write Lange novels: Zero Cool (1969), dealt with an American radiologist on vacation in Spain who is caught in a murderous crossfire between rival gangs seeking a precious artifact. The Venom Business relates the story of a smuggler who uses his exceptional skill as a snake handler to his advantage by importing snakes to be used by drug companies and universities for medical research. The snakes are simply a ruse to hide the presence of rare Mexican artifacts.

In 1969, Crichton also wrote a review for The New Republic (as J. Michael Crichton), critiquing Slaughterhouse Five by Kurt Vonnegut.^[25]

The Andromeda Strain

The first novel that was published under Crichton's name was The Andromeda Strain (1969), which would prove to be the most important novel of his career and establish him as a best-selling author. The novel documented the efforts of a team of scientists investigating a deadly extraterrestrial microorganism that fatally clots human blood, causing death within two minutes.

Crichton was inspired to write it after reading The IPCRESS File by Len Deighton while studying in England. Crichton says he was "terrifically impressed" by the book - "a lot of Andromeda is traceable to Ipcress in terms of trying to create an imaginary world using recogniseable techniques and real people."^[26] He wrote the novel over three years.^[19]

The novel became an instant success, and film rights were sold for $250,000.^[22] It was adapted into the 1971 film directed by Robert Wise.

Leaving medicine

During his clinical rotations at the Boston City Hospital, Crichton grew disenchanted with the culture there, which appeared to emphasize the interests and reputations of doctors over the interests of patients.^[27]{{Page needed|date=September 2015}} He graduated from Harvard, obtaining an MD in 1969,^[28] and undertook a post-doctoral fellowship study at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, from 1969 to 1970.^[29] He never obtained a license to practice medicine, devoting himself to his writing career instead.^[30]

Reflecting on his career in medicine years later, Crichton concluded that patients too often shunned responsibility for their own health, relying on doctors as miracle workers rather than advisors. He experimented with astral projection, aura viewing, and clairvoyance, coming to believe that these included real phenomena that scientists had too eagerly dismissed as paranormal.^[27]{{Page needed|date=September 2015}}

Other early novels

1970 saw the publication of three more Crichton books under pseudonyms. Two were Lange novels,Drug of Choice and Grave Descend.^[31] Grave Descend earned him an Edgar Award nomination the following year.^[32]

There was also or the Berkeley-to-Boston Forty-Brick Lost-Bag Blues written with his younger brother Douglas Crichton. Dealing was written under the pen name 'Michael Douglas', using their first names. Crichton wrote it "completely from beginning to end". Then his brother rewrote it from beginning to end, and then Crichton rewrote it again.^[19]

Around this time Crichton also wrote and sold an original film script, Morton's Run. He also wrote the screenplay Lucifer Harkness in Darkness.^[33]

Five Patients

Aside from fiction, Crichton wrote several other books based on medical or scientific themes, often based upon his own observations in his field of expertise. In 1970, he published Five Patients, a book which recounts his experiences of hospital practices in the late 1960s at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. ^[22]^[34]

The book follows each of five patients through their hospital experience and the context of their treatment, revealing inadequacies in the hospital institution at the time. The book relates the experiences of Ralph Orlando, a construction worker seriously injured in a scaffold collapse; John O'Connor, a middle-aged dispatcher suffering from fever that has reduced him to a delirious wreck; Peter Luchesi, a young man who severs his hand in an accident; Sylvia Thompson, an airline passenger who suffers chest pains; and Edith Murphy, a mother of three who is diagnosed with a life-threatening disease.

In Five Patients, Crichton examines a brief history of medicine up to 1969 to help place hospital culture and practice into context, and addresses the costs and politics of American healthcare.

Jasper Johns

As a personal friend of the artist Jasper Johns, Crichton compiled many of his works in a coffee table book, published as Jasper Johns. It was originally published in 1970 by Harry N. Abrams, Inc. in association with the Whitney Museum of American Art, and again in January 1977, with a second revised edition published in 1994.

Binary

In 1972, Crichton published his last novel as John Lange: Binary, relates the story of a villainous middle-class businessman, who attempts to assassinate the President of the United States by stealing an army shipment of the two precursor chemicals that form a deadly nerve agent.

The Terminal Man

The novel was adapted into a 1974 film directed by Mike Hodges and starring George Segal.

Film Director

Pursuit

ABC TV wanted to buy the film rights to Crichton's novel Binary. The author agreed on the proviso that he could direct the film. ABC agreed provided someone other than Crichton wrote the script. The result, Pursuit (1972) was a ratings success.^[36]

Westworld

Crichton then wrote and directed the 1973 science fiction western-thriller film Westworld, which was his feature film directorial debut. It was the first feature film using 2D computer-generated imagery (CGI).

The producer of Westworld hired Crichton to write an original script, an erotic thriller, Extreme Close-Up (1973), directed by Jeannot Swarcz, which Crichton was disappointed by.^[37]

Other Film Projects

Crichton was hired to adapt his novel The Terminal Man into a script by Warner Bros. The studio felt he had departed from the source material too much and had another writer adapt it for the 1974 film.^[38]

In 1974 he wrote the a pilot script for a medical series, "24 Hours", based on his book Five Patients. However networks were not enthusiastic.

In 1975 it was announced his novel Easy Go would be filmed as The Last Tomb with Crichton himself directing.^[39] However the film was never made.

The Great Train Robbery

In 1975, Crichton ventured into the nineteenth century with his historical novel The Great Train Robbery, which would become a bestseller. The novel is a recreation of the Great Gold Robbery of 1855, a massive gold heist, which takes place on a train traveling through Victorian era England. A considerable portion of the book was set in London.

Crichton had become aware of the story when lecturing at Cambridge University. He later read the transcripts of the court trial and started researching the historical period. The book was a best seller.^[40]

Eaters of the Dead

In 1976, Crichton published Eaters of the Dead, a novel about a 10th-century Muslim who travels with a group of Vikings to their settlement. Eaters of the Dead is narrated as a scientific commentary on an old manuscript and was inspired by two sources. The first three chapters retell Ahmad ibn Fadlan's personal account of his journey north and his experiences in encountering the Rus', the early Russian peoples, whilst the remainder is based upon the story of Beowulf, culminating in battles with the 'mist-monsters', or 'wendol', a relict group of Neanderthals.

Coma and First Great Train Robbery

He wrote and directed the suspense film Coma, adapted from a novel by Robin Cook, a friend of Crichton's. There are other similarities in terms of genre and the fact that both Cook and Crichton had medical degrees, were of similar age, and wrote about similar subjects. The film was a popular success.

Crichton then wrote and directed an adaptation of his own book, The First Great Train Robbery (1978) starring Sean Connery and Donald Sutherland. The film would go on to be nominated for Best Cinematography Award by the British Society of Cinematographers, also garnering an Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Motion Picture by the Mystery Writers Association of America.

In 1979 it was Crichton would direct a movie version of his novel Eaters of the Dead for the newly formed Orion Pictures.^[41] This did not occur.

Congo and Looker

Crichton pitched the idea of a modern day King Solomon's Mines to 20th Century Fox who paid him $1.5 million for the film rights to the novel, a screenplay and directorial fee for the movie, before a word had been written. He had never worked that way before, usually writing the book then selling it. He eventually managed to finish the book and it became a best seller.^[42]

Crichton did the screenplay for Congo after he wrote and directed Looker (1981).^[43]^[44] Looker was a financial disappointment.

During the 1980s Crichton came close to directing a film of Congo with Sean Connery but the film did not happen. Eventually a film version was made in 1995 by another director.

In 1984 Telarium released a graphic adventure based on Congo. Because Crichton had sold all adaptation rights to the novel, he set the game—named Amazon—in South America, and Amy the gorilla became Paco the parrot.^[45]

Electronic Life

In 1983, Crichton wrote Electronic Life, a book that introduces BASIC programming to its readers. The book, written like a glossary, with entries such as "Afraid of Computers (everybody is)", "Buying a Computer", and "Computer Crime", was intended to introduce the idea of personal computers to a reader who might be faced with the hardship of using them at work or at home for the first time. It defined basic computer jargon and assured readers that they could master the machine when it inevitably arrived. In his words, being able to program a computer is liberation; "In my experience, you assert control over a computer—show it who's the boss—by making it do something unique. That means programming it. ... If you devote a couple of hours to programming a new machine, you'll feel better about it ever afterwards".^[46]

In the book, Crichton predicts a number of events in the history of computer development, that computer networks would increase in importance as a matter of convenience, including the sharing of information and pictures that we see online today which the telephone never could. He also makes predictions for computer games, dismissing them as "the hula hoops of the '80s", and saying "already there are indications that the mania for twitch games may be fading." In a section of the book called "Microprocessors, or how I flunked biostatistics at Harvard", Crichton again seeks his revenge on the teacher who had given him abnormally low grades in college. Within the book, Crichton included many self-written demonstrative Applesoft (for Apple II) and BASICA (for IBM PC compatibles) programs.

Crichton started a company selling a computer program he had originally written to help him create budgets for his movies.^[47]

Runaway

Crichton wrote and directed Runaway (1984), a police thriller set in the near future which was a box office disappointment.

Sphere

Crichton began writing Sphere in 1967 as a companion piece to The Andromeda Strain. His initial storyline began with American scientists discovering a 300-year-old spaceship underwater with stenciled markings in English. However, Crichton later realized that he "didn't know where to go with it" and put off completing the book until a later date. The novel was published in 1987.^[48]

It relates the story of psychologist Norman Johnson, who is required by the U.S. Navy to join a team of scientists assembled by the U.S. Government to examine an enormous alien spacecraft discovered on the bed of the Pacific Ocean, and believed to have been there for over 300 years. The novel begins as a science fiction story, but rapidly changes into a psychological thriller, ultimately exploring the nature of the human imagination. The novel was adapted into the 1998 film directed by Barry Levinson and starring Dustin Hoffman.

In 1987 Crichton was still hoping to make a film of Congo with Connery and Crichton himself directing but this did not eventuate.^[49]

Travels

In 1988, Crichton was a visiting writer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.^[50]

Physical Evidence

Crichton worked as a director only on Physical Evidence (1989), a thriller originally conceived as a sequel to Jagged Edge.

Later Novels

Jurassic Park

In 1990, Crichton published the novel Jurassic Park. Crichton utilized the presentation of "fiction as fact", used in his previous novels, Eaters of the Dead and The Andromeda Strain. In addition, chaos theory and its philosophical implications are used to explain the collapse of an amusement park in a "biological preserve" on Isla Nublar, a fictional island to the west of Costa Rica. Paleontologist Alan Grant and his paleobotanist graduate student, Ellie Sattler, are brought by billionaire John Hammond to investigate. The park is revealed to contain genetically recreated dinosaur species, including Dilophosaurus, Velociraptor, Triceratops, Stegosaurus, and Tyrannosaurus rex. They have been recreated using damaged dinosaur DNA, found in mosquitoes that had sucked their blood and then became trapped and preserved in amber.

Crichton originally had conceived a screenplay about a graduate student who recreates a dinosaur, but decided to explore his fascination with dinosaurs and cloning until he began writing the novel.^[51]

Steven Spielberg learned of the novel in October 1989 while he and Crichton were discussing a screenplay that would become the television series ER. Before the book was published, Crichton demanded a non-negotiable fee of $1.5 million as well as a substantial percentage of the gross. Warner Bros. and Tim Burton, Sony Pictures Entertainment and Richard Donner, and 20th Century Fox and Joe Dante bid for the rights,^[52] but Universal eventually acquired the rights in May 1990 for Spielberg.^[53] Universal paid Crichton a further $500,000 to adapt his own novel,^[54] which he had completed by the time Spielberg was filming Hook. Crichton noted that, because the book was "fairly long", his script only had about 10% to 20% of the novel's content.^[55] The film, directed by Spielberg, was released in 1993. The film became extremely successful.

Rising Sun

In 1992, Crichton published the novel Rising Sun, an international best-selling crime thriller about a murder in the Los Angeles headquarters of Nakamoto, a fictional Japanese corporation. The book was adapted into the 1993 film directed by Philip Kaufman and starring Sean Connery and Wesley Snipes, released the same year as the adaption of Jurassic Park.

Disclosure

His next novel, Disclosure, published in 1994, addresses the theme of sexual harassment previously explored in his 1972 Binary. Unlike that novel however, Crichton centers on sexual politics in the workplace, emphasizing an array of paradoxes in traditional gender functions by featuring a male protagonist who is being sexually harassed by a female executive. As a result, the book has been criticized harshly by feminist commentators and accused of anti-feminism. Crichton, anticipating this response, offered a rebuttal at the close of the novel which states that a "role-reversal" story uncovers aspects of the subject that would not be seen as easily with a female protagonist. The novel was made into a film the same year, directed by Barry Levinson and starring Michael Douglas and Demi Moore.

Crichton was the creator and an executive producer of the television drama ER based on his 1974 pilot script 24 Hours. Steven Spielberg helped develop the show, serving as an executive producer on season one and offering advice (he insisted on Julianna Margulies becoming a regular, for example). It was also through Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment that John Wells was contacted to be the show's executive producer. In 1994, Crichton achieved the unique distinction of having a No. 1 movie, Jurassic Park,^[56] a No. 1 TV show, ER,^[57] and a No. 1 book, Disclosure.^[58]^[59]

The Lost World

Crichton then published The Lost World in 1995 as the sequel to Jurassic Park. It was made into the 1997 film two years later, again directed by Spielberg."^[60] In March 1994, Crichton said there would probably be a sequel novel as well as a film adaptation, stating that he had an idea for the novel's story.^[61]

Airframe

Then, in 1996, Crichton published Airframe, an aero-techno-thriller which relates the story of a quality assurance vice-president at the fictional aerospace manufacturer Norton Aircraft as she investigates an in-flight accident aboard a Norton-manufactured airliner that leaves three passengers dead and 56 injured. The book continues Crichton's overall theme of the failure of humans in human-machine interaction, given that the plane worked perfectly and the accident would not have occurred had the pilot reacted properly.

Twister

Timeline

In 1999, Crichton published Timeline, a science fiction novel which tells the story of a team of historians and archaeologists studying a site in the Dordogne region of France, where the medieval towns of Castelgard and La Roque stood. They time travel back to 1357 to uncover some startling truths. The novel, which continues Crichton's long history of combining technical details and action in his books, addresses quantum physics and time travel directly and received a warm welcome from medieval scholars, who praised his depiction of the challenges in studying the Middle Ages.^[62]

The novel quickly spawned Timeline Computer Entertainment, a computer game developer that created the Timeline PC game published by Eidos Interactive in 2000. A 2003 film based on the book was directed by Richard Donner and starring Paul Walker, Gerard Butler and Frances O'Connor.

The 13th Warrior

Prey

In 2002, Crichton published Prey, about developments in science and technology; specifically nanotechnology. The novel explores relatively recent phenomena engendered by the work of the scientific community, such as artificial life, emergence (and by extension, complexity), genetic algorithms, and agent-based computing.

State of Fear

In 2004, Crichton published State of Fear, a novel concerning eco-terrorists who attempt mass murder to support their views. Global warming serves as a central theme to the novel, although a review in Nature found it "likely to mislead the unwary".^[64] The novel had an initial print run of 1.5 million copies and reached the No. 1 bestseller position at Amazon.com and No. 2 on The New York Times Best Seller list for one week in January 2005.^[82]^[65]

Next

The last novel published while he was still living was Next in 2006. The novel follows many characters, including transgenic animals, in the quest to survive in a world dominated by genetic research, corporate greed, and legal interventions, wherein government and private investors spend billions of dollars every year on genetic research.

Posthumous Works

On July 28, 2016, Crichton's website and HarperCollins announced the publication of Dragon Teeth, which was released in May 2017.^[68]^[69]

On February 26, 2019, Crichton's website and HarperCollins announced the publication of The Andromeda Strain Evolution the sequel to Andromeda Strain, a collaboration with CrichtonSun LLC. and author Daniel H. Wilson. It will be released on November 12, 2019.^[70]^[71]^[72]

Literary technique and style

Crichton's novels, including Jurassic Park, have been described by The Guardian as "harking back to the fantasy adventure fiction of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Jules Verne, Edgar Rice Burroughs, and Edgar Wallace, but with a contemporary spin, assisted by cutting-edge technology references made accessible for the general reader".^[73] According to The Guardian, "Michael Crichton wasn't really interested in characters, but his innate talent for storytelling enabled him to breathe new life into the science fiction thriller".^[73] Like The Guardian, The New York Times has also noted the boys' adventure quality to his novels interfused with modern technology and science. According to The New York Times,

The best of the Crichton novels have about them a boys' adventure quality. They owe something to the Saturday-afternoon movie serials that Mr. Crichton watched as a boy and to the adventure novels of Arthur Conan Doyle (from whom Mr. Crichton borrowed the title The Lost World and whose example showed that a novel could never have too many dinosaurs). These books thrive on yarn spinning, but they also take immense delight in the inner workings of things (as opposed to people, women especially), and they make the world—or the made-up world, anyway—seem boundlessly interesting. Readers come away entertained and also with the belief, not entirely illusory, that they have actually learned something" |The New York Times on the works of Michael Crichton^[74]}}

Crichton's works were frequently cautionary; his plots often portrayed scientific advancements going awry, commonly resulting in worst-case scenarios. A notable recurring theme in Crichton's plots is the pathological failure of complex systems and their safeguards, whether biological (Jurassic Park), militaristic/organizational (The Andromeda Strain), technological (Airframe), or cybernetic (Westworld). This theme of the inevitable breakdown of "perfect" systems and the failure of "fail-safe measures" strongly can be seen in the poster for Westworld, whose slogan was, "Where nothing can possibly go worng {{sic}}", and in the discussion of chaos theory in Jurassic Park. His 1973 movie Westworld contains one of the earlier references to a computer virus and the first mention of the concept of a computer virus in a movie.^[75] Crichton believed, however, that his view of technology had been misunderstood as

The use of author surrogate was a feature of Crichton's writings from the beginning of his career. In A Case of Need, one of his pseudonymous whodunit stories, Crichton used first-person narrative to portray the hero, a Bostonian pathologist, who is running against the clock to clear a friend's name from medical malpractice in a girl's death from a hack-job abortion.

Crichton's has used the literary technique known as the false document. Eaters of the Dead is a "recreation" of the Old English epic Beowulf presented as a scholarly translation of Ahmad ibn Fadlan's 10th century manuscript. The Andromeda Strain and Jurassic Park incorporate fictionalized scientific documents in the form of diagrams, computer output, DNA sequences, footnotes and bibliography. The Terminal Man and State of Fear include authentic published scientific works which illustrate the premise point.

Crichton often employs the premise of diverse experts or specialists assembled to tackle a unique problem requiring their individual talents and knowledge. The premise was used for The Andromeda Strain, Sphere, Jurassic Park, and to a lesser extent, Timeline. Sometimes the individual characters in this dynamic work in the private sector and are suddenly called upon by the government to form an immediate response team once some incident or discovery triggers their mobilization. This premise or plot device has been imitated and used by other authors and screenwriters in several books, movies and television shows since.

At the prose level, a Crichton's trademark is the single-word paragraph. A dramatic question is answered by a single word on its own.

Video games

In 1999, Crichton founded Timeline Computer Entertainment with David Smith. Despite signing a multi-title publishing deal with Eidos Interactive, only one game was ever published, Timeline. Released on November 10, 2000, for the PC, the game received negative reviews.

Works

Prose

Novels

Nonfiction

Short fiction

Film and television

Work as screenwriter, director and/or producer

Television series writer/producer

Derivative works

Films based on Crichton's novels

Sequel to Crichton's film

Television series based on Crichton's films

Novels adapted into television series

Speeches

Intelligence Squared "Global Warming Is Not a Crisis" debate

On March 14, 2007, Intelligence Squared held a debate in New York City titled Global Warming Is Not a Crisis, moderated by Brian Lehrer. Crichton was on the for the motion side with Richard Lindzen and Philip Stott against Gavin Schmidt, Richard Somerville, and Brenda Ekwurzel. Before the debate, the audience was largely on the 'against the motion' side (57% vs. 30%, with 13% undecided).^[106] At the end of the debate, there was a notable shift in the audience vote to prefer 'for the motion' side (46% vs. 42%, with 12% undecided), leaving the debate with the conclusion that Crichton's group won.^[106] Schmidt later described the debate in a RealClimate blog posting, "Crichton went with the crowd-pleasing condemnation of private jet-flying liberals (very popular, even among the private jet-flying Eastsiders present) and the apparent hypocrisy of people who think that global warming is a problem using any energy at all." While those against the motion had presented the agreed scientific consensus of IPCC reports, the audience was "apparently more convinced by the entertaining narratives from Crichton and Stott (not so sure about Lindzen) than they were by our drier fare. Entertainment-wise it's hard to blame them. Crichton is extremely polished and Stott has a touch of the revivalist preacher about him. Comparatively, we were pretty dull." Even though Crichton inspired a lot of blog responses and it was considered one of his best rhetorical performances, reception to his message was mixed.^[106]^[107]

In the debate, although he admitted that man must have at some point contributed to global warming but not necessarily caused it, Crichton argued that most of the media and attention of the general public are being dedicated to the uncertain anthropogenic global warming scares instead of the more urgent issues like poverty. He also suggested that private jets be banned as they add more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for the benefit of the few who could afford them.

Other speeches

A 1993 speech which predicted the decline of mainstream media delivered at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. on April 7, 1993.^[108]

The AAAS invited Crichton to address scientists' concerns about how they are portrayed in the media, delivered to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Anaheim, California on January 25, 1999.^[109]

This was not the first discussion of environmentalism as a religion, but it caught on and was widely quoted. Crichton explains his view that religious approaches to the environment are inappropriate and cause damage to the natural world they intend to protect.^[133] The speech was delivered to the Commonwealth Club in San Francisco, California on September 15, 2003.

Crichton outlined several issues before a joint meeting of liberal and conservative think tanks. The speech was delivered at AEI–Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C. on January 25, 2005.^[110]

On January 25, 2005 at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., Crichton delivered a detailed explanation of why he criticized the consensus view on global warming. Using published UN data, he argued that claims for catastrophic warming arouse doubt; that reducing CO₂ is vastly more difficult than is commonly presumed; and why societies are morally unjustified in spending vast sums on a speculative issue when people around the world are dying of starvation and disease.^[111]

"Aliens Cause Global Warming" January 17, 2003. In the spirit of his science fiction writing Crichton details research on nuclear winter and SETI Drake equations relative to global warming science.^[112]

Together with climate scientists, Crichton was invited to testify before the Senate in September 2005, as an expert witness on global warming.^[113] The speech was delivered to the Committee on Environment and Public Works in Washington, D.C.

In previous speeches, Crichton criticized environmental groups for failing to incorporate complexity theory. Here he explains in detail why complexity theory is essential to environmental management, using the history of Yellowstone Park as an example of what not to do. The speech was delivered to the Washington Center for Complexity and Public Policy in Washington, D.C. on November 6, 2005.^[114]^[115]

While writing Next, Crichton concluded that laws covering genetic research desperately needed to be revised, and spoke to congressional staff members about problems ahead. The speech was delivered to a group of legislative staffers in Washington, D.C. on September 14, 2006.^[116]

Reception

Crichton's science novels

Most of Crichton's novels address issues emerging in scientific research fields. In quite a few of his novels (Jurassic Park, The Lost World, Next, Congo), genomics plays an important role. Usually, the drama revolves around the sudden eruption of a scientific crisis, revealing the disruptive impacts new forms of knowledge and technology may have,^[117] as is stated in The Andromeda Strain, Crichton's first science novel: "This book recounts the five-day history of a major American scientific crisis" (1969, p. 3).

Criticism of Crichton's environmental views

Many of Crichton's publicly expressed views, particularly on subjects like the global warming controversy, have been contested by a number of scientists and commentators.^[118] An example is meteorologist Jeffrey Masters's review of State of Fear:

Michael Crowley

In 2006, Crichton clashed with journalist Michael Crowley, a senior editor of the magazine The New Republic. In March 2006, Crowley wrote a strongly critical review of State of Fear, focusing on Crichton's stance on global warming.^[125] In the same year, Crichton published the novel Next, which contains a minor character named "Mick Crowley", who is a Yale graduate and a Washington, D.C.-based political columnist. The character was portrayed as a child molester with a small penis.^[126] The character does not appear elsewhere in the book.^[126] The real Crowley, also a Yale graduate, alleged that by including a similarly named character Crichton had libeled him.^[127]

Awards

Associations

Personal life

As an adolescent Crichton felt isolated because of his height (6 ft 9 in, or 206 cm). During the 1970s and 1980s, he consulted psychics and enlightenment gurus to make him feel more socially acceptable and to improve his karma. As a result of these experiences, Crichton practiced meditation throughout much of his life. {{Citation needed|date=December 2016}} He was a deist.^[132]

Crichton was a workaholic. When drafting a novel, which would typically take him six or seven weeks, Crichton withdrew completely to follow what he called "a structured approach" of ritualistic self-denial. As he neared writing the end of each book, he would rise increasingly early each day, meaning that he would sleep for less than four hours by going to bed at 10 pm and waking at 2 am.^[6]

In 1992, Crichton was ranked among People magazine's 50 most beautiful people.^[129]

Marriages and children

He married five times. Four of the marriages ended in divorce: with Joan Radam (1965–1970), Kathleen St. Johns (1978–1980), Suzanna Childs (1981–1983), and actress Anne-Marie Martin (1987–2003), the mother of his daughter Taylor Anne (born 1989).^[133] At the time of his death, Crichton was married to Sherri Alexander (2005–2008), who was six months pregnant with their son; John Michael Todd Crichton was born on February 12, 2009.^[134]

Intellectual property cases

In November 2006, at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., Crichton joked that he considered himself an expert in intellectual property law. He had been involved in several lawsuits with others claiming credit for his work.^[135]

In 1985, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals heard Berkic v. Crichton, 761 F.2d 1289 (1985). Plaintiff Ted Berkic wrote a screenplay called Reincarnation Inc., which he claims Crichton plagiarized for the movie Coma. The court ruled in Crichton's favor, stating the works were not substantially similar.^[136]

In the 1996 case, Williams v. Crichton, 84 F.3d 581 (2d Cir. 1996), Geoffrey Williams claimed that Jurassic Park violated his copyright covering his dinosaur-themed children's stories published in the late 1980s. The court granted summary judgment in favor of Crichton.^[137]

In 1998, A United States District Court in Missouri heard the case of Kessler v. Crichton that actually went all the way to a jury trial, unlike the other cases. Plaintiff Stephen Kessler claimed the movie Twister (1996) was based on his work Catch the Wind. It took the jury about 45 minutes to reach a verdict in favor of Crichton. After the verdict, Crichton refused to shake Kessler's hand.^[138]

At the National Press Club in 2006, Crichton summarized his intellectual property legal problems by stating, "I always win."^[135]

Illness and death

According to Crichton's brother Douglas, Crichton was diagnosed with lymphoma in early 2008.^[139] In accordance with the private way in which Crichton lived, his cancer was not made public until his death. He was undergoing chemotherapy treatment at the time of his death, and Crichton's physicians and relatives had been expecting him to recover. He died at age 66 on November 4, 2008.^[140]^[141]^[142]

Crichton had an extensive collection of 20th-century American art, which Christie's auctioned in May 2010.^[145]

Posthumously published novels

On April 6, 2009, Crichton's publisher, HarperCollins, announced the posthumous publication of two of his novels. The first was Pirate Latitudes (published posthumously on November 26, 2009), found completed on his computer by his assistant after he died. This was the second of a two-novel deal that started with Next.

The other novel, titled Micro (published posthumously in 2011), is a techno-thriller that explores the outer edges of new science and technology.^[146] The novel is based on Crichton's notes and files, and was roughly a third of the way finished when he died. HarperCollins publisher Jonathan Burnham and Crichton's agent Lynn Nesbit looked for a co-writer to finish the novel;^[66] ultimately, Richard Preston was chosen to complete the book.^[67]

On July 28, 2016, Crichton's website and HarperCollins announced the publication of a third novel, Dragon Teeth, which was written in 1974 and published in 2017.^[147] It is an historical novel set during the Bone Wars.

References

1. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.michaelcrichton.com/foryoungerreaders-qa.html |title=Q & A with Michael Crichton |publisher=Michael Crichton (the official site) |accessdate=2015-05-02}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.state.il.us/hpa/Illinois%20History/Mover206.pdf |title=IHPA: Illinois Historic Preservation Agency |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614110520/https://www.state.il.us/hpa/Illinois%20History/Mover206.pdf |archivedate=June 14, 2007 |df=mdy }}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.filmbug.com/db/22387|title=Michael Crichton – Filmbug}}
4. ^Featured Filmmaker: Michael Crichton. IGN. May 19, 2003.
5. ^{{IMDb name|0000341}}
6. ^¹²{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/3387711/MichaelCrichton.html |title=Michael Crichton: Novelist and screenwriter responsible for 'Jurassic Park', 'Westworld' and the TV series 'ER' |date=November 10, 2008 |work=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=December 18, 2008 |location=London}}
7. ^CLIMBING UP A CINDER CONE: A Visit to Sunset Crater Makes A Novel Side Trip in ArizonaBy MICHAEL CRICHTON. New York Times 17 May 1959: XX30.
8. ^¹BIG MIKE MICHAEL CRICHTON WAS EASILY SPOTTED IN A ROSLYN HIGH CROWD By David Behrens Newsday 10 Oct 1995: B.04.
9. ^{{cite news|title=Michael Crichton's Convictions|work=Boston Globe |date=May 11, 1988}}
10. ^{{cite news|url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/sciencefiction/story/0,,1962747,00.html |title=King of the techno-thriller |work=The Observer|date=December 3, 2006}}
11. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.crichton-official.com/aboutmichaelcrichton-biography.html |website=About Michael Crichton|title=Biography}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.adara-interactive.com/crichton/ow_transcripts2.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050325012031/http://www.adara-interactive.com/crichton/ow_transcripts2.htm |archivedate=March 25, 2005 |title=Michael Crichton |accessdate=2008-11-05 |work=The Oprah Winfrey Show}}
13. ^{{cite web|publisher=CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad347.pdf |title=Mean Body Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index |date=1960–2002}}
14. ^Author of 'Terminal Man' Building Nonterminal Career: CRICHTONGELMIS, JOSEPH. Los Angeles Times 4 Jan 1974: d12.
15. ^¹²The versatile CrichtonSeligson, Marcia. Chicago Tribune 8 June 1969: k6.
16. ^No Gap Like the Generation GapBy A. H. WEILER. New York Times 6 July 1969: D11.
17. ^Author of 'Terminal Man' Building Nonterminal Career: CRICHTONGELMIS, JOSEPH. Los Angeles Times 4 Jan 1974: d12.
18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.crichton-official.com/books-medschoolyears-lange.html |title=John Lange Archive |publisher=Michael Crichton (the official site) |archivedate=May 18, 2015 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518062947/http://www.crichton-official.com/books-medschoolyears-lange.html |df=mdy-all }}
19. ^¹²³⁴{{cite news|title=Michael Crichton |author=Shenker, Israel|work=The New York Times (1923–Current file)|location=New York, N.Y.]|date=June 8, 1969|page=BR5}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.theedgars.com/edgarsDB/index.php |title=Edgar Awards throughout time |publisher=TheEdgars.com |accessdate=2013-11-19}}
21. ^{{cite web |title=Michael Crichton |url =http://www.famousauthors.org/michael-crichton |work=Famous Authors |accessdate=March 24, 2014}}
22. ^¹²Dropping the Scalpel: Film Notes Columbia Frowns Speeds the Turnover Refuge From RolesBy Judith Martin. The Washington Post, Times Herald 28 Feb 1969: B12.
23. ^Life, Death And the DoctorBy J. MICHAEL CRICHTON. New York Times 10 Nov 1968: BR28.
24. ^Be careful, it's not my heartCrichton, Michael. Chicago Tribune 22 Dec 1968: m3.
25. ^{{cite web |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/114833/michael-crichton-sci-fi-and-vonnegut |title=Michael Crichton's 1969 Review of Kurt Vonnegut's 'Slaughterhouse-Five' |work=New Republic |date=September 25, 2013 |accessdate=April 12, 2016 |author=Crichton, Michael}}
26. ^Michael Crichton (rhymes with frighten): Michael Crichton. By ISRAEL SHENKER. New York Times 8 June 1969: BR5
27. ^¹²³{{cite book|author=Crichton, Michael|title=Travels|date=1989|isbn=978-0804171274}}
28. ^{{cite web|title=Michael Crichton, novelist and filmmaker, Harvard College (Anthropology, 1964) and Harvard Medical School (1969) graduate|url=http://ghsm.hms.harvard.edu/education/lectures_workshops/ |website=Harvard University Department of Global Health & Social Medicine}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.michaelcrichton.com/biography/|title=Biography|work=michaelcrichton.com|year=2018|access-date=25 January 2018}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/410682_8|title=Medscape Log In|website=www.medscape.com}}
31. ^Elliott Gould Will Ride a 'Tiger': PLENTY FOR PAKULA FULL "SPEED" AHEAD Elliott Gould GETTING IN "SYNC"By A.H. WEILER. New York Times 18 Oct 1970: D13.
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cozy-mystery.com/Edgar-Award-Best-Paperback-Original.html |title=Edgar Award: Best Paperback Original |work=Cozy-Mystery.Com |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5cCX5j8Vj?url=http://www.cozy-mystery.com/Edgar-Award-Best-Paperback-Original.html |archivedate=November 9, 2008 |accessdate=2008-12-16 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }}
33. ^Hollywood Today: Mike Crichton, a Skyscraper in Any FormNorma Lee Browning. Chicago Tribune 30 Aug 1970: s2.
34. ^For Michael Crichton, Medicine Is for WritingBy JOHN NOBLE WILFORD. New York Times 15 June 1970: 48.
35. ^Hollywood Today: Mike Crichton, a Skyscraper in Any FormNorma Lee Browning. Chicago Tribune 30 Aug 1970: s2.
36. ^Crichton Debuts as Film Director, Smith, Cecil. Los Angeles Times 11 Dec 1972: d27.
37. ^{{cite podcast|url=http://nashvillepubliclibrary.org/offtheshelf/paul-lazarus-legends-of-film/|title=Legends of Film: Paul Lazarus|date=27 December 2004}}
38. ^Director Michael Crichton Films a Favorite Novelist, by Michael Owen. New York Times 28 January 1979: D17.
39. ^MOVIE CALL SHEET: Writer Gets OK to Direct 'Tomb' Los Angeles Times 5 July 1975: b10.
40. ^{{cite news|last1=Owen|first1=Michael|title=Director Michael Crichton Films a Favorite Novelist|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/01/28/archives/director-michael-crichton-films-a-favorite-novelist.html|work=New York Times|date=January 28, 1979|page=D17}}
41. ^Orion: A Humanistic Production Kilday, Gregg. Los Angeles Times 5 Jan 1979: f13.
42. ^CRICHTON DIPS INTO THE TANK: MICHAEL CRICHTON Los Angeles Times (1923-Current File) [Los Angeles, Calif] 06 May 1980: g1.
43. ^BEHIND THE BEST SELLERS: Michael Crichton McDOWELL, EDWIN. New York Times 8 Feb 1981: BR8.
44. ^CRICHTON DIPS INTO THE TANK: MICHAEL CRICHTON Los Angeles Times 6 May 1980: g1.
45. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.filfre.net/2013/10/from-congo-to-amazon/ | title=From Congo to Amazon | work=The Digital Antiquarian | date=2013-10-11 | accessdate=10 July 2014 | author=Maher, Jimmy}}
46. ^Crichton, Michael. Electronic Life, Knopf, 1983, p. 44. {{ISBN|0-394-53406-9}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.michaelcrichton.com/programmer/|title=Programmer |publisher=michaelcrichton.com}}
48. ^{{cite web|author=Peter Gorner |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1987-06-24/features/8702160834_1_alien-scientists-ship |title=An Author Of Pleasurable Fear - tribunedigital-chicagotribune |publisher=Articles.chicagotribune.com |date=1987-06-24 |accessdate=2015-10-18}}
49. ^An author of pleasurable fear: Michael Crichton takes fiction where you wouldn't want to go Gorner, Peter. Chicago Tribune 24 June 1987: D1.
50. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.michaelcrichton.net/aboutmichaelcrichton-biography.html |website=MichaelCrichton.net|title=Biography}}
51. ^{{cite video |people=Michael Crichton |title=Michael Crichton on the Jurassic Park Phenomenon |medium=DVD |publisher=Universal |year=2001}}
52. ^Joseph McBride (1997). Steven Spielberg. Faber and Faber, 416–9. {{ISBN|0-571-19177-0}}
53. ^DVD Production Notes
54. ^{{cite news |title=Leaping Lizards |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=December 7, 1990 |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,318785,00.html |accessdate=2007-02-17 |first=Tim |last=Appelo}}
55. ^{{cite journal |author=Biodrowski, Steve |title=Jurassic Park: Michael Crichton |journal=Cinefantastique |volume=24 |issue=2 |page=12}}
56. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=releasedate&view=opening&yr=1993&p=.htm|title=1993 Yearly Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo|website=www.boxofficemojo.com|language=en|access-date=2018-01-18}}
57. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/the-end-of-er-this-time-its-terminal-1688488.html|title=The end of ER: This time it's terminal|last=|first=|date=2009-05-21|work=The Independent|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406214813/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/the-end-of-er-this-time-its-terminal-1688488.html|archive-date=2018-04-06|dead-url=|language=en-GB}}
58. ^The New York Times Best Seller list January 23, 1994
59. ^Publishers Weekly list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 1990s#1994
60. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.michaelcrichton.com/the-lost-world/|title=In His Own Words|website=MichaelCrichton.com|access-date=May 10, 2016}}
61. ^{{cite news|last=Spillman|first=Susan|title=Crichton is plotting 'Jurassic 2'|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/|accessdate=May 30, 2017|work=USA Today|date=March 11, 1994|url-access=subscription}}
62. ^Linda Bingham, "Crossing the Timeline: Michael Crichton's Bestseller as Social Criticism and History," in: Falling into Medievalism, ed. Anne Lair and Richard Utz. Special Issue of UNIversitas: The University of Northern Iowa Journal of Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity, 2.1 (2006) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720093046/http://www.uni.edu/universitas/spring06/default.htm |date=July 20, 2011 }}.
63. ^"15 Directors Unceremoniously Fired Or Replaced On A Movie", The Playlist 22 March 2013 accessed 27 March 2013
64. ^{{cite journal | last1=Allen | first1=Myles | title=A novel view of global warming – Book Reviewed: State of Fear | journal=Nature | volume=433 | issue=7023 | page=198 | doi=10.1038/433198a | date=January 2005 | bibcode=2005Natur.433..198A}}
65. ^Michael Crichton's "Scientific Method". James Hansen.
66. ^¹²{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/06/books/06crichton.html |title=Posthumous Crichton Novels on the Way |first=Motoko |last=Rich |work=The New York Times |date=April 5, 2009 |accessdate=2009-07-18}}
67. ^¹²{{cite news |title=Michael Crichton posthumous novel to be published |author=Zorianna Kit |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/23/books-michaelcrichton-idUSN2319436920110523 |agency=Reuters |date=May 23, 2011 |accessdate=May 27, 2011}}
68. ^{{Cite web|url=http://corporate.harpercollins.com/us/press-releases/490/HARPERCOLLINS%2520PUBLISHERS%2520ACQUIRES%2520NOVEL%2520BY%2520%2520MICHAEL%2520CRICHTON|title=Press Releases Details|last=Archipelago|first=World|publisher=HarperCollins|access-date=2016-07-29}}
69. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.michaelcrichton.com/harpercollins-publishers-acquires-novel-by-michael-crichton/|title=HarperCollins Publishers Acquires Novel by Michael Crichton – MichaelCrichton.com|date=2016-07-28|publisher=MichaelCrichton.com|language=en-US|access-date=2016-07-29|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731130548/http://www.michaelcrichton.com/harpercollins-publishers-acquires-novel-by-michael-crichton|archivedate=July 31, 2016|df=mdy-all}}
70. ^{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/b903b2e03d52462fbd36676dfd5b155e|title=Sequel to Michael Crichton's 'Andromeda Strain' due in fall|last=Italie|first=Hillel|date=2019-02-26|website=AP NEWS|access-date=2019-02-28}}
71. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BuWfmT-FUZk/|title=Michael Crichton on Instagram: "Big news Michael Crichton fans! HarperCollins will be publishing The Andromeda Evolution—the sequel to the breakthrough novel, The…"|website=Instagram|language=en|access-date=2019-02-28}}
72. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.harpercollins.com/corporate/press-releases/harpercollins-publishers-announces-the-publication-of-the-andromeda-evolution-the-sequel-to-michael-crichtons-worldwide-bestselling-novel-the-andromeda-strain/|title=HARPERCOLLINS PUBLISHERS ANNOUNCES THE PUBLICATION OF THE ANDROMEDA EVOLUTION, THE SEQUEL TO MICHAEL CRICHTON'S WORLDWIDE BESTSELLING NOVEL THE ANDROMEDA STRAIN|website=HarperCollins Publishers|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-28}}
73. ^¹{{cite news |author=Wootton, Adrian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/nov/06/sciencefictionfantasyandhorror |title=How Michael Crichton struck fear into the bestseller list |date=November 6, 2008 |accessdate=December 18, 2008 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}
74. ^{{cite news |first=Charles |last=McGrath |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/06/books/06appr.html |title=Builder of Windup Realms That Thrillingly Run Amok |date=November 5, 2008 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=December 18, 2008}}
75. ^https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0070909/synopsis: IMDB synopsis of Westworld. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
76. ^{{cite news |title=Michael Crichton / Reflections of a New Designer |url=https://archive.org/stream/1985-02-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_057_1985_Feb#page/n45/mode/2up |work=Compute! |date=February 1985 |accessdate=16 September 2016 |author=Yakai, Kathy |pages=44–45}}
77. ^{{cite web|url=http://homeoftheunderdogs.net/game.php?id=48|title=Home of the Underdogs}}
78. ^{{cite book |title=Odds On |author=John Lange|title-link=Odds On}}
79. ^{{cite book |title=Scratch One |author=John Lange|title-link=Scratch One}}
80. ^{{cite book |title=Easy Go |author=John Lange|title-link=Easy Go}}
81. ^{{cite book |title=A Case of Need |author=Jeffery Hudson |isbn=978-0-525-93802-6|title-link=A Case of Need |date=1993-08-01 }}
82. ^{{cite book |title=Zero Cool |author=John Lange |isbn=978-0-8439-5959-8|title-link=Zero Cool }}
83. ^{{cite book |title=The Andromeda Strain |author=Michael Crichton |isbn=978-0-394-41525-3|title-link=The Andromeda Strain }}
84. ^{{cite book |title=The Venom Business |author=John Lange|title-link=The Venom Business}}
85. ^{{cite book |title=Drug of Choice |author=John Lange |isbn=978-0-451-04116-6|title-link=Drug of Choice }}
86. ^{{cite book |title=Dealing |author=Michael Douglas |isbn=978-0-394-42168-1|title-link=Dealing: Or the Berkeley-to-Boston Forty-Brick Lost-Bag Blues }}
87. ^{{cite book |title=Grave Descend |author=John Lange |isbn=978-0-8439-5597-2|title-link=Grave Descend }}
88. ^{{cite book |title=Binary|author=Lange|isbn=978-0-394-47987-3|first=John|publisher=Knopf|year=1972|title-link=Binary (novel)}}
89. ^{{cite book |title=The Terminal Man |author=Michael Crichton |isbn=978-0-394-44768-1|title-link=The Terminal Man |year=1972 }}
90. ^{{cite book |title=The Great Train Robbery |author=Michael Crichton |isbn=978-0-394-49401-2|title-link=The Great Train Robbery (novel) |date=1975-05-12 }}
91. ^{{cite book |title=Eaters of the Dead |author=Michael Crichton |isbn=978-0-394-49400-5|title-link=Eaters of the Dead |year=1976 }}
92. ^{{cite book |title=Congo |author=Michael Crichton |isbn=978-0-394-51392-8|title-link=Congo (novel) }}
93. ^{{cite book |title=Sphere |author=Michael Crichton |isbn=978-0-394-56110-3|title-link=Sphere (novel) }}
94. ^{{cite book |title=Jurassic Park |author=Michael Crichton |isbn=978-0-394-58816-2|title-link=Jurassic Park (novel) |year=1990 }}
95. ^{{cite book |title=Rising Sun |author=Michael Crichton |isbn=978-0-345-38037-1|title-link=Rising Sun (novel) |year=1993 }}
96. ^{{cite book |title=Disclosure |author=Michael Crichton |isbn=978-0-679-41945-7|title-link=Disclosure (novel) |year=1994 }}
97. ^{{cite book |title=The Lost World |author=Michael Crichton |isbn=978-0-679-41946-4|title-link=The Lost World (Crichton novel) |year=1995 }}
98. ^{{cite book |title=Airframe |author=Michael Crichton |isbn=978-0-679-44648-4|title-link=Airframe (novel) |year=1996 }}
99. ^{{cite book |title=Timeline |author=Michael Crichton |isbn=978-0-679-44481-7|title-link=Timeline (novel) |year=1999 }}
100. ^{{cite book |title=Prey |author=Michael Crichton |isbn=978-0-679-44481-7|title-link=Prey (novel) |year=1999 }}
101. ^{{cite book |title=State of Fear |author=Michael Crichton |isbn=978-0-06-621413-9|title-link=State of Fear |date=2004-12-07 }}
102. ^{{cite book |title=Next |author=Michael Crichton |isbn=978-0-06-087298-4|title-link=Next (novel) |date=2006-11-28 }}
103. ^{{cite book |title=Pirate Latitudes |author=Michael Crichton |isbn=978-0-06-192937-3|title-link=Pirate Latitudes }}
104. ^{{cite news |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/entertainment/post/2011/05/new-crichton-novel-coming-in-the-fall/1 |title=New Crichton novel coming in the fall |work=USA Today |date=May 22, 2011}}
105. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/book-deals/article/71049-hc-to-publish-new-novel-by-late-michael-crichton.html|title=HarperCollins to Publish Found Novel by Late Michael Crichton|work=Publishers Weekly}}
106. ^¹²{{cite web |url=http://intelligencesquaredus.org/debates/past-debates/item/559-global-warming-is-not-a-crisis |title=Global Warming Is Not a Crisis |date=March 14, 2007 |publisher=Intelligence Squared |accessdate=August 8, 2014}}
107. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2007/03/adventures-on-the-east-side/ |title=RealClimate: Adventures on the East Side |author=Gavin Schmidt |date=March 15, 2007 |publisher=RealClimate |accessdate=October 31, 2012}}
108. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/1.04/mediasaurus_pr.html |title=Mediasaurus |author=Michael Crichton |date=April 1993 |work=Wired}}
109. ^{{cite web|title=Ritual Abuse, Hot Air, and Missed Opportunities|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/283/5407/1461/tab-article-info|website=Science|accessdate=5 April 2017}}
110. ^{{cite book|last1=Chehoski|first1=Robert|title=Critical Perspectives on Climate Disruption|date=2005|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4042-0539-0|page=7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xz_MasQkMz8C|accessdate=5 April 2017|chapter=Introduction}}
111. ^¹{{cite journal |last=Crichton |first=Michael |title=Three Speeches by Michael Crichton |place=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Science & Public Policy Institute |date=December 2009 |url=http://scienceandpublicpolicy.org/images/stories/papers/commentaries/crichton_3.pdf}}
112. ^{{cite book|last1=Hatfield|first1=Michael|title=Game Theory in Management: Modelling Business Decisions and their Consequences|date=2012|publisher=Gower Publishing, Ltd|isbn=978-1-4094-5940-8|page=97|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OwAgeMZQzt4C|chapter=Deconstructing Risk Management}}
113. ^p.8 Johansen, Bruce Elliott Silenced!: Academic Freedom, Scientific Inquiry, and the First Amendment Under Siege in America Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007
114. ^"An Afternoon with Michael Crichton: In collaboration with The Smithsonian Associates", Washington Center for Complexity and Public Policy, Washington, D.C., November 6, 2005
115. ^"Michael Crichton – Fear and Complexity and Environmental Management in the 21st Century" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515030251/http://www.michaelcrichton.net/video-speeches-smithsonian.html |date=May 15, 2012 }}, video from talk, The Smithsonian Associates and the Washington Center for Complexity and Public Policy, Washington, D.C., November 6, 2005
116. ^A Talk to Legislative Staffershttps://web.archive.org/web/20080513233120/http://www.michaelcrichton.com/speech-legislativestaffers.html
117. ^{{cite journal |last1=Zwart |first1=H |year=2015 |title=Genomes, gender and the psychodynamics of a scientific crisis: A psychoanalytic reading of Michael Crichton's genomics novels |url=|journal=New Genetics and Society |volume=34 |issue=1|pages=1–24 |doi=10.1080/14636778.2014.986570 }}
118. ^"Crichton's Thriller State of Fear: Separating Fact from Fiction" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430012139/http://go.ucsusa.org/global_environment/global_warming/page.cfm?pageID=1670 |date=April 30, 2009 }} Union of Concerned Scientists.
119. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/education/stateoffear.asp |title=Review of Michael Crichton's State of Fear |author=Masters, Jeffery M. |publisher=Weather Underground |accessdate=2007-10-14}}
120. ^¹{{cite news |author=Doran, Peter |title=Cold, Hard Facts |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/27/opinion/27doran.html |work=The New York Times |date=July 27, 2006}}
121. ^Knights of the Limits Ansible 237, April 2007
122. ^{{cite news |title=Climate of fear |url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/04/01/climate_of_fear/ |work=The Boston Globe |date=April 1, 2007 |first1=Joshua |last1=Glenn}}
123. ^{{cite news |title=More from 'Inconvenient Gore' |url=http://www.alaskareport.com/do77777.htm |publisher=Alaska Report |date=March 22, 2007}}
124. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.farnorthscience.com/2007/03/13/climate-news/that-inconvenient-gore/|title=That Inconvenient Gore|date=March 13, 2007|publisher=farnorthscience.com}}
125. ^Crowley, Michael. "Cock and Bull". The New Republic. December 25, 2006.
126. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/14/books/14cric.html|title=Columnist Accuses Crichton of 'Literary Hit-and-Run'|first=|date=December 14, 2006|work=The New York Times|access-date=|quote=On Page 227 Mr. Crichton writes: 'Alex Burnet was in the middle of the most difficult trial of her career, a rape case involving the sexual assault of a two-year-old boy in Malibu. The defendant, thirty-year-old Mick Crowley, was a Washington-based political columnist who was visiting his sister-in-law when he experienced an overwhelming urge to have anal sex with her young son, still in diapers.' Mick Crowley is described as a 'wealthy, spoiled Yale graduate' with a small penis that nonetheless 'caused significant tears to the toddler's rectum.'|author=Lee, Felicia}}
127. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/14/books/14cric.html Columnist Accuses Crichton of 'Literary Hit-and-Run']. Felicia R. Lee. New York Times, December 14, 2006
128. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.theedgars.com/edgarsDB/index.php|title=Edgar Award Winners and Nominees Database}}
129. ^¹{{cite news |url=http://people.com/archive/michael-crichton-vol-37-no-17/ |title=Michael Crichton |magazine=People magazine |date=May 4, 1992 |volume=37 |number=17 |page=132}}
130. ^[https://archive.is/20120712174816/http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/BasicSearch?action=searchLink&displayType=6&BSNomineeID=66800 Michael Crichton] Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
131. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wga.org/wga-awards/previous-nominees-winners2.aspx |title=Previous Nominees & Winners |publisher=The Writers Guild Awards |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6XjARCjVO?url=http://www.wga.org/wga-awards/previous-nominees-winners2.aspx |archivedate=April 12, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}
132. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pc/Michael_Crichton.html |title=The Religious Affiliation of Michael Crichton popular science fiction author|website=Adherents|access-date=December 8, 2013}}
133. ^{{cite web |last1= Crichton |first1= Taylor Anne |title= Biographical Summaries of Notable People |url= https://www.myheritage.com/research/record-10182-2535228/taylor-anne-crichton-in-biographical-summaries-of-notable-people |website= MyHeritage.com |location= Lehi, UT, USA |accessdate= 28 April 2017}}
134. ^{{cite web|last1=Crichton|first1=John Michael Todd|title=MyHeritage|url=https://www.myheritage.com/research/record-10182-2535221/john-michael-todd-crichton-in-biographical-summaries-of-notable-people|website=MyHeritage|location= Lehi, UT, USA|accessdate=28 April 2017}}
135. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://fora.tv/2006/11/28/Michael_Crichton |title=Michael Crichton|website=Fora.tv}}
136. ^{{cite book|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4645996206573075884 |title=Berkic v. Crichton, 761 F. 2d 1289 – Court of Appeals, 9th Circuit|year= 1985}}
137. ^{{cite book|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5801028099837723098|title=Williams v. Crichton, 84 F. 3d 581 – Court of Appeals, 2nd Circuit 1996|year=1996}}
138. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/services/motion-pictures/4770773-1.html |title=Spielberg, Crichton Win 'twister' Copyright Case | website=AllBusiness.com|date=April 2016}}
139. ^{{cite news |author=Li, David K. |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/national/crichton_death_ends_thrilling_ride_CK0AMvgRs0mKLxghrpV3rM |title=Crichton's death ends thrilling ride |work=New York Post |date=November 6, 2008}}
140. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/11/05/print/main4575403.shtml |title=Best-Selling Author Michael Crichton Dies |work=CBS News |date=November 5, 2008}}
141. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.thecrimson.harvard.edu/article/2008/11/5/sci-fi-author-crichton-passes-though-michael/ |title=Sci-Fi Author Crichton Passes|newspaper=The Harvard Crimson|date= November 5, 2008}}
142. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/books/11/05/obit.crichton/index.html |title='Jurassic Park' author, 'ER' creator Crichton dies |date=November 5, 2008 |work=CNN |accessdate=2008-11-05}}
143. ^{{cite news |first=Dave |last=Itzkoff |url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/05/michael-crichton-dies/ |title=Michael Crichton Dies |date=November 5, 2008 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=December 18, 2008}}
144. ^{{cite web |title=Stephen King Tribute to Michael Crichton |date=January 22, 2009 |url=http://www.musingsonmichaelcrichton.com/2009/01/stephen-king-tribute-to-michael.html|website=musingsonmichaelcrichton.com}}
145. ^{{cite web |title=Jasper Johns' "Flag" brings record price at auction of Michael Crichton's estate |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2010/05/jasper-johns-flag-brings-record-price-at-auction-of-michael-crichtons-estate.html |website=Culture Monster |date=May 11, 2010}}
146. ^{{cite web|website=MichaelCrichton.com |url=http://www.michaelcrichton.com/mc-newbook.html |title=New book: HarperCollins to Publish Two Posthumous Novels by Michael Crichton |date=2006 |accessdate=August 19, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413173242/http://michaelcrichton.com/mc-newbook.html |archivedate=April 13, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}
147. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/book-deals/article/71049-hc-to-publish-new-novel-by-late-michael-crichton.html|title=HarperCollins to Publish Found Novel by Late Michael Crichton|website=publishersweekly}}

Early life

Harvard

Early novels

John Lange

A Case of Need

The Andromeda Strain

Leaving medicine

Other early novels

Five Patients

Jasper Johns

Binary

The Terminal Man

Film Director

Pursuit

Westworld

Other Film Projects

The Great Train Robbery

Eaters of the Dead

Coma and First Great Train Robbery

Congo and Looker

Electronic Life

Runaway

Sphere

Travels

Physical Evidence