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词条 SS Ravenscrag
释义

  1. Capt. Biggam's Ravenscrag

  2. Rescue ship of the Polaris expedition

  3. Other ships named Ravenscraig

  4. References

  5. Further reading

{{Infobox ship image
Ship image=Ravenscrag 1898 sketch.jpgShip caption=Sketch of the Ravenscrag from an 1898 newspaper[1]
}}{{Infobox ship career		Ship country=UKUnited Kingdom|civil}}Ship name=SS RavenscragShip namesake=Ravenscraig CastleShip owner=
  • 1885–96: F. G. Mabane
  • 1896–01: J. C. Richardson
Ship operator=1866–85: Allan Shipping LineShip registry=Ship route=Ship builder=Robert Steele & Co.Ship yard number=52Ship launched=1866 in Cartsdyke, ScotlandShip christened=Ship completed=Ship maiden voyage=Ship in service=1866–1901Ship fate=Transferred to Norway
}}{{Infobox ship career		Ship country=NorwayNorway}}Ship name=SV ArmeniaShip owner=Johanson Joh. & Co.Ship in service=1901–1907Ship fate=Ran aground 27 Aug 1907
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		Hide header=Header caption=Ship class=Clipper with iron hullShip type=Ship tonnage=1,263 tons219|ft|m|0}}Ship beam=Ship propulsion=Ship sail plan=BarqueShip speed=Ship capacity=Ship notes=
}}

Ravenscrag (or Ravenscraig) is the name of several ships, some being sailing vessels and some steamships. One of the sailing vessels is historically significant for bringing to the Hawaiian Islands in 1879 Portuguese immigrants who subsequently introduced the ukulele to island culture.

Capt. Biggam's Ravenscrag

{{see also|Portuguese immigration to Hawaii}}

The best known of several similarly named ships, the Ravenscrag (spelled without the "i") is a British sailing vessel commanded by Capt. Biggam that on 23 August 1879 brought 419 Portuguese immigrants from Madeira to the Hawaiian Islands to work as contract laborers in the sugar plantations. The ship left the Madeiran port of Funchal on 23 April 1879 and took exactly four months to cross the Atlantic Ocean, round Cape Horn, and then sail across the Pacific to Honolulu.[3][4][5] Among the passengers were Manuel Nunes, Augusto Dias, Jose do Espirito Santo, and Joao Fernandes, who are credited with introducing the ukulele to Hawaii.[6][7] This was the second ship of Portuguese immigrants to reach the Islands, having been preceded on 30 September 1878 by the German bark {{SS|Priscilla}}.[8][9]

Though depicted in a U.S. Postal Service description of a 2004 commemorative stamp release as a wooden-hulled bark,[10] the Ravenscrag was actually a 1,263 tons, {{convert|219|ft|m|0}} long, iron-hulled, three-masted sailing ship with square sails on each mast (i.e., a clipper).[11][12] It was commissioned by Scottish-Canadian shipping magnate Sir Hugh Allan for his Allan Shipping Line with freight service between Britain and the States, and named by Allan after his mansion in Montreal, which had been named, in turn, after Ravenscraig Castle in Scotland. The ship was built for Allan in 1866 by Robert Steele & Co. at their Cartsdyke shipyard in Greenock, Scotland (Yard No. 52), and owned by J. & A. Allan & Company of Glasgow, Scotland, an Allan Line subsidiary that was overseen by Sir Hugh's older brother James Allan.[1][15][16]

Biggam, still under the employ of the Allan Line, is shown as captain of the Ravenscrag in an 1885 trade journal,[11] the same year the ship was sold to John Crow Richardson of Swansea, Wales. It was then sold in 1896 to F.G. Mabane of South Shields, England. Two years later the New York Times on 7 April 1898 reported that "the British ship Ravenscrag . . . has not arrived here (Callao, Peru) and is officially reported missing." The article further states that the Ravenscrag was "an iron vessel, built at Greenock in 1893, hails from South Shields, Eng. and is owned by T.G. Mabano."[18] Allowing for misspellings and incorrect reporting of dates, this is clearly the same ship that Captain Biggam and 419 Portuguese immigrants sailed 19 years earlier to the Hawaiian Islands. Though feared lost a sea, the Ravenscrag did arrive at the port of Callao several days late, having been delayed by unusually strong currents while crossing the Atlantic.[1][20]

The Norwegian firm of Johanson Joh. & Co. of Oslo in 1901 purchased the Ravenscrag, and renamed it the SV Armenia. The ship at this time was still full rigged for sail, but the Norwegians subsequently rerigged it as a bark.[21] The SV Armenia met its demise on 27 August 1907 when, while on a voyage from Rio de Janeiro to Glasgow to deliver lumber, it was attempting to put in at the port of Matane, Quebec in a thick fog, and ran aground at Capucins on the Quebec side of the St. Lawrence River.[15][23]

Rescue ship of the Polaris expedition

Perhaps the first ship to bear the name Ravenscraig (with an "i") was a 581 to 589 tons, {{convert|140|ft|m|0}} long, wooden sailing ship, sheathed in copper, that was built in 1853 in South Shields, England, and owned by Lockart & Co.[24] Though registered in Kirkcaldy, Scotland, it was employed initially in the Australian and New Zealand wool trade,[25][26] and was still in service in 1865 when shipping agents Levin & Co. and Bethune & Hunter ran ads advertising passage from New Zealand to London.[27]

The Ravenscraig at some point was outfitted with a steam engine and converted to a whaling ship, which on 23–25 June 1873 was involved in the arctic rescue of the crew of the {{USS|Polaris|1871|6}}, which had been trying to reach the North Pole on an ill-fated expedition of the U.S. Navy.[28] The official testimony of one of the rescued sailors describes the Ravenscraig as "a bark of about 400 tons [a rough estimate], with steam-power . . . [that] hailed from Kirkcaldie (Kirkcaldy), but sailed from Dundee." The owner of this bark was Ninian Lockart, Esq. of Kirkcaldy, Scotland, whose firm of Lockart & Co. twenty years earlier in 1853 had first purchased the Ravenscraig.[29]

Other ships named Ravenscraig

Another ship named the SS Ravenscraig was a {{convert|243|ft|m|0}} long, 2,301 tons steamship built in 1900 at Port Huron, Michigan as a bulk freighter by the Jenks Shipbuilding Company for hauling iron and copper ore on the Great Lakes. It was, in fact, the first ship launched from the company's new ship yard. The SS Ravenscraig was sold in 1907, and taken off the lakes. When it was sold again in 1917 it was renamed the Edward F. Cragin. It remained in service until 1923, when it was scrapped in Italy.[30]

There is also record of a {{convert|137|ft|m|1}} long, 333 tons British steamship named the Ravenscraig that was built in 1899 and sank on 18 September 1932 in the English Channel, just off the mouth of the Thames River, during a collision with another steamship.[31] A more recent ship to bear the name, one that was built about 1979, is a British, {{convert|950|ft|m|0}} long, steel-hulled, bulk freighter that on 17 April 1989 helped rescue the crew of the cargo ship Star of Alexandria when it sank in the Atlantic Ocean about 400 miles southwest of Cape Cod.[32]

References

1. ^{{cite web | title=Steele & Co. | website=Clydeshipbuilding | url=https://www.inverclydeshipbuilding.com/steeles | access-date=21 February 2018}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite book |title=Leading Manufacturers and Merchants of the City of Boston |year=1885 |publisher=International Publishing Company |location=Boston. Mass. |page=116 |url=https://archive.org/stream/leadingmanufactu00bost#page/116/mode/2up}}
3. ^1 {{cite web |title=Ravenscrag |website=Clyde-built Ship Database |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=17298 |accessdate=16 October 2013}}
4. ^1 {{cite news |title=Arrival of Immigrants |newspaper=The Hawaiian gazette |date= August 27, 1879 |page=2 |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1879-08-27/ed-1/seq-2/ |accessdate=28 October 2013}}
5. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.hawaii-post.com/2004-23AUG.html |title=August 23rd 2004. 125th Anniversary of the 'Ukulele |website=Hawai'i Post |accessdate=2013-08-31}}
6. ^1 {{cite book |author=Hilton, George w. |year=1995 |title=Eastland: Legacy of the Titanic |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, California |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-xzkMcEDu4C&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
7. ^1 {{cite journal |authors=King, John and Tranquada, Jim |year=2003 |title=A new history of the 'ukulele, 1838-1915 |journal=Hawaiian Journal of History |volume=37 |issue= |pages=10–32|url=https://www.academia.edu/970220/New_History_of_the_Origins_and_Development_of_theUkulele_1838-1915}}
8. ^1 {{cite web |author1=King, John |author2=Tranquada, John |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2007 |title=A Strum Through ‘Ukulele History, from Madeira to Hawaii to the San Francisco Bay (online version) |publisher=Museum of Craft and Folk Art |url=http://www.mocfa.org/exhibitions/ex_archives/ex_uke/uke_article_1.htm |accessdate=22 October 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101011214/http://www.mocfa.org/exhibitions/ex_archives/ex_uke/uke_article_1.htm |archivedate=1 November 2013 |df= }}
9. ^1 {{cite web |title=Ravenscraig - 1855 |website=Register of Ships - transcribed from the Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping |url=http://users.xplornet.com/~shipping/ShipsPQR1a.htm |accessdate=30 December 2015}}
10. ^1 {{cite book |title=List of Passengers Per Ravenscrag, Captain Biggam, Bound to Honolulu |year=1879 |location=Hamilton Library, University of Hawaii at Manoa |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/List_of_Passengers_Per_Ravenscrag_Captai.html?id=SJm0jwEACAAJ}} A transcription of this manifest is available at   {{cite web |title=Immigrant Ship List for Ravenscrag |url=http://www.hawaiian-roots.com/ravenscrag.htm |website=Hawaiian Roots - Genealogy for Hawaiians |accessdate=15 October 2013}}
11. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Marques, Augustus |year=1886 |title=Portuguese immigration to the Hawaiian Islands |url=http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10524/659/Thrums-1887.pdf?sequence=2 |editor=Thrum, Thomas G. |journal=Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1887 - A Handbook of Information |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |publisher=Press Publishing Company |pages=74–78}}
12. ^1 {{cite news |title=Oregon and Columbia - German Shipowners pay a compliment to webfoot state |newspaper=The Morning Oregonian |date=October 2, 1901 |page=5| url=http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025138/1901-10-02/ed-1/seq-5/ |accessdate=16 October 2013}}
13. ^1 {{cite news |title=For London to sail in a few days - Ravenscraig |newspaper=New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian |date=31 May 1865 |page=1 col. 1 |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NZSCSG18650531.2.2.1&l=mi&e=-------10--1----0-all |accessdate=17 October 2013}}
14. ^1 {{cite news |title=Wool Fleets 1864 and 1865 |newspaper=New Zealand Marine News |year=1965 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=53–58 |url=http://www.nzmaritimeindex.org.nz/izsearchvessels.php?hit=1&name=RAVENSCRAIG |accessdate=16 October 2013}}
15. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1898/04/07/102554200.pdf |format=pdf |title=Ship Ravenscrag Missing |newspaper=The New York Times |date=7 April 1898}}
16. ^1 {{cite news |title=Shipping Summary - Arrival of the Ravenscrag |newspaper=Otago Daily Times |date=March 13, 1878 |page=3 |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=ODT18780313.2.11&l=mi&e=-------10--1----0--}}
17. ^1 {{cite news |title=Arrival of Immigrants |newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser |date=August 30, 1879 |page=3 |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1879-08-30/ed-1/seq-3/ |accessdate=30 October 2013}}
18. ^1 {{cite news |newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser |date=September 14, 1878 |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |page=2 |title=The bark Priscilla |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1878-09-14/ed-1/seq-2/ |accessdate=15 October 2013}}
19. ^1 {{cite web |title=Ravenscraig |url=http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?74366 |website=Wreck Site (online database) |accessdate=21 October 2013}}
20. ^1 {{cite book |author=Robeson, George M. |year=1873 |title=Report of the Secrertary of the Navy - Polaris Expedition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJ0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA470&lpg#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=Government Printing Office |location=Washington D.C. |pages=12–13, 244–245, 469–470}}
21. ^1 {{cite book |author1=Robeson, George M. |author2=Davis, Charles H. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1876 |title=Narrative of the north polar expedition: U.S. ship Polaris, Captain Charles Francis Hall commanding |publisher=Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=511–517 |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/afk7255.0001.001/585?view=image&size=100}}
22. ^1 2 {{cite news |title=The British ship Ravenscrag has arrived at Callao |newspaper=San Francisco Call |date=April 13, 1898 |volume=83 |issue=134 |page=10 |url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC18980413.2.97#}}
23. ^1 {{cite book |author=Stevens, Robert White |year=1878 |title=On the stowage of ships and their cargoes |publisher=Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer |location=Plymouth, England |page=558}}
24. ^1 {{cite book |author=Stevenson, Paul Eve |year=1899 |title=By Way of Cape Horn - Four Months in a Yankee Clipper |location=Philadelphia |publisher=J.P. Lippincott Company |pages=326–327 }}
25. ^1 {{cite news |title=Search continues for 2 crewmen from ship that sank in Atlantic |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Nashua, New Hampshire |date=April 18, 1989 |page=8 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19890418&id=-_wlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G_wFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6941,5208484}}
26. ^1 {{cite news |title=Shipwrecked in St. Lawrence River |newspaper=The News |date=Aug 29, 1907 |location=Frederick, Maryland |page=1 |publisher=Ancestry.com (subscription required)|url=http://interactive.ancestry.com/7237/NEWS-MD-NE.1907_08_29_0001?backurl=http%3a%2f%2fsearch.ancestry.com%2fsearch%2fdb.aspx%3fdbid%3d7237%26path%3d&ssrc=&backlabel=ReturnBrowsing}}
27. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=SV Armenia | website=Wreck Site (online database) |url=http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?180716 |accessdate=16 October 2013}}
[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]
}}

Further reading

  • {{cite journal |title=Sir Hugh Allen, Shipbuilder and capitalist |journal=Clydesite Magazine (online edition) |url=

http://www.clydesite.co.uk/articles/sir_hugh_allan.asp |issue= 1, Article 6 |accessdate=16 October 2013}}

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6 : Victorian-era passenger ships of the United Kingdom|Portuguese immigration to Hawaii|1866 ships|Greenock|Ships built on the River Clyde|Polaris expedition
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