| 词条 | SS Washingtonian (1913) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
SS Washingtonian was a cargo ship launched in 1913 by the Maryland Steel Company of Sparrows Point, Maryland, near Baltimore, as one of eight sister ships for the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company. At the time of her launch, she was the largest cargo ship under American registry. During the United States occupation of Veracruz in April 1914, Washingtonian was chartered by the United States Department of the Navy for service as a non-commissioned refrigerated supply ship for the U.S. fleet stationed off the Mexican coast. In January 1915, after a little more than one year of service, Washingtonian collided with the schooner Elizabeth Palmer off the Delaware coast and sank in ten minutes with the loss of her $1,000,000 cargo of {{convert|10000|LT|t|-2}} of raw Hawaiian sugar. In the days after Washingtonian{{'}}s sinking, the price of sugar in the United States increased almost nine percent, partly attributed to the loss of Washingtonian{{'}}s cargo. Lying under approximately {{convert|100|ft|m}} of water, Washingtonian{{'}}s wreck is one of the most popular recreational dive sites on the eastern seaboard. Design and constructionIn November 1911, the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company placed an order with the Maryland Steel Company of Sparrows Point, Maryland, for two new cargo ships—{{SS|Panaman||2}} and Washingtonian.[6] The contract cost of the ships was set at the construction cost plus an eight percent profit for Maryland Steel, but capped at a maximum cost of $640,000 each. The construction was financed by Maryland Steel with a credit plan that called for a five percent down payment in cash and nine monthly installments for the balance. The deal had provisions that allowed some of the nine installments to be converted into longer-term notes or mortgages. The final cost of Washingtonian, including financing costs, was $71.49 per deadweight ton, which totaled just under $733,000.[1] Washingtonian (Maryland Steel yard no. 131)[2] was the second ship built under the contract. The ship was {{GRT|6,649|disp=long}},[7] and was {{convert|360|ft|11|in|m}} in length (between perpendiculars) and {{convert|50|ft|2|in|m}} abeam.[3] She had a deadweight tonnage of {{DWT|10,250|long}},[7] and, at the time of her launch, was the largest American-flagged cargo ship.[8] Washingtonian had a speed of {{convert|12.5|knots|km/h}},[3][4] and was powered by a single steam engine with oil-fired boilers which drove a single screw propeller. Washingtonian{{'}}s cargo holds, providing a storage capacity of {{convert|490858|cuft}},[7] were outfitted with a complete refrigeration plant so she could carry perishable products from the West Coast to the East Coast, such as Pacific Northwest salmon or fresh produce from Southern California farms.[8][9]ServiceWhen Washingtonian began sailing for American-Hawaiian, the company shipped cargo from East Coast ports via the Tehuantepec Route to West Coast ports and Hawaii, and vice versa. Shipments on the Tehuantepec Route arrived at Mexican ports—Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, for eastbound cargo, and Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, for westbound cargo—and traversed the Isthmus of Tehuantepec on the Tehuantepec National Railway.[10] Eastbound shipments were primarily sugar and pineapple from Hawaii, while westbound cargoes were more general in nature.[11] Washingtonian sailed in this service, but it is not known whether she sailed on the east or west side of North America.[12] [14][15] Washingtonian sailed in a rotation with the commissioned Navy stores ships {{USS|Culgoa|AF-3|6}} and {{USS|Celtic|AF-2|6}}.[15] With the official opening of the Panama Canal on 15 August 1914, American-Hawaiian line ships switched to taking the isthmus canal route.[13] In late August, American-Hawaiian announced that the Washingtonian—her Navy charter ended by this time—would sail on a San Francisco – Panama Canal – Boston route, sailing opposite vessels {{SS|Mexican||2}}, Honolulan, and sister ship Pennsylvanian.[16] Washingtonian sailed from Los Angeles in early October with a load of California products—including canned and dried fruits, beans, and wine—for New York City and Boston.[9] After delivering that load, Washingtonian then headed for Honolulu, Hawaii, to take on a {{convert|10000|LT|t|adj=on}} load of raw sugar valued at about $1,000,000. Departing Honolulu on 20 December, Washingtonian arrived at Balboa on 17 January 1915 and transited the Panama Canal. Sailing from Cristóbal on the eastern end two days later, she headed for the Delaware Breakwater en route to Philadelphia.[5]CollisionAt 3:30 a.m. on 26 January, some {{convert|20|nmi|km}} from Fenwick Island, Delaware, the American schooner Elizabeth Palmer[17] was under full sail at {{convert|8|knots|km/h}} on a southwest by south course. Elizabeth Palmer{{'}}s captain saw a large steam vessel, Washingtonian, on an apparent collision course ahead, but did not change course since navigational rules require steam-powered vessels to yield to vessels under sail power. The captain of Washingtonian, two quartermasters, and a seaman were all on watch and saw Elizabeth Palmer, but misjudged the schooner's rapid pace. When Washingtonian, underway at {{convert|12|knots|km/h}}, did not change course or speed, Elizabeth Palmer collided with the starboard side of the steamer, leaving a large hole that sank Washingtonian ten minutes later. Less than a mile (2 km) away, Elizabeth Palmer, with her jib boom and the top of her foremast stripped away by the impact, began taking on water through her split seams. When it became apparent that the big schooner would sink, her captain ordered her abandonment, and she slowly settled and went down about an hour after the collision.[18] After Washingtonian{{'}}s crew abandoned ship, one crewman, a water tender, was found to be missing and was presumed drowned.[5] Washingtonian{{'}}s 39 survivors and all 13 crew members from Elizabeth Palmer were picked up about an hour after the collision by the passenger liner Hamilton of the Old Dominion Line, which arrived at New York the next day.[8] The collision had repercussions for American-Hawaiian and the world sugar market. The financial impact of the collision on American-Hawaiian, estimated at $2,000,000, was devastating.[19][20] Contemporary news reports in The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal both told of the collision's impact on the sugar market. Claus A. Spreckels, president of Federal Sugar Refining, noted that the loss of even such a large cargo would not normally have much effect on the sugar market. However, weather in Cuba, then the largest supplier of sugar for the United States, had reduced that island nation's crop by more than 200,000 tons. Further affecting the situation was World War I, then ongoing in Europe,[21] which had reduced the tonnage of shipping available to transport commodities like sugar.[8][22] With all of these factors, the asking price for sugar futures contracts for February 1915 delivery was 2.90 cents per pound (6.39 cents per kg) a week before Washingtonian{{'}}s sinking,[23] but had risen to 3.16 cents per pound (6.96 cents per kg) the day after the sinking.[24] Washingtonian{{'}}s wreck, a skeletal framework of hull plates and bulkheads, lies upside down in about {{convert|100|ft|m}} of water,[25] and is one of the most-visited wreck sites along the eastern seaboard.[26][27] A popular night dive, Washingtonian{{'}}s wreck is also a favorite with sport divers catching lobster.[28]Notes1. ^1 Cochran and Ginger, p. 358. 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|last=Colton |first=Tim |url=http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/1major/inactive/bethsparrowspoint.htm |title=Bethlehem Steel Company, Sparrows Point MD |work=Shipbuildinghistory.com |publisher=The Colton Company |accessdate=12 August 2008 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008154823/http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/1major/inactive/bethsparrowspoint.htm |archivedate=October 8, 2008 }} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web | url =http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?IDNo=2211887&search_op=OR| title = Washingtonian| work = Miramar Ship Index | publisher = R. B. Haworth | accessdate = 12 August 2008 }}{{Subscription required}} 4. ^1 2 Cochran and Ginger, p. 357. 5. ^1 2 {{cite news | title = Big ship sinks in crash | work = The Washington Post | date = 27 January 1915 | page = 3 }} 6. ^Maryland Steel had built three ships—{{SS|Kentuckian||2}}, Georgian, and Honolulan—for American-Hawaiian in 1909 in what proved to be a satisfactory arrangement for both companies, and in September 1911, American-Hawaiian placed an order for Washingtonian{{'}}s four older sister ships—{{SS|Minnesotan||2}}, {{SS|Dakotan||2}}, {{SS|Montanan||2}}, and {{SS|Pennsylvanian||2}}. 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Cochran and Ginger, p. 365. 8. ^1 2 3 {{cite news | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/01/27/100135039.pdf | format = PDF | title = Two big ships sink in collision at sea | work = The New York Times | date = 27 January 1915 | accessdate = 2008-08-15 | page = 1 }} 9. ^1 {{cite news | title = California cargo of produce shipped to East | work = Los Angeles Times | date = 3 October 1914 | page = II–8 }} 10. ^Hovey, p. 78. 11. ^Cochran and Ginger, p. 355–56. 12. ^{{cite news | title = American-Hawaiian Steamship Co | work = Los Angeles Times | date = 13 April 1914 | page = I–4 }} 13. ^1 Cochran and Ginger, p. 360. 14. ^{{cite news | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/04/28/100311051.pdf | format = PDF | title = New Washingtonian for supply ship | work = The New York Times | date = 28 April 1914 | accessdate = 2008-08-15 | page = 3 }} 15. ^1 {{cite news | title = Army and Navy Gossip | work = The Washington Post | date = 3 May 1914 | page = E2 }} 16. ^{{cite news | title = Pacific-Boston sailings begun | work = The Christian Science Monitor | date = 29 August 1914 | page = 19 }} 17. ^Elizabeth Palmer was a five-masted, {{convert|300|ft|4|in|m|adj=on}} wooden schooner built in Bath, Maine, in 1903, and considered one of the largest U.S. sailing ships at the time. See: Shomette, p. 207. 18. ^Shomette, pp. 209–10. 19. ^Shomette, p. 211. 20. ^Washingtonian{{'}}s captain and the company were at fault because navigation rules required that steam-powered vessels yield to sail-powered vessels. See: Shomette, p. 209. 21. ^The still-neutral United States did not enter World War I until April 1917. 22. ^{{cite news | title = Hawaiian liner carrying $1,000,000 raw sugar, sunk | work = The Wall Street Journal | date = 27 January 1915 | page = 3 }} 23. ^{{cite news | title = Sugar | work = The Wall Street Journal | date = 21 January 1915 | page = 3 }} 24. ^{{cite news | title = Sugar | work = The Wall Street Journal | date = 28 January 1915 | page = 3 }} 25. ^Shomette, p. 206. 26. ^Shomette, p. 212. 27. ^Lying about a mile away from that of Washingtonian, the wreck of Elizabeth Palmer—"worm-eaten and disintegrating"—is, in contrast, little visited. See: Shomette, p. 212. 28. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.aquaventuresonline.com/wrecks.html#washingtonian | title = Popular wreck dives along our Delaware and Maryland coast: Washingtonian | publisher = Aqua Ventures | accessdate = 28 August 2008 }} References{{Reflist|30em}}Bibliography{{Refbegin}}
10 : Ships built in Sparrows Point, Maryland|Merchant ships of the United States|Maritime incidents in 1915|Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean|Shipwrecks of the Delaware coast|Wreck diving sites|Underwater diving sites in the United States|1913 ships|Cargo ships of the United States Navy|Ships sunk in collisions |
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