| 词条 | SS Race and Settlement Main Office |
| 释义 |
|agency_name = SS Race and Settlement Main Office |nativename = Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt der SS |nativename_a = |nativename_r = |logo = Flag Schutzstaffel.svg |logo_width = 80px |logo_caption = |seal = |seal_width = |seal_caption = |picture = Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1969-062A-58, "Verein Lebensborn", Taufe.jpg |picture_width = 260px |picture_caption = SS christening of a child born through the RuSHA's Lebensborn program in 1936. |formed = c.1931 |preceding1 = |preceding2 = |dissolved = May 8, 1945 |superseding = |jurisdiction = {{flagicon|Germany|Nazi}} Germany Occupied Europe |headquarters = SS-Hauptamt, Prinz-Albrecht-Straße, Berlin |region_code = |employees = 1,500 c.1942 |budget = |minister1_name = Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler |minister1_pfo = (1931–1945) |minister2_name = |minister2_pfo = |chief1_name =Walther Darré |chief1_position = 1931–1938 |chief2_name = Günther Pancke |chief2_position = 1938–1940 |chief3_name = Otto Hofmann |chief3_position = 1940–1943 |chief4_name = Richard Hildebrandt |chief4_position = 1943–1945 |agency_type = |parent_agency = Allgemeine SS |child1_agency = |child2_agency = |keydocument1= |website = |footnotes = }} The SS Race and Settlement Main Office, (Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt der SS, RuSHA), was the organization responsible for "safeguarding the racial 'purity' of the SS" within Nazi Germany.[1] One of its duties was to oversee the marriages of SS personnel in accordance with the racial policy of Nazi Germany. After Heinrich Himmler introduced the "marriage order" on December 31, 1931, the RuSHA would only issue a permit to marry once detailed background investigations into the racial fitness of both prospective parents had been completed and proved both of them to be of Aryan descent back to 1800.[2]{{sfn|Zentner|Bedürftig|1991|pp=146, 576, 747}} FormationThe RuSHA was founded in 1931 by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler and Richard Walther Darré, who later rose to the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer. In 1935, it was upgraded to an SS Main Office. Under its first director, Darré, it propagated the Nazi ideology of "Blood and Soil". Darré was dismissed by Himmler in 1938 and was succeeded by SS-Gruppenführer Günther Pancke, SS-Gruppenführer Otto Hofmann in 1940, and SA-Gruppenführer Richard Hildebrandt in 1943.{{sfn|Zentner|Bedürftig|1991|p=747}} The RuSHA was created in part to monitor Himmler's 1931 order that the marital decisions of unmarried SS men should be supervised by the Nazi state. SS men would thereafter have to apply for a marriage permit three months before getting married so that the parents of the fiancée could be investigated to ensure her racial purity. With time, the marriage laws became less strict.[3] Thereafter, in December 1935 Himmler ordered the RuSHA to establish the Lebensborn network of maternity homes, whose purpose was "to accommodate and look after racially and genetically valuable expectant mothers." The RuSHA increasingly focused on processing SS marriage applications, genealogy, "racial-biological" investigations and the social welfare services of SS members.{{sfn|Zentner|Bedürftig|1991|pp=534, 747}} OrganizationIn 1935 the RuSHA consisted of seven departments ({{lang-de|Ämter or Amtsgruppen}}):
In 1940 it was reorganized to create four main departments:
The Race and Settlement Departments were further divided into the Hauptabteilungen (Main Branches). One of these managed welfare and pensions in cooperation with the SS-Hauptfürsorge- und Versorgungsamt (SS Main Welfare and Pension Department) at the Reich Ministry of the Interior. Leadership{{Officeholder table start| showorder = y | showimage = y | officeholder_title = Chief of RuSHA | showtermlenght = y | showelection = n | showcabinet = n | showparty = n }}{{Officeholder table | order = 1 | image = Bundesarchiv Bild 119-2179, Walter Richard Darré.jpg | military_rank = SS-Gruppenführer | officeholder = Richard Walther Darré | officeholder_sort = Darré, Richard | officeholder_note = | born_year = 1895 | died_year = 1953 | term_start = 1 January 1932 | term_end = 12 September 1938 | timeinoffice = {{ayd|1932|01|01|1938|09|12}} }}{{Officeholder table | order = 2 | image = G. Pancke (cropped).jpg | military_rank = SS-Brigadeführer | officeholder = Günther Pancke | officeholder_sort = Pancke, Günther | officeholder_note = | born_year = 1899 | died_year = 1973 | term_start = 12 September 1938 | term_end = 9 July 1940 | timeinoffice = {{ayd|1938|09|12|1940|07|09}} }}{{Officeholder table | order = 3 | image = Otto Hofmann.jpg | military_rank = SS-Gruppenführer | officeholder = Otto Hofmann | officeholder_sort = Hofmann, Otto | officeholder_note = | born_year = 1896 | died_year = 1982 | term_start = 9 July 1940 | term_end = 20 April 1943 | timeinoffice = {{ayd|1940|07|09|1943|04|20}} }}{{Officeholder table | order = 4 | image = HildebrandtRichard.jpg | military_rank = SS-Obergruppenführer | officeholder = Richard Hildebrandt | officeholder_sort = Hildebrandt, Richard | officeholder_note = | born_year = 1897 | died_year = 1952 | term_start = 20 April 1943 | term_end = 8 May 1945 | timeinoffice = {{ayd|1943|04|20|1945|05|08}} }}{{Officeholder table end}} Racial policies{{see also|Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany}}By 1937 more than 300 SS men had been expelled from the SS for violating Nazi race laws (Rassenschande), although an order later stated that they could remain if they were already married and could satisfy racial criteria. In November 1940, Himmler reinstated all SS personnel expelled under the marriage laws, provided they met racial requirements of the Nazi Party. Following the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the RuSHA worked in partnership with VOMI in the "germanization" of captured territory, monitoring of settler welfare, and the plantation of ethnic Germans in areas designated for settlement by the SS, particularly in occupied Ukraine. This involved in part, the resetting of Germans in the Nazi occupied Eastern territories and ejecting the native families from those lands. The RuSHA was also an advisory and executive office for all questions of racial selection. Racial examinations were performed by Rasse und Siedlungs (RUS) leaders or their racial examiners (Eignungsprüfer) in connection with:
The RuSHA also employed Josef Mengele for a short time from November 1940 to early 1941, in Department II of its Family Office, where he was responsible for "care of genetic health" and "genetic health tests".[4] He went on to become one of the team of doctors responsible for the selection of victims to be killed in the gas chambers and for performing deadly human experiments on prisoners at Auschwitz concentration camp.{{sfn|Snyder|1994|p=227}} PostwarIn July 1947, 14 officials from the organization were indicted in the RuSHA Trial and tried by the Allied powers at Nuremberg. All were charged with crimes against humanity, war crimes and membership of a criminal organization (the SS). All but one (who was acquitted on the two more serious charges) were found guilty and sentenced to between three and 25 years imprisonment. See also
Notes1. ^ SS Collections: RuSHA (Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt) – Stenger Historica 2. ^{{cite book|author = Michael Burleigh | authorlink=Michael Burleigh| title = The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945 | date = 7 November 1991 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-39802-2|page = 84, 273, }} 3. ^ SS Collections: RuSHA (Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt) – Stenger Historica 4. ^{{cite book | last = Schmuhl| first = Hans-Walter | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics, 1927–1945: Crossing Boundaries | publisher = Springer| year = 2008 | location = | nopp = | page = 364 | url = | isbn = 1-4020-6599-X}} References
3 : Politics and race|Holocaust terminology|Heinrich Himmler |
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