| 词条 | SS Ocean Vigour | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
SS Ocean Vigour was a British Ocean class freighter, which served on various convoys during World War II, and then as a troopship before being used to deport illegal Jewish immigrants who attempted to enter Mandate Palestine to internment camps in Cyprus. She took part in the return of immigrants from the {{SS|Exodus}} back to Europe, before being sold into commercial service. She was scrapped in 1967. Ship historyWorld War IIOcean Vigour was built at Permanente Metals Richmond shipyard No.1 in Richmond, California,[2] one of 60 ships of this class constructed for the British Ministry of War Transport,[3] and launched on 14 February 1942.[2]Operated by the E. R. Management Company of Liverpool on behalf of the Ministry of War Transport,[4] Ocean Vigour was employed on convoys across the Atlantic and into the Mediterranean in 1942-1943,[5][6][7] and between June and August 1944 she is recorded on sailing on seven convoys between the English port of Southend and the Baie de la Seine on the northern coast of France.[8] Post-war activitiesUnder the designation HMT Ocean Vigour the ship was operating the eastern Mediterranean, employed in transporting illegal Jewish immigrants to detention camps in Cyprus. On 2 April 1947, a sabotage unit of the Palyam detonated a bomb aboard while she was moored at Famagusta, Cyprus.[9] On 18 July 1947 the {{SS|Exodus}} was captured by a squadron of British naval ships and escorted into Haifa.[10] The 4,515 immigrants were transferred into three British ships, Runnymede Park, Empire Rival and Ocean Vigour, which sailed for Port-de-Bouc, France. However most of the immigrants refused to leave the ship, and eventually they sailed for Hamburg, Germany,[11] where on 8 September, the 1,464 immigrants aboard Ocean Vigour were forcibly disembarked[12] by military police and soldiers equipped with truncheons and tear gas, and taken to internment camps in Lübeck.[13] After Israeli Independence in 1948, the Ocean Vigour was tasked with deporting Irgun and Lehi members who had been interned in African prison camps, in Britain's African colonies. On 9 July 1948, the Ocean Vigour set sail for Israel with 262 detainees aboard, and arrived in Israel three days later.[14] Later careerIn 1948 the ship was sold to the British Steam Shipping Company, and managed by J. Cory & Sons of Cardiff, under the name Ramillies. She was sold to the Orders & Handford Steamship Company in 1954, but remained under Cory's management until sold again in 1955 to the Buchanan Shipping Company and renamed Galavale, managed by Andrew Crawford Ltd. of Glasgow. Finally in 1957 the ship was sold to the Italian company Corrado Società Anonima di Navigazione of Genoa, who operated her under the name Confidenza until 1967, when she was scrapped in La Spezia.[4] References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://mariners-list.com/site_pages.php?section=Shipping+Companies&category=Scottish&page_name=Vale+Steamship+Co |title=Andrew Crawford, John C. Barr, Vale Steamship Company, Glasgow. |work=mariners-list.com |year=2012 |accessdate=7 September 2012}} 2. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/4emergencylarge/wwtwo/kperm1.htm |title=Kaiser Permanente No. 1 |first=Tim |last=Colton |work=shipbuildinghistory.com |year=2011 |accessdate=7 September 2012}} 3. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/OCEAN.html |title=Ocean ships |work=mariners-l.co.uk |year=2011 |accessdate=7 September 2012}} 4. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/Ocean2.html |title=Ocean Ships (2) |work=mariners-l.co.uk |year=2011 |accessdate=7 September 2012}} 5. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.warsailors.com/convoys/hx193.html |title=Convoy HX 193 |first=Siri |last=Lawson |work=warsailors.com |year=2010 |accessdate=7 September 2012}} 6. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.warsailors.com/convoys/hx224.html |title=Convoy HX 224 |first=Siri |last=Lawson |work=warsailors.com |year=2007 |accessdate=7 September 2012}} 7. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.warsailors.com/convoys/kms21.html |title=Convoy KMS 21 |first=Siri |last=Lawson |work=warsailors.com |year=2007 |accessdate=7 September 2012}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ftm/index.html?search1.php?query=ocean+vigour&Submit=Find+Vessel~ftmmain |title=Arnold Hague convoy database - FTM convoys |work=convoyweb.org.uk |year=2007 |accessdate=7 September 2012}} 9. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.palyam.org/English/Sabotage/sb |title=The Story of Ha'Chulya |first=Tzvi |last=Ben-tzur |work=palyam.org |year=2012 |accessdate=7 September 2012}} 10. ^{{cite web |url= http://www1.uni-hamburg.de/rz3a035//exodus194710.html |title=Exodus 1947 :The Battle Fought Aboard the "Exodus 1947" |work=www1.uni-hamburg.de |year=2012 |accessdate=7 September 2012}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www1.uni-hamburg.de/rz3a035//exodus194712.html |title=Exodus 1947 : Return to Germany, the Country Responsible for the Holocaust |work=www1.uni-hamburg.de |year=2012 |accessdate=7 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621020007/http://www1.uni-hamburg.de/rz3a035//exodus194712.html |archivedate=21 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 12. ^{{cite web |url= http://century.guardian.co.uk/1940-1949/Story/0,,105124,00.html |title=Operation Oasis |work=The Manchester Guardian |date=9 September 1947 |accessdate=7 September 2012}} 13. ^{{cite web |url= http://www1.uni-hamburg.de/rz3a035//exodus194714.html |title=Exodus 1947: Forced Disembarkation |work=www1.uni-hamburg.de |year=2012 |accessdate=7 September 2012}} 14. ^IN AFRICAN EXILE External links
6 : 1942 ships|Ships built in Richmond, California|Ministry of War Transport ships|Ship bombings|Maritime incidents in 1947|Mandatory Palestine |
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