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词条 Stan Lee
释义

  1. Personal life

     Early life  Philanthropy  Death 

  2. Publishing career

     Early career  Marvel Comics  Marvel revolution  Later Marvel years   Beyond Marvel  

  3. Bibliography

     Books  Comics bibliography  DC Comics  Marvel Comics  Simon & Schuster  Other 

  4. Cultural impact

     Accolades  Fictional portrayals   Marvel publisher    Other publishers   Film and television appearances 

  5. See also

  6. Notes

  7. References

  8. Further reading

  9. External links

{{About|the comics creator}}{{pp|small=yes}}{{short description|American comic book writer}}{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}{{Infobox comics creator
| name = Stan Lee
| image = Stan_Lee_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg
| caption = Lee in 2014
| birth_name = Stanley Martin Lieber
| birth_date = {{birth date|1922|12|28}}
| birth_place = New York City, New York, U.S.
| nationality = American
| death_date = November 12, 2018
(aged {{age in years|1922|12|28|2018|11|12}})
| death_place = {{nowrap|Los Angeles, California, U.S.}}
| Army Service = US Army Signal Corps
| area = Comic book writer, editor, publisher, producer
| years_active = 1940–2018
| signature = Signature of Stan Lee.svg|90px
| publish = yes
| collaborators = {{plainlist |
  • Jack Kirby
  • Steve Ditko
  • John Romita Sr.
  • Don Heck
  • Bill Everett
  • Joe Maneely
  • Dick Ayers

}}
| awards = {{plainlist |
  • The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame
  • Jack Kirby Hall of Fame
  • National Medal of Arts
  • Disney Legends

}}
| sortkey = Lee, Stan
| spouse = {{marriage|Joan Boocock|1947|2017|reason=d.}}
| children = 2
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}

Stan Lee[1] (born Stanley Martin Lieber {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|iː|b|ər}}; December 28, 1922 – November 12, 2018) was an American comic book writer, editor, publisher, and producer. He rose through the ranks of a family-run business to become Marvel Comics' primary creative leader for two decades, leading its expansion from a small division of a publishing house to a multimedia corporation that dominated the comics industry.

In collaboration with others at Marvel—particularly co-writer/artists Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko—he co-created numerous popular fictional characters, including superheroes Spider-Man, the X-Men, Iron Man, Thor, the Hulk, the Fantastic Four, Black Panther, Daredevil, Doctor Strange, Scarlet Witch and Ant-Man. In doing so, he pioneered a more naturalistic approach to writing superhero comics in the 1960s, and in the 1970s he challenged the restrictions of the Comics Code Authority, indirectly leading to changes in its policies. In the 1980s he pursued development of Marvel properties in other media, with mixed results. Following his retirement from Marvel in the 1990s, he remained a public figurehead for the company, and frequently made cameo appearances in films and television shows based on Marvel characters, on which he received an executive producer credit. Meanwhile, he continued independent creative ventures into his 90s, until his death in 2018.

Lee was inducted into the comic book industry's Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame in 1994 and the Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1995. He received the NEA's National Medal of Arts in 2008.

{{TOC limit|3}}

Personal life

Lee was raised in a Jewish family. In a 2002 survey of whether he believed in God, he stated, "Well, let me put it this way... [Pauses.] No, I'm not going to try to be clever. I really don't know. I just don't know."[2]

From 1945 to 1947, Lee lived in the rented top floor of a brownstone in the East 90s in Manhattan.[3] He married Joan Clayton Boocock, originally from Newcastle, England,[4] on December 5, 1947,[5][6] and in 1949, the couple bought a house in Woodmere, New York, on Long Island, living there through 1952.[7] Their daughter Joan Celia "J. C." Lee was born in 1950. Another daughter, Jan Lee, died three days after delivery in 1953.[8]

The Lees resided in the Long Island town of Hewlett Harbor, New York, from 1952 to 1980.[9] They also owned a condominium on East 63rd Street in Manhattan from 1975 to 1980,[10] and during the 1970s owned a vacation home in Remsenburg, New York.[11] For their move to the West Coast in 1981, they bought a home in West Hollywood, California, previously owned by comedian Jack Benny's radio announcer Don Wilson.[12]

In September 2012, Lee underwent an operation to insert a pacemaker, which required cancelling planned appearances at conventions.[13][14]

On July 6, 2017, his wife of 69 years, Joan, died of complications from a stroke. She was 95 years old.[15]

In April 2018, The Hollywood Reporter published a report that claimed Lee was a victim of elder abuse; the report asserted that among others, Keya Morgan, business manager of Lee and a memorabilia collector, had been isolating Lee from his trusted friends and associates following his wife's death, to obtain access to Lee's wealth, estimated to amount to {{USD|50 million}}.[16][17] In August 2018, Morgan was issued a restraining order to stay away from Lee, his daughter, or his associates for three years.[18]

Early life

Stanley Martin Lieber was born on December 28, 1922, in Manhattan, New York City,[19] in the apartment of his Romanian-born Jewish immigrant parents, Celia (née Solomon: 1898–1947) and Jack Lieber (1893–1965), at the corner of West 98th Street and West End Avenue in Manhattan.[20][20] His father, trained as a dress cutter, worked only sporadically after the Great Depression,[21] and the family moved further uptown to Fort Washington Avenue,[22] in Washington Heights, Manhattan. Lee had one younger brother named Larry Lieber.[23] He said in 2006 that as a child he was influenced by books and movies, particularly those with Errol Flynn playing heroic roles.[24] By the time Lee was in his teens, the family was living in an apartment at 1720 University Avenue in The Bronx. Lee described it as "a third-floor apartment facing out back". Lee and his brother shared the bedroom, while their parents slept on a foldout couch.[23]

Lee attended DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx.[25] In his youth, Lee enjoyed writing and entertained dreams of writing the "Great American Novel" one day.[26] He said that in his youth he worked such part-time jobs as writing obituaries for a news service and press releases for the National Tuberculosis Center;[27] delivering sandwiches for the Jack May pharmacy to offices in Rockefeller Center; working as an office boy for a trouser manufacturer; ushering at the Rivoli Theater on Broadway;[28] and selling subscriptions to the New York Herald Tribune newspaper.[29] At fifteen, Lee entered a high school essay competition sponsored by the New York Herald Tribune, called "The Biggest News of the Week Contest." Lee claimed to have won the prize for three straight weeks, goading the newspaper to write him and ask him to let someone else win. The paper suggested he look into writing professionally, which Lee claimed "probably changed my life."[30] He graduated from high school early, aged sixteen and a half, in 1939 and joined the WPA Federal Theatre Project.[31]

Philanthropy

The Stan Lee Foundation was founded in 2010 to focus on literacy, education, and the arts. Its stated goals include supporting programs and ideas that improve access to literacy resources, as well as promoting diversity, national literacy, culture and the arts.[32]

Lee donated portions of his personal effects to the University of Wyoming at various times, between 1981 and 2001.[33]

Death

Lee died at the age of 95 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, on November 12, 2018, after being rushed there in a medical emergency earlier in the day.[34][35][36] Earlier that year, Lee revealed to the public that he had been battling pneumonia and in February was rushed to the hospital for worsening conditions at around the same time.[37] The immediate cause of death listed on his death certificate was cardiac arrest with respiratory failure and congestive heart failure as underlying causes. It also indicated that he suffered from "aspiration pneumonia." His body was cremated.[38]

Roy Thomas, who succeeded Lee as editor-in-chief at Marvel, had visited Lee two days prior to his death to discuss the upcoming book The Stan Lee Story, and stated "I think he was ready to go. But he was still talking about doing more cameos. As long as he had the energy for it and didn't have to travel, Stan was always up to do some more cameos. He got a kick out of those more than anything else."[39]

Publishing career

Early career

With the help of his uncle Robbie Solomon,[40] Lee became an assistant in 1939 at the new Timely Comics division of pulp magazine and comic-book publisher Martin Goodman's company. Timely, by the 1960s, would evolve into Marvel Comics. Lee, whose cousin Jean[41] was Goodman's wife, was formally hired by Timely editor Joe Simon.{{refn| Lee's account of how he began working for Marvel's predecessor, Timely, varied. He said in lectures and elsewhere that he simply answered a newspaper ad seeking a publishing assistant, not knowing it involved comics, let alone his cousin Jean's husband, Martin Goodman:

{{quote|I applied for a job in a publishing company ... I didn't even know they published comics. I was fresh out of high school, and I wanted to get into the publishing business, if I could. There was an ad in the paper that said, "Assistant Wanted in a Publishing House." When I found out that they wanted me to assist in comics, I figured, 'Well, I'll stay here for a little while and get some experience, and then I'll get out into the real world.' ... I just wanted to know, 'What do you do in a publishing company?' How do you write? ... How do you publish? I was an assistant. There were two people there named Joe Simon and Jack Kirby – Joe was sort-of the editor/artist/writer, and Jack was the artist/writer. Joe was the senior member. They were turning out most of the artwork. Then there was the publisher, Martin Goodman ... And that was about the only staff that I was involved with. After a while, Joe Simon and Jack Kirby left. I was about 17 years old [sic], and Martin Goodman said to me, 'Do you think you can hold down the job of editor until I can find a real person?' When you're 17, what do you know? I said, 'Sure! I can do it!' I think he forgot about me, because I stayed there ever since.[42]}}

In his 2002 autobiography, Excelsior! The Amazing Life of Stan Lee, he writes:

{{quote|My uncle, Robbie Solomon, told me they might be able to use someone at a publishing company where he worked. The idea of being involved in publishing definitely appealed to me. ... So I contacted the man Robbie said did the hiring, Joe Simon, and applied for a job. He took me on and I began working as a gofer for eight dollars a week...}}

Joe Simon, in his 1990 autobiography The Comic Book Makers, gives the account slightly differently: "One day [Goodman's relative known as] Uncle Robbie came to work with a lanky 17-year-old in tow. 'This is Stanley Lieber, Martin's wife's cousin,' Uncle Robbie said. 'Martin wants you to keep him busy.'"

In an appendix, however, Simon appears to reconcile the two accounts. He relates a 1989 conversation with Lee:

{{quote|

Lee: I've been saying this [classified-ad] story for years, but apparently it isn't so. And I can't remember because I['ve] said it so long now that I believe it.

...

Simon: Your Uncle Robbie brought you into the office one day and he said, 'This is Martin Goodman's wife's nephew.' [sic] ... You were seventeen years old.

Lee: Sixteen and a half!

Simon: Well, Stan, you told me seventeen. You were probably trying to be older... I did hire you.}}|group=n}}

His duties were prosaic at first. "In those days [the artists] dipped the pen in ink, [so] I had to make sure the inkwells were filled", Lee recalled in 2009. "I went down and got them their lunch, I did proofreading, I erased the pencils from the finished pages for them".[43] Marshaling his childhood ambition to be a writer, young Stanley Lieber made his comic-book debut with the text filler "Captain America Foils the Traitor's Revenge" in Captain America Comics #3 (cover-dated May 1941), using the pseudonym Stan Lee,[44] which years later he would adopt as his legal name.[45] Lee later explained in his autobiography and numerous other sources that because of the low social status of comic books, he was so embarrassed that he used a pen name so that nobody would associate his real name with comics when he some day wrote the Great American Novel.[46] This initial story also introduced Captain America's trademark ricocheting shield-toss.[47]{{rp|11}}

He graduated from writing filler to actual comics with a backup feature, "'Headline' Hunter, Foreign Correspondent", two issues later. Lee's first superhero co-creation was the Destroyer, in Mystic Comics #6 (August 1941). Other characters he co-created during this period fans and historians call the Golden Age of Comic Books include Jack Frost, debuting in U.S.A. Comics #1 (August 1941), and Father Time, debuting in Captain America Comics #6 (August 1941).[47]{{rp|12–13}}

When Simon and his creative partner Jack Kirby left late in 1941, following a dispute with Goodman, the 30-year-old publisher installed Lee, just under 19 years old, as interim editor.[47]{{rp|14}}[48] The youngster showed a knack for the business that led him to remain as the comic-book division's editor-in-chief, as well as art director for much of that time, until 1972, when he would succeed Goodman as publisher.[49][50]

Lee entered the United States Army in early 1942 and served within the US as a member of the Signal Corps, repairing telegraph poles and other communications equipment.[51] He was later transferred to the Training Film Division, where he worked writing manuals, training films, slogans, and occasionally cartooning.[52] His military classification, he said, was "playwright"; he added that only nine men in the U.S. Army were given that title.[53] In the Army, Lee's division included many famous or soon-to-be famous people, including three-time Academy Award-winning director Frank Capra, New Yorker cartoonist Charles Addams, and children's book writer and illustrator Theodor Geisel, later known to the world as "Dr. Seuss."[54] Vincent Fago, editor of Timely's "animation comics" section, which put out humor and funny animal comics, filled in until Lee returned from his World War II military service in 1945. Lee was inducted into the Signal Corps Regimental Association and was given honorary membership of the 2nd Battalion of 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment out of Joint Base Lewis-McChord at the 2017 Emerald City Comic Con for his prior service.[55]

While in the Army, Lee received letters every week on Friday from the editors at Timely, detailing what they needed written and by when. Lee would write, then send the story back on Monday. One week, the mail clerk overlooked his letter, explaining nothing was in Lee's mailbox. The next day, however, Lee went by the closed mailroom and saw an envelope with the return address of Timely Comics in his mailbox. Not willing to miss a deadline, Lee asked the officer in charge to open the mailroom, but he refused. So Lee took a screwdriver and unscrewed the mailbox hinges, enabling him to get at the assignment. The mailroom officer saw what he did and turned him into the base captain, who did not like Lee. He faced tampering charges and could have been sent to Leavenworth Prison. Luckily, the colonel in charge of the Finance Department intervened and saved Lee from disciplinar action.[56]

In the mid-1950s, by which time the company was now generally known as Atlas Comics, Lee wrote stories in a variety of genres including romance, Westerns, humor, science fiction, medieval adventure, horror and suspense. In the 1950s, Lee teamed up with his comic book colleague Dan DeCarlo to produce the syndicated newspaper strip My Friend Irma, based on the radio comedy starring Marie Wilson.[57] By the end of the decade, Lee had become dissatisfied with his career and considered quitting the field.[58][59]

Marvel Comics

Marvel revolution

In the late 1950s, DC Comics editor Julius Schwartz revived the superhero archetype and experienced a significant success with its updated version of the Flash, and later with super-team the Justice League of America. In response, publisher Martin Goodman assigned Lee to come up with a new superhero team. Lee's wife suggested that he experiment with stories he preferred, since he was planning on changing careers and had nothing to lose.

Lee acted on that advice, giving his superheroes a flawed humanity, a change from the ideal archetypes that were typically written for preteens. Before this, most superheroes were idealistically perfect people with no serious, lasting problems.[60] Lee introduced complex, naturalistic characters[61] who could have bad tempers, fits of melancholy, and vanity; they bickered amongst themselves, worried about paying their bills and impressing girlfriends, got bored or were even sometimes physically ill.

The first superheroes Lee and artist Jack Kirby created together were the Fantastic Four, based on a previous Kirby superhero team, Challengers of the Unknown, published by DC Comics.[62] The team's immediate popularity[63] led Lee and Marvel's illustrators to produce a cavalcade of new titles. Again working with Kirby, Lee co-created the Hulk,[64] Thor,[65] Iron Man,[66] and the X-Men;[67] with Bill Everett, Daredevil;[68] and with Steve Ditko, Doctor Strange[69] and Marvel's most successful character, Spider-Man,[70] all of whom lived in a thoroughly shared universe.[71] Lee and Kirby gathered several of their newly created characters together into the team title The Avengers[72] and would revive characters from the 1940s such as the Sub-Mariner[73] and Captain America.[74] Years later, Kirby and Lee would contest who deserved credit for creating The Fantastic Four.[75]

Comics historian Peter Sanderson wrote that in the 1960s:

{{quote|DC was the equivalent of the big Hollywood studios: After the brilliance of DC's reinvention of the superhero ... in the late 1950s and early 1960s, it had run into a creative drought by the decade's end. There was a new audience for comics now, and it wasn't just the little kids that traditionally had read the books. The Marvel of the 1960s was in its own way the counterpart of the French New Wave... Marvel was pioneering new methods of comics storytelling and characterization, addressing more serious themes, and in the process keeping and attracting readers in their teens and beyond. Moreover, among this new generation of readers were people who wanted to write or draw comics themselves, within the new style that Marvel had pioneered, and push the creative envelope still further.[76]}}

Lee's revolution extended beyond the characters and storylines to the way in which comic books engaged the readership and built a sense of community between fans and creators.[77] He introduced the practice of regularly including a credit panel on the splash page of each story, naming not just the writer and penciller but also the inker and letterer. Regular news about Marvel staff members and upcoming storylines was presented on the Bullpen Bulletins page, which (like the letter columns that appeared in each title) was written in a friendly, chatty style. Lee remarked that his goal was for fans to think of the comics creators as friends, and considered it a mark of his success on this front that, at a time when letters to other comics publishers were typically addressed "Dear Editor", letters to Marvel addressed the creators by first name (e.g., "Dear Stan and Jack"). Lee recorded messages to the newly formed Merry Marvel Marching Society fan club in 1965.[78] By 1967, the brand was well-enough ensconced in popular culture that a March 3 WBAI radio program with Lee and Kirby as guests was titled "Will Success Spoil Spiderman" [sic].[79]

Throughout the 1960s, Lee scripted, art-directed and edited most of Marvel's series, moderated the letters pages, wrote a monthly column called "Stan's Soapbox", and wrote endless promotional copy, often signing off with his trademark motto, "Excelsior!" (which is also the New York state motto). To maintain his workload and meet deadlines, he used a system that was used previously by various comic-book studios, but due to Lee's success with it, became known as the "Marvel Method". Typically, Lee would brainstorm a story with the artist and then prepare a brief synopsis rather than a full script. Based on the synopsis, the artist would fill the allotted number of pages by determining and drawing the panel-to-panel storytelling. After the artist turned in penciled pages, Lee would write the word balloons and captions, and then oversee the lettering and coloring. In effect, the artists were co-plotters, whose collaborative first drafts Lee built upon.

Following Ditko's departure from Marvel in 1966, John Romita Sr. became Lee's collaborator on The Amazing Spider-Man. Within a year, it overtook Fantastic Four to become the company's top seller.[80] Lee and Romita's stories focused as much on the social and college lives of the characters as they did on Spider-Man's adventures.[81] The stories became more topical, addressing issues such as the Vietnam War,[82] political elections,[83] and student activism.[84] Robbie Robertson, introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #51 (August 1967) was one of the first African-American characters in comics to play a serious supporting role.[85] In the Fantastic Four series, the lengthy run by Lee and Kirby produced many acclaimed storylines as well as characters that have become central to Marvel, including the Inhumans[86][87] and the Black Panther,[88] an African king who would be mainstream comics' first black superhero.[89]

The story frequently cited as Lee and Kirby's finest achievement[90][91] is the three-part "Galactus Trilogy" that began in Fantastic Four #48 (March 1966), chronicling the arrival of Galactus, a cosmic giant who wanted to devour the planet, and his herald, the Silver Surfer.[92][93] Fantastic Four #48 was chosen as #24 in the 100 Greatest Marvels of All Time poll of Marvel's readers in 2001. Editor Robert Greenberger wrote in his introduction to the story that "As the fourth year of the Fantastic Four came to a close, Stan Lee and Jack Kirby seemed to be only warming up. In retrospect, it was perhaps the most fertile period of any monthly title during the Marvel Age."[94] Comics historian Les Daniels noted that "[t]he mystical and metaphysical elements that took over the saga were perfectly suited to the tastes of young readers in the 1960s", and Lee soon discovered that the story was a favorite on college campuses.[95] Lee and artist John Buscema launched The Silver Surfer series in August 1968.[96][97]

The following year, Lee and Gene Colan created the Falcon, comics' first African-American superhero in Captain America #117 (September 1969).[98] Then in 1971, Lee indirectly helped reform the Comics Code.[99] The U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare had asked Lee to write a comic-book story about the dangers of drugs and Lee conceived a three-issue subplot in The Amazing Spider-Man #96–98 (cover-dated May–July 1971), in which Peter Parker's best friend becomes addicted to prescription drugs. The Comics Code Authority refused to grant its seal because the stories depicted drug use; the anti-drug context was considered irrelevant. With Goodman's cooperation and confident that the original government request would give him credibility, Lee had the story published without the seal. The comics sold well and Marvel won praise for its socially conscious efforts.[100] The CCA subsequently loosened the Code to permit negative depictions of drugs, among other new freedoms.[101][102]

Lee also supported using comic books to provide some measure of social commentary about the real world, often dealing with racism and bigotry.[103] "Stan's Soapbox", besides promoting an upcoming comic book project, also addressed issues of discrimination, intolerance, or prejudice.[104][105]

In 1972, Lee stopped writing monthly comic books to assume the role of publisher. His final issue of The Amazing Spider-Man was #110 (July 1972)[106] and his last Fantastic Four was #125 (August 1972).[107]

Later Marvel years

Lee became a figurehead and public face for Marvel Comics. He made appearances at comic book conventions around America, lecturing at colleges and participating in panel discussions. Lee and John Romita Sr. launched the Spider-Man newspaper comic strip on January 3, 1977.[108] Lee's final collaboration with Jack Kirby, The Silver Surfer: The Ultimate Cosmic Experience, was published in 1978 as part of the Marvel Fireside Books series and is considered to be Marvel's first graphic novel.[109] Lee and John Buscema produced the first issue of The Savage She-Hulk (February 1980), which introduced the female cousin of the Hulk[110] and crafted a Silver Surfer story for Epic Illustrated #1 (Spring 1980).[115]

He moved to California in 1981 to develop Marvel's TV and movie properties. He was an executive producer for, and made cameo appearances in Marvel film adaptations and other movies. He occasionally returned to comic book writing with various Silver Surfer projects including a 1982 one-shot drawn by John Byrne,[111] the Judgment Day graphic novel illustrated by John Buscema,[112] the Parable limited series drawn by French artist Mœbius,[113] and The Enslavers graphic novel with Keith Pollard.[114] Lee was briefly president of the entire company, but soon stepped down to become publisher instead, finding that being president was too much about numbers and finance and not enough about the creative process he enjoyed.[115]

Beyond Marvel

Lee stepped away from regular duties at Marvel in the 1990s, though he continued to receive an annual salary of $1 million as Chairman Emeritus.[116] In 1998 he and Peter Paul began a new Internet-based superhero creation, production, and marketing studio, Stan Lee Media.[117] It grew to 165 people and went public through a reverse merger structured by investment banker Stan Medley in 1999, but, near the end of 2000, investigators discovered illegal stock manipulation by Paul and corporate officer Stephan Gordon.[118] Stan Lee Media filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in February 2001.[119] Paul was extradited to the U.S. from Brazil and pleaded guilty to violating SEC Rule 10b-5 in connection with trading of his stock in Stan Lee Media.[120][121] Lee was never implicated in the scheme.

In 2001, Lee, Gill Champion, and Arthur Lieberman formed POW! (Purveyors of Wonder) Entertainment to develop film, television and video game properties. Lee created the risqué animated superhero series Stripperella for Spike TV.

Following the success of Fox Studio's 2000 X-Men film and Sony's then-current Spider-Man film, Lee sued Marvel in 2002, claiming that the company was failing to pay his share of the profits from movies featuring the characters he had co-created. Because he had done so as an employee, Lee did not own them, but in the 1990s, after decades of making little money licensing them for television and film, Marvel had promised him 10% of any future profits.[116] Lee and the company settled in 2005 for an undisclosed seven-figure amount.[122][116]

In 2004, POW! Entertainment went public. Also that year, Lee announced a superhero program that would feature former Beatle Ringo Starr as the lead character.[123][124] Additionally, in August of that year, Lee announced the launch of Stan Lee's Sunday Comics,[125] a short-lived subscription service hosted by Komikwerks.com. From July 2006 until September 2007 Lee hosted, co-created, executive-produced, and judged the reality television game show competition Who Wants to Be a Superhero? on the Sci-Fi Channel.[126]

In March 2007, after Stan Lee Media had been purchased by Jim Nesfield, the company filed a lawsuit against Marvel Entertainment for $5 billion, claiming Lee had given his rights to several Marvel characters to Stan Lee Media in exchange for stock and a salary.[127] In June 2007, Stan Lee Media sued Lee; his newer company, POW! Entertainment; and POW! subsidiary QED Entertainment.[128][129]

In 2008, Lee wrote humorous captions for the political fumetti book Stan Lee Presents Election Daze: What Are They Really Saying?[130] In April of that year, Brighton Partners and Rainmaker Animation announced a partnership with POW! to produce a CGI film series, Legion of 5.[131] Other projects by Lee announced in the late 2000s included a line of superhero comics for Virgin Comics,[132] a TV adaptation of the novel Hero,[133] a foreword to Skyscraperman by skyscraper fire-safety advocate and Spider-Man fan Dan Goodwin,[134] a partnership with Guardian Media Entertainment and The Guardian Project to create NHL superhero mascots[135] and work with the Eagle Initiative program to find new talent in the comic book field.[136]

In October 2011, Lee announced he would partner with 1821 Comics on a multimedia imprint for children, Stan Lee's Kids Universe, a move he said addressed the lack of comic books targeted for that demographic; and that he was collaborating with the company on its futuristic graphic novel Romeo & Juliet: The War, by writer Max Work and artist Skan Srisuwan.[137][138] At the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con International, Lee announced his YouTube channel, Stan Lee's World of Heroes, which airs programs created by Lee, Mark Hamill, Peter David, Adrianne Curry and Bonnie Burton, among others.[139][140][141][142] Lee wrote the book Zodiac, released in January 2015, with Stuart Moore.[143] The film Stan Lee's Annihilator, based on a Chinese prisoner-turned-superhero named Ming and in production since 2013, was released in 2015.[144][145][146]

In his later career, Lee's contributions continued to expand outside the style that he helped pioneer. An example of this is his first work for DC Comics in the 2000s, launching the Just Imagine... series, in which Lee re-imagined the DC superheroes Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern, and the Flash.[147] Manga projects involving Lee include Karakuri Dôji Ultimo, a collaboration with Hiroyuki Takei, Viz Media and Shueisha,[148] and Heroman, serialized in Square Enix's Monthly Shōnen Gangan with the Japanese company Bones.[149][150] In 2011, Lee started writing a live-action musical, The Yin and Yang Battle of Tao.[151]

This period also saw a number of collaborators honor Lee for his influence on the comics industry. In 2006, Marvel commemorated Lee's 65 years with the company by publishing a series of one-shot comics starring Lee himself meeting and interacting with many of his co-creations, including Spider-Man, Doctor Strange, the Thing, Silver Surfer, and Doctor Doom. These comics also featured short pieces by such comics creators as Joss Whedon and Fred Hembeck, as well as reprints of classic Lee-written adventures.[152] At the 2007 Comic-Con International, Marvel Legends introduced a Stan Lee action figure. The body beneath the figure's removable cloth wardrobe is a re-used mold of a previously released Spider-Man action figure, with minor changes.[153] Comikaze Expo, Los Angeles' largest comic book convention, was rebranded as Stan Lee's Comikaze Presented by POW! Entertainment in 2012.[154]

At the 2016 Comic-Con International, Lee introduced his digital graphic novel Stan Lee's God Woke,[155][156][157] with text originally written as a poem he presented at Carnegie Hall in 1972.[158] The print-book version won the 2017 Independent Publisher Book Awards' Outstanding Books of the Year Independent Voice Award.[159]

Bibliography

Books

  • {{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Stan |last2=Mair |first2=George |year=2002 |title=Excelsior!: The Amazing Life of Stan Lee |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-2800-8 |ref=LeeMair2002}}
  • {{cite book |last=Lee |first=Stan |year=1997 |orig-year=Originally published by Simon & Schuster in 1974 |title=Origins of Marvel Comics |publisher=Marvel Entertainment Group |isbn=978-0-7851-0551-0}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Stan |last2=David|first2=Peter |author2link=Peter David |year=2015 |title=Amazing, Fantastic, Incredible: A Marvelous Memoir |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1501107771}}
{{Refend}}

Comics bibliography

Lee's comics work includes:[160]

DC Comics

  • DC Comics Presents: Superman #1 (2004)
  • Detective Comics #600 (1989, text piece)
  • Just Imagine Stan Lee creating:
    • Aquaman (with Scott McDaniel) (2002)
    • Batman (with Joe Kubert) (2001)
    • Catwoman (with Chris Bachalo) (2002)
    • Crisis (with John Cassaday) (2002)
    • Flash (with Kevin Maguire) (2002)
    • Green Lantern (with Dave Gibbons) (2001)
    • JLA (with Jerry Ordway) (2002)
    • Robin (with John Byrne) (2001)
    • Sandman (with Walt Simonson) (2002)
    • Secret Files and Origins (2002)
    • Shazam! (with Gary Frank) (2001)
    • Superman (with John Buscema) (2001)
    • Wonder Woman (with Jim Lee) (2001)

Marvel Comics

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
  • The Amazing Spider-Man #1–100, 105–110, 116–118, 200, Annual #1–5, 18 (1962–84); (backup stories): #634–645 (2010–11)
  • The Amazing Spider-Man, strips (1977–2018)[161]
  • The Avengers #1–35 (1963–66)
  • Captain America #100–141 (1968–71) (continues from Tales of Suspense #99)
  • Daredevil, #1–9, 11–50, 53, Annual #1 (1964–69)
  • Daredevil, vol. 2, #20 (backup story) (2001)
  • Epic Illustrated #1 (Silver Surfer) (1980)
  • Fantastic Four #1–114, 120–125, Annual #1–6 (1961–72); #296 (1986)
  • The Incredible Hulk #1–6 (continues to Tales to Astonish #59)
  • The Incredible Hulk, vol. 2, #108–120 (1968–69)
  • Journey into Mystery (Thor) plotter #83–96 (1962–63), writer #97–125, Annual #1 (1963–66) (continues to Thor #126)
  • The Mighty Thor #126–192, 200, Annual #2 (1966–72), 385 (1987)
  • Kissnation #1 (1996)
  • Nightcat #1 (1991)
  • Ravage 2099 #1–7 (1992–93)
  • Savage She-Hulk #1 (1980)
  • Savage Tales #1 (1971)
  • Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #1–28, Annual #1 (1963–66)
  • Silver Surfer #1–18 (1968–70)
  • Silver Surfer, vol. 2, #1 (1982)
  • Silver Surfer: Judgment Day (1988) {{ISBN|978-0-87135-427-3}}
  • Silver Surfer: Parable #1–2 (1988–89)
  • Silver Surfer: The Enslavers (1990) {{ISBN|978-0-87135-617-8}}
  • Solarman #1–2 (1989–90)
  • The Spectacular Spider-Man (magazine) #1–2 (1968)
  • The Spectacular Spider-Man Annual #10 (1990)
  • Strange Tales (diverse stories): #9, 11, 74, 89, 90–100 (1951–62); (Human Torch): #101–109, 112–133, Annual #2; (Doctor Strange): #110–111, 115–142, 151–158 (1962–67); Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D.: #135–147, 150–152 (1965–67)
  • Tales to Astonish (diverse stories): #1, 6, 12–13, 15–17, 24–33 (1956–62); Ant-Man/Giant Man: #35–69 (1962–65); The Hulk: #59–101 (1964–1968); Sub-Mariner: #70–101 (1965–68)
  • Tales of Suspense (diverse stories):#7, 9, 16, 22, 27, 29–30 (1959–62); (Iron Man): plotter #39–46 (1963), writer #47–98 (1963–68) (Captain America): #58–86, 88–99 (1964–68)
  • Web of Spider-Man Annual #6 (1990)
  • What If (Fantastic Four) #200 (2011)
  • The X-Men #1–19 (1963–66)
{{div col end}}

Simon & Schuster

  • The Silver Surfer: The Ultimate Cosmic Experience, 114 pages, September 1978, {{ISBN|978-0-671-24225-1}}

Other

  • Heroman
  • How to Draw Comics the Marvel Way
  • Karakuri Dôji Ultimo (manga original concept)

Cultural impact

Accolades

  • The County of Los Angeles and the City of Long Beach declared October 2, 2009, "Stan Lee Day".[162]
  • On July 14, 2017, Lee and Jack Kirby were named Disney Legends for their creation of numerous characters that later comprised Disney's Marvel Cinematic Universe.[163]
  • On July 18, 2017, as part of D23 Disney Legends event, a ceremony was held at the TCL Chinese Theatre on Hollywood Boulevard where Stan Lee imprinted his hands, feet, and signature in cement.[164]
Year Award Nominated work Result
1974 Inkpot Award[165] rowspan="5" {{won}}
1994 The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame[166]
1995 Jack Kirby Hall of Fame[167]
2002 Saturn Award The Life Career Award
2008 National Medal of Arts[168]
2009 Hugo Award[169] Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation- Iron Man rowspan="1" {{nom}}
Scream Awards[170] Comic-Con Icon Award rowspan="5" {{won}}
2011 Hollywood Walk of Fame[171]
2012 Visual Effects Society Awards Lifetime Achievement Award
Producers Guild of America[172] Vanguard Award
2017 National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers[173] Performance in a Comedy, Supporting

Fictional portrayals

{{Further|List of comics creators appearing in comics#Stan Lee}}

Marvel publisher

Stan Lee appears in one panel as "third assistant office boy" in Terry-Toons #12 (September 1943). Stan Lee is featured prominently as a story character in Margie #36 (June 1947).

He later appears in a mask on the cover of Black Rider #8 (March 1950), albeit as a character model, not as Stan Lee.

Lee and Jack Kirby appear as themselves in The Fantastic Four #10 (January 1963), the first of several appearances within the fictional Marvel Universe.[174] The two are depicted as similar to their real-world counterparts, creating comic books based on the "real" adventures of the Fantastic Four.

Kirby later portrayed himself, Lee, production executive Sol Brodsky, and Lee's secretary Flo Steinberg as superheroes in What If #11 (October 1978), "What If the Marvel Bullpen Had Become the Fantastic Four?", in which Lee played the role of Mister Fantastic.

Lee was shown in numerous cameo appearances in many Marvel titles, appearing in audiences and crowds at many characters' ceremonies and parties. For example, he is seen hosting an old-soldiers reunion in Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #100 (July 1972), in The Amazing Spider-Man #169 (June 1977), as a bar patron in Marvels #3 (1994),[175] at Karen Page's funeral in Daredevil vol. 2, #8 (June 1998), and as the priest officiating at Luke Cage and Jessica Jones' wedding in New Avengers Annual #1 (June 2006). Lee and Kirby appear as professors in Marvel Adventures Spider-Man #19 (2006).

He appears in Generation X #17 (July 1996) as a circus ringmaster narrating (in lines written by Lee) a story set in an abandoned circus. This characterization was revived in Marvel's "Flashback" series of titles cover-dated July 1997, numbered "-1", introducing stories about Marvel characters before they became superheroes.

In Stan Lee Meets Superheroes (2007), written by Lee, he comes into contact with some of his favorite creations.[152]

Other publishers

Lee was parodied by Kirby in comics published by rival DC Comics as Funky Flashman.[176]

Lee and other comics creators are mentioned in Michael Chabon's 2000 novel set in the early comics industry The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay.

Under the name Stanley Lieber, he appears briefly in Paul Malmont's 2006 novel The Chinatown Death Cloud Peril.[177]

In Lavie Tidhar's 2013 The Violent Century, Lee appears – as Stanley Martin Lieber – as a historian of superhumans.[178]

Film and television appearances

{{Further|List of cameo appearances by Stan Lee}}

Lee had cameo appearances in many Marvel film and television projects, including those within the Marvel Cinematic Universe.[179] A few of these appearances are self-aware and sometimes reference Lee's involvement in the creation of certain characters.[180] He had completed the filmed footage for his cameo in the {{update after|2019|04|26|reason=Avengers: Endgame has been released as of April 26 and is no longer "upcoming".|text=upcoming}} film Endgame prior to his death.[181]

See also

{{div col}}
  • List of American comics creators
  • Lists of American Jews
  • List of Eisner Award winners
  • List of Harvey Award winners
  • List of Jewish American authors
  • List of Marvel Comics people
  • List of pseudonyms
  • List of science-fiction authors
{{div col end}}{{Portal bar|Comics|Film|Speculative fiction|Superhero fiction}}

Notes

1. ^Lee & Mair 2002, p. 27
2. ^Lee in {{cite news|url=http://www.avclub.com/articles/is-there-a-god,1413/ |title=Is there a God? |work=The A.V. Club |date=October 9, 2002 |access-date=February 6, 2013 |archivedate=March 1, 2009 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301211149/http://www.avclub.com/articles/is-there-a-god%2C1413/}}
3. ^{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2007/09/04/realestate/keymagazine/20070909STANLEE_4.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090424070631/http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2007/09/04/realestate/keymagazine/20070909STANLEE_4.html |archivedate=April 24, 2009 | author=Lewine| title=Image 2|access-date=April 27, 2010|deadurl=yes}}
4. ^{{cite news | last = Johnson | first = Ian | title = Watch Marvel Comics legend Stan Lee impersonate his wife's Geordie accent | newspaper = Chronicle | location = Newcastle | pages = | language = English | publisher = Chronicle Live| date = December 2, 2018| url = https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/stan-lee-marvel-wife-geordie-15492109| access-date = December 2, 2018}}
5. ^{{Cite news|url=http://dailyentertainmentnews.com/movies/joan-clayton-lee-is-lee-stan-lee-wife/|title=Stan & Joan Lee's Love Story|newspaper=Daily Entertainment News|access-date=June 30, 2017}}
6. ^Lee, Mair, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZytPoMbVioC&pg=PA69&dq=joan+boocock&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nkp3T_CZH-Xz0gHDy6DEDQ&ved=0CFgQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=joan%20boocock&f=false p. 69]
7. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2007/09/04/realestate/keymagazine/20070909STANLEE_5.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090424070611/http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2007/09/04/realestate/keymagazine/20070909STANLEE_5.html|archivedate=April 24, 2009 | author=Lewine| title=Images 4–5|access-date=April 27, 2010|deadurl=yes}}
8. ^Lee, Mair, p. 74
9. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2007/09/04/realestate/keymagazine/20070909STANLEE_7.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090424070612/http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2007/09/04/realestate/keymagazine/20070909STANLEE_7.html| archivedate=April 24, 2009 | author= Lewine| title=Images 6–7|access-date=April 27, 2010|deadurl=yes}}
10. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2007/09/04/realestate/keymagazine/20070909STANLEE_11.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090424070613/http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2007/09/04/realestate/keymagazine/20070909STANLEE_11.html| archivedate=April 24, 2009 | author=Lewine| title=Image 10|access-date=April 27, 2010|deadurl= yes}}
11. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2007/09/04/realestate/keymagazine/20070909STANLEE_9.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090424070608/http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2007/09/04/realestate/keymagazine/20070909STANLEE_9.html| archivedate=April 24, 2009 | author=Lewine| title=Image 8|access-date=April 27, 2010|deadurl=yes}}
12. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2007/09/04/realestate/keymagazine/20070909STANLEE_12.html | author=Lewine| title=Image 11|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090424070606/http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2007/09/04/realestate/keymagazine/20070909STANLEE_12.html |archivedate=April 24, 2009 |access-date=April 27, 2010 |deadurl=no}}
13. ^{{cite news |title= Comic Book Legend Stan Lee Gets a Pacemaker |url= http://file.bhcourier.com/comics-legend-stan-lee-pacemaker/2012/09/28 |publisher= City News Service |via= Beverly Hills Courier |date=September 28, 2012 |access-date=February 6, 2013 |archivedate=February 6, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/6EEdphrON?url=http://file.bhcourier.com/comics-legend-stan-lee-pacemaker/2012/09/28 |quote=...the procedure performed last week.}}
14. ^{{cite press release |url= http://www.powentertainment.com/stanleemessage.html |title=Pow! Entertainment Releases a Message from Its Chairman Stan Lee |date=September 28, 2012 |publisher= POW! Entertainment |access-date=February 6, 2013 |archivedate=January 22, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130122112217/http://www.powentertainment.com/stanleemessage.html}}
15. ^{{cite web |title=Joan Lee, Wife of Marvel Comics Legend Stan Lee, Dies at 95 |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/joan-lee-dead-wife-marvel-comics-legend-stan-lee-was-95-1018951 |first=Andy |last=Lewis |date=July 6, 2017 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731194813/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/joan-lee-dead-wife-marvel-comics-legend-stan-lee-was-95-1018951 |archivedate=July 31, 2017 |deadurl=no}}
16. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/stan-lee-needs-a-hero-elder-abuse-claims-a-battle-aging-marvel-creator-1101229 | title = Stan Lee Needs a Hero: Elder Abuse Claims and a Battle Over the Aging Marvel Creator | first= Gary | last = Baum | date = April 10, 2018 | access-date = November 12, 2018 | work = The Hollywood Reporter}}
17. ^{{Cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/13/style/stan-lee-marvel-comics-elder-abuse.html | title= Is Stan Lee Being Held Prisoner by Real-Life Villains? | first = Ben | last =Widdicombe | date = April 13, 2018 | access-date = November 12, 2018 | work = The New York Times}}
18. ^{{Cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/aug/18/marvel-comics-mogul-stan-lee-wins-renewed-protection-against-elder-abuse | title = Marvel Comics' Stan Lee wins renewed protection against alleged elder abuse | date = August 18, 2018 | access-date = November 12, 2018 | agency = Reuters | work = The Guardian}}
19. ^{{cite web|last=Miller|first= John Jackson| url=http://cbgxtra.com/knowledge-base/for-your-reference/comics-industry-birthdays |title=Comics Industry Birthdays|work= Comics Buyer's Guide |date=June 10, 2005 |location=Iola, Wisconsin|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5trAbNQWw?url=http://cbgxtra.com/knowledge-base/for-your-reference/comics-industry-birthdays|archivedate=October 30, 2010|deadurl=yes}}
20. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZzuwrsIil0UC&q=Celia+Solomon+Lieber&dq=Celia+Solomon+Lieber |title=The Celebrity Who's Who – World Almanac|access-date=August 13, 2013 |isbn=978-0-345-33990-4 |date=September 1986|page=213|last1=Almanac|first1=World}}
21. ^1 Lee & Mair 2002, p. 5
22. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2007/09/04/realestate/keymagazine/20070909STANLEE_2.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090424070613/http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2007/09/04/realestate/keymagazine/20070909STANLEE_2.html |archivedate=April 24, 2009|authorlink=Edward Lewine |last=Lewine |first=Edward |title=Sketching Out His Past: Image 1 |date=September 4, 2007 |work=The New York Times Key Magazine |access-date=April 27, 2010 |deadurl=yes}}
23. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2007/09/04/realestate/keymagazine/20070909STANLEE_3.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090424070610/http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2007/09/04/realestate/keymagazine/20070909STANLEE_3.html|archivedate=April 24, 2009 |author=Lewine| title=Image 2 |access-date=April 27, 2010 |deadurl=yes}}
24. ^{{cite news |title=Stan Lee: From Marvel Comics Genius to Purveyor of Wonder with POW! Entertainment| first=Allison |last=Kugel |authorlink=Allison Kugel| url= http://www.pr.com/article/1037| publisher=PR.com |date=March 13, 2006 |access-date=May 28, 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5zMEIYaZE?url=http://www.pr.com/article/1037 |archivedate=June 11, 2011 |deadurl=no}}
25. ^Lee and Mair, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZytPoMbVioC&pg=PA17&dq=stan+lee+dewitt+clinton+high+school&hl=en&ei=duCpTpmOM8fV0QHoqqm9Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 17]
26. ^{{cite book|editor-last = Sedlmeier|editor-first = Cory|title = Marvel Masterworks: The Incredible Hulk Volume 2|publisher = Marvel Comics|page = 244|isbn = 978-0-7851-5883-7|date = March 7, 2012}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stanleeweb.com/stan_bio.htm |title=Biography |publisher=StanLeeWeb.com (fan site by minority shareholders of POW! Entertainment)|access-date=April 27, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024041934/http://www.stanleeweb.com/stan_bio.htm | archivedate=October 24, 2008|deadurl=yes}}
28. ^{{cite web |url= http://news.moviefone.com/2012/02/01/a-conversation-with-the-m/|title= With Great Power: A Conversation with Stan Lee at Slamdance 2012|first= Jason|last= Apuzzo |date=February 1, 2012|publisher= Moviefone|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130907003216/http://news.moviefone.com/2012/02/01/a-conversation-with-the-m |archivedate=September 7, 2013|deadurl= no}}
29. ^{{cite web| url= http://www.webofstories.com/play/16741|title=Stan Lee |publisher=WebOfStories|access-date=September 15, 2015}}
30. ^{{cite book |last1=Batchelor |first1=Bob |title=Stan Lee : The Man Behind Marvel |isbn=978-1-4422-7781-6 |page=13|year=2017 }}
31. ^Lee and Mair, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZytPoMbVioC&pg=PA18&dq=stan+lee+federal+theatre+project&hl=en&ei=hOepTvLDD6Ps0gGt89m8Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=stan%20lee%20federal%20theatre%20project&f=false p. 18]
32. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.stanleefoundation.org/ |title=Stan Lee Foundation official site |access-date=May 15, 2017}}
33. ^{{cite web |url=http://rmoa.unm.edu/docviewer.php?docId=wyu-ah08302.xml |title=Inventory of the Stan Lee Papers, 1942–2001 |publisher=University of Wyoming |year=2007 |access-date=March 14, 2014}}
34. ^{{cite news |last1=Kandell |first1=Jonathan |last2=Webster |first2=Andy |title=Stan Lee Is Dead at 95; Superhero of Marvel Comics + Video (05:26) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/12/obituaries/stan-lee-dead.html |date=November 12, 2018 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=November 13, 2018 }}
35. ^{{cite magazine| url= https://variety.com/2018/film/news/stan-lee-dead-dies-marvel-comics-1203026230/ | title = Stan Lee, Marvel Comicbook Legend, Dies at 95| first = Brian |last= Lowry | date = November 12, 2018 | access-date= November 12, 2018 | magazine =Variety}}
36. ^{{cite news| url= https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2018/11/12/stan-lee-comic-books-superheroes-justice-diversity-good-hero-column/1981744002/| title = Superhero Stan Lee fought for justice and diversity with relatable comic book characters| first = Ken |last= Paulson | date = November 12, 2018 | access-date= November 12, 2018 | newspaper =USA Today}}
37. ^{{Cite news|url=https://observer.com/2018/11/stan-lee-cause-of-death-how-did-marvel-stan-lee-die-rip/|title=Marvel Legend Stan Lee Has Passed Away|date=November 12, 2018|work=Observer|access-date=November 13, 2018}}
38. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/stan-lees-cause-death-revealed-185641739.html|first=Taryn|last=Ryder|title=Stan Lee's cause of death revealed|date=November 27, 2018|publisher=Yahoo! News|accessdate=November 28, 2018}}
39. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/stan-lee-my-final-final-saturday-comic-book-icon-1160986 | title = Marvel Veteran Recalls His Final Saturday With Stan Lee | first = Aaron | last = Couch |date = November 13, 2018 | accessdate = November 14, 2018 | work = The Hollywood Reporter }}
40. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.twomorrows.com/alterego/articles/11fago.html |title=I Let People Do Their Jobs!': A Conversation with Vince Fago—Artist, writer, and Third Editor-in-Chief of Timely/Marvel Comics |work=Alter Ego |volume=3 |number=11 |date=November 2001 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5lXJBJPZ1?url=http://www.twomorrows.com/alterego/articles/11fago.html |archivedate=November 25, 2009 |location=Raleigh, North Carolina |publisher=TwoMorrows Publishing |deadurl=yes}}
41. ^Lee, Mair, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZytPoMbVioC&pg=PA22&dq=%22Martin+Goodman%22+%22jean%22+cousin&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zk13T4LmN6LL0QGf8bS_DQ&ved=0CDYQuwUwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Martin%20Goodman%22%20%22jean%22%20cousin&f=false 22]
42. ^{{cite web| url= http://filmforce.ign.com/articles/035/035881p1.html |publisher= IGN FilmForce |date=June 26, 2000 |title= Interview with Stan Lee (Part 1 of 5) |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115001855/http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/06/26/interview-with-stan-lee-part-1-of-5 |archivedate=January 15, 2015 |deadurl=no}}
43. ^{{cite news| last= Boucher| first= Geoff| url= http://herocomplex.latimes.com/2009/09/25/jack-kirby-the-forgotten-hero-in-marvels-grand-hollywood-adventure/ |title=Jack Kirby, the abandoned hero of Marvel's grand Hollywood adventure, and his family's quest|publisher= Hero Complex (column), Los Angeles Times |date=September 25, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110725154424/http://herocomplex.latimes.com/2009/09/25/jack-kirby-the-forgotten-hero-in-marvels-grand-hollywood-adventure/ |archivedate=July 25, 2011 |deadurl=no}}
44. ^{{cite book|last = Sanderson| first = Peter| authorlink = Peter Sanderson |editor-last=Gilbert |editor-first=Laura|chapter= 1940s|title = Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History|publisher = Dorling Kindersley |year=2008|location= London, United Kingdom|page = 19|isbn =978-0-7566-4123-8|quote= Joe Simon and Jack Kirby's assistant Stanley Lieber wrote his first story for Timely, a text story called 'Captain America Foils the Traitor's Revenge'. It was also his first superhero story, and the first work he signed using his new pen name of Stan Lee.}}
45. ^{{cite news|url= http://time.com/5452565/stan-lee-name-change-history/|author=Roy Thomas|title=How Stanley Lieber Wrote His First Comics Story and Became 'Stan Lee'|date=November 13, 2018}}
46. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/11/12/npr-books-stan-lee-memoir|title=The 'Amazing Fantastic Incredible' life of Stan Lee, now in comic form|website=www.mprnews.org}}
47. ^1 2 {{cite book| authorlink= Roy Thomas| last= Thomas |first= Roy |title= Stan Lee's Amazing Marvel Universe |publisher=Sterling Publishing |location= New York |year= 2006| isbn= 978-1-4027-4225-5|quote= With the speed of thought, he sent his shield spinning through the air to the other end of the tent, where it smacked the knife out of Haines' hand!" It became a convention starting the following issue, in a Simon & Kirby's comics story depict the following: "Captain America's speed of thought and action save Bucky's life—as he hurls his shield across the room.}}
48. ^Sanderson "1940s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 19
49. ^{{Cite book| last= Kupperberg| first= Paul| title=The Creation of Spider-Man|publisher=Rosen Publishing|year=2006|location= New York, New York | page=12|isbn=978-1-4042-0763-9}}
50. ^{{Cite book |last=Brooks |first=Brad |author2=Tim Pilcher |title=The Essential Guide to World Comics |publisher=Collins & Brown|location=London, United Kingdom|year=2005 |page=13 |isbn=978-1-84340-300-5}}
51. ^{{cite news |last=Boatz |first=Darrel L. |date=December 1988 |title=Stan Lee |work=Comics Interview |issue=64 |pages=5–23 |publisher=Fictioneer Books}}
52. ^{{cite news|last=Conan|first=Neal|title=Stan Lee, Mastermind of the Marvel Universe|work=Talk of the Nation|publisher=NPR|date=October 27, 2010|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130862700}}
53. ^{{Cite book |last=McLaughlin|first=Jeff|author2=Stan Lee |title=Stan Lee: Conversations|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|year= 2007|location= Jackson, Mississippi|page=59|isbn=978-1-57806-985-9}}
54. ^{{cite book |last1=Batchelor |first1=Bob |title=Stan Lee : The Man Behind Marvel |date=2017 |publisher=Royman & Littlefield |isbn=9781442277816 |page=37}}
55. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.dodlive.mil/2017/06/28/stan-lee-proud-to-be-wwii-vet-thanks-service-members-for-serving/ | title = Stan Lee Proud to Be WWII Vet, Thanks Service Members for Serving | first = Shannon | last = Collins | date = June 28, 2017 | access-date = November 12, 2018 | work = DoD News}}
56. ^{{cite book |last1=Batchelor |first1=Bob |title=Stan Lee: The Man Behind Marvel |date=2017 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=9781442277816 |page=41}}
57. ^{{cite journal |last=Heintjes |first=Tom |title = Everybody's Friend: Remembering Stan Lee and Dan DeCarlo's My Friend Irma |journal=Hogan's Alley|issue = 16|year=2009 |url=http://cartoonician.com/everybodys-friend-remembering-stan-lee-and-dan-decarlos-my-friend-irma/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013171734/http://cartoonician.com/everybodys-friend-remembering-stan-lee-and-dan-decarlos-my-friend-irma/ |archivedate=October 13, 2013|deadurl= no}}
58. ^{{Cite book|last=Kaplan|first=Arie|authorlink=Arie Kaplan |title=Masters of the Comic Book Universe Revealed!|publisher=Chicago Review Press|year=2006|page=50|isbn=978-1-55652-633-6}}
59. ^{{Cite book|last=McLaughlin|first=Jeff|author2=Stan Lee |title=Stan Lee: Conversations|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|year=2007|location= Jackson, Mississippi|page=138|isbn=978-1-57806-985-9}}
60. ^Noted comic-book writer Alan Moore described the significance of this new approach in a radio interview on the BBC Four program Chain Reaction, transcribed at {{cite web|url=http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=4533 |title=Alan Moore Chain Reaction Interview Transcript |publisher=Comic Book Resources|date=January 27, 2005| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108225050/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=4533 |archivedate=November 8, 2010|deadurl=no}}:{{quote|The DC comics were ... one dimensional characters whose only characteristic was they dressed up in costumes and did good. Whereas Stan Lee had this huge breakthrough of two-dimensional characters. So, they dress up in costumes and do good, but they've got a bad heart. Or a bad leg. I actually did think for a long while that having a bad leg was an actual character trait.}}
61. ^{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Bradford W. |title=Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth Culture in America|publisher= The Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2003 |location=Baltimore, Maryland |isbn=978-0-8018-7450-5 |page=207}}
62. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dialbforblog.com/archives/49/ |title=Secret Origins of the Fantastic Four |first=Kirk |last=Kimball |date=n.d. |publisher=Dial B For Blog |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920154358/http://www.dialbforblog.com/archives/49/ |archivedate=September 20, 2015 |deadurl=no}}
63. ^DeFalco, Tom "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 84: "It did not take long for editor Stan Lee to realize that The Fantastic Four was a hit...the flurry of fan letters all pointed to the FF's explosive popularity."
64. ^DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 85: "Based on their collaboration on The Fantastic Four, [Stan] Lee worked with Jack Kirby. Instead of a team that fought traditional Marvel monsters however, Lee decided that this time he wanted to feature a monster as the hero."
65. ^DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 88: "[Stan Lee] had always been fascinated by the legends of the Norse gods and realized that he could use those tales as the basis for his new series centered on the mighty Thor...The heroic and glamorous style that...Jack Kirby [had] was perfect for Thor."
66. ^DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 91: "Set against the background of the Vietnam War, Iron Man signaled the end of Marvel's monster/suspense line when he debuted in Tales of Suspense #39...[Stan] Lee discussed the general outline for Iron Man with Larry Lieber, who later wrote a full script for the origin story."
67. ^DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 94: "The X-Men #1 introduced the world to Professor Charles Xavier and his teenage students Cyclops, Beast, Angel, Iceman, and Marvel Girl. Magneto, the master of magnetism and future leader of the evil mutants, also appeared."
68. ^DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 100: "Stan Lee chose the name Daredevil because it evoked swashbucklers and circus daredevils, and he assigned Bill Everett, the creator of the Sub-Mariner to design and draw Daredevil #1."
69. ^DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 93: [Stan Lee] decided his new superhero feature would star a magician. Since Lee was enjoying his collaborations with Steve Ditko on The Amazing Spider-Man, he decided to assign the new feature to Ditko, who usually handled at least one of the backups in Strange Tales.
70. ^DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 87: "Deciding that his new character would have spider-like powers, [Stan] Lee commissioned Jack Kirby to work on the first story. Unfortunately, Kirby's version of Spider-Man's alter ego Peter Parker proved too heroic, handsome, and muscular for Lee's everyman hero. Lee turned to Steve Ditko, the regular artist on Amazing Adult Fantasy, who designed a skinny, awkward teenager with glasses."
71. ^Wright, p. 218
72. ^DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 94: "Filled with some wonderful visual action, The Avengers #1 has a very simple story: the Norse god Loki tricked the Hulk into going on a rampage ... The heroes eventually learned about Loki's involvement and united with the Hulk to form the Avengers."
73. ^DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 86: "Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced one of Marvel's most popular Golden Age heroes – Namor, the Sub-Mariner."
74. ^DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 99: "'Captain America lives again!' announced the cover of The Avengers #4...Cap was back."
75. ^{{cite book |last1=Batchelor |first1=Bob |title=Stan Lee: The Man Behind Marvel |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=978-1-4422-7781-6 |page=73|year=2017 }}
76. ^{{cite web |last=Sanderson |first=Peter |publisher=Comics in Context (column) No. 14, IGN| date=October 10, 2003 |url=http://comics.ign.com/articles/595/595576p1.html |title=Continuity/Discontinuity |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721101749/http://comics.ign.com/articles/595/595576p1.html |archivedate=July 21, 2011 |deadurl=no}}
77. ^{{cite web |url=http://costa.lunarpages.com/bp/bpindex.html |title=Marvel Bullpen Bulletins |publisher=reprinted on fan site |access-date=April 27, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502154017/http://costa.lunarpages.com/bp/bpindex.html |archivedate=May 2, 2010 |deadurl=yes}}
78. ^{{cite web |url=http://209.51.142.186/~dogatco/mmms/mmms65.mp3 |title=Audio of Merry Marvel Marching Society record |access-date=January 30, 2006 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210075130/http://209.51.142.186/~dogatco/mmms/mmms65.mp3 |archivedate=December 10, 2005}}, including voice of Stan Lee
79. ^{{cite news |title=Radio |date=March 3, 1967 |work=The New York Times |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0B1EF93E5F107B93C1A91788D85F438685F9 |access-date=April 20, 2013}} Abstract only; full article requires payment or subscription
80. ^{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Roy |first2=Peter |last2=Sanderson |title=The Marvel Vault: A Museum-in-a-Book with Rare Collectibles from the World of Marvel |publisher=Running Press |year=2007 |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |page=98 |isbn=978-0-7624-2844-1}}
81. ^{{cite book |last=Manning |first=Matthew K. |editor-last=Gilbert |editor-first=Laura |chapter=1960s |title=Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging|publisher = Dorling Kindersley|year = 2012|location= London, United Kingdom|page = 37|isbn = 978-0-7566-9236-0 |quote=[Stan Lee] knew that most readers tuned in every month for a glimpse of that side of Spider-Man's life as much as they did to see the wall-crawler battle the latest supervillain.}}
82. ^Manning "1960s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 39: The Amazing Spider-Man #47 (April 1967) "Kraven's latest rematch with Spidey was set during a going-away party for Flash Thompson, who was facing the very real issue of the Vietnam War draft."
83. ^Manning "1960s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 43: The Spectacular Spider-Man #1 (July 1968) "Drawn by Romita and Jim Mooney, the mammoth 52-page lead story focused on corrupt politician Richard Raleigh's plot to terrorize the city."
84. ^Manning "1960s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 46: The Amazing Spider-Man #68 (January 1969) "Stan Lee tackled the issues of the day again when, with artists John Romita and Jim Mooney, he dealt with social unrest at Empire State University."
85. ^{{cite book |last= David |first= Peter |authorlink=Peter David |last2=Greenberger |first2=Robert |author2-link= Robert Greenberger |title=The Spider-Man Vault: A Museum-in-a-Book with Rare Collectibles Spun from Marvel's Web |publisher=Running Press |year=2010 |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |page=34 |isbn= 978-0-7624-3772-6 |quote= Joseph 'Robbie' Robertson made his debut in The Amazing Spider-Man #51, in a manner that was as quiet and unassuming as the character himself. His debut wasn't treated like the landmark event that it was; he was simply there one day, no big deal.}}
86. ^{{cite web |first=Brian |last=Cronin |url=http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2010/09/18/a-year-of-cool-comics-day-261/ |title=A Year of Cool Comics – Day 261 |publisher=Comic Book Resources |date=September 18, 2010 |access-date=September 29, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123190418/http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2010/09/18/a-year-of-cool-comics-day-261/ |archivedate=November 23, 2010 |deadurl= no}}
87. ^DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 111: "The Inhumans, a lost race that diverged from humankind 25,000 years ago and became genetically enhanced."
88. ^{{cite web |first=Brian |last=Cronin |url=http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2010/09/19/a-year-of-cool-comics-day-262/ |title=A Year of Cool Comics – Day 262 |publisher=Comic Book Resources |date=September 19, 2010 |access-date=September 29, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708181411/http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2010/09/19/a-year-of-cool-comics-day-262/ |archivedate=July 8, 2011 |deadurl=no}}
89. ^DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 117: Stan Lee wanted to do his part by co-creating the first black super hero. Lee discussed his ideas with Jack Kirby and the result was seen in Fantastic Four #52.
90. ^Thomas, Stan Lee's Amazing Marvel Universe, pp. 112–115
91. ^{{Cite journal | last=Hatfield | first=Charles | title=The Galactus Trilogy: An Appreciation | journal=The Collected Jack Kirby Collector | volume=1 | page=211 | date=February 2004}}
92. ^{{cite web |first=Brian |last=Cronin |url=http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2010/02/19/a-year-of-cool-comics-day-50/ |title=A Year of Cool Comics – Day 50|publisher= Comic Book Resources |date=February 19, 2010 |access-date=September 29, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504111741/http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2010/02/19/a-year-of-cool-comics-day-50/ |archivedate=May 4, 2010 |deadurl=no}}
93. ^DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 115: "Stan Lee may have started the creative discussion that culminated in Galactus, but the inclusion of the Silver Surfer in Fantastic Four #48 was pure Jack Kirby. Kirby realized that a being like Galactus required an equally impressive herald."
94. ^{{cite book |editor-last=Greenberger |editor-first=Robert |title = 100 Greatest Marvels of All Time|publisher = Marvel Comics |date=December 2001 |page=26|title-link=100 Greatest Marvels of All Time }}
95. ^{{cite book |last=Daniels |first=Les |authorlink=Les Daniels |title=Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics|publisher = Harry N. Abrams |year=1991 |page=128 |isbn=978-0-8109-3821-2}}
96. ^DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 131: "When Stan Lee was told to expand the Marvel line, he immediately gave the Surfer his own title...Since Jack Kirby had more than enough assignments, Lee assigned John Buscema the task of illustrating the new book."
97. ^Daniels, p. 139: "Beautifully drawn by John Buscema, this comic book represented an attempt to upgrade the medium with a serious character of whom Lee had grown very fond."
98. ^DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 137: "The Black Panther may have broken the mold as Marvel's first black superhero, but he was from Africa. The Falcon, however, was the first black American superhero."
99. ^Wright, p. 239
100. ^{{cite book|last=Saffel|first=Steve|title= Spider-Man the Icon: The Life and Times of a Pop Culture Phenomenon|publisher=Titan Books|year= 2007|isbn= 978-1-84576-324-4|chapter= Bucking the Establishment, Marvel Style|page= 60|quote= The stories received widespread mainstream publicity, and Marvel was hailed for sticking to its guns.}}
101. ^Daniels, pp. 152 and 154: "As a result of Marvel's successful stand, the Comics Code had begun to look just a little foolish. Some of its more ridiculous restrictions were abandoned because of Lee's decision."
102. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/04/archives/a-comics-magazine-defies-code-ban-on-drug-stories-comics-magazine.html?sq=stan%2520lee%2520%2522comics%2520code%2522&scp=2&st=cse| title=A Comics Magazine Defies Code Ban on Drug Stories; Comics Magazine Defies Industry Code| first=Lawrence|last=van Gelder|date=February 4, 1971|work=The New York Times|page=37}}
103. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.comicgeekspeak.com/episodes/comic_geek_speak-111.php|title=Comic Geek Speak: Episode 83|date=December 12, 2005|access-date=September 15, 2015}}
104. ^{{cite web|url=http://arts.endow.gov/news/news08/medals/Lee.html |title=2008 National Medal of Arts – Stan Lee |publisher=National Endowment for the Arts |date=November 17, 2008 |access-date=April 27, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826065407/http://arts.endow.gov/news/news08/medals/Lee.html |archivedate=August 26, 2009}} Biography linked to NEA press release "White House Announces 2008 National Medal of Arts Recipients", {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813140629/http://arts.endow.gov/news/news08/Medals.html |date=August 13, 2009}} August 26, 2009.
105. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.samcci.comics.org/reviews/review011p.htm |title=Silver Age Marvel Comics Cover Index Reviews |first=Pierre |last=Comtois |first2=Gregorio |last2=Montejo |publisher=Samcci.Comics.org |date=July 16, 2007 |access-date=February 6, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716185903/http://www.samcci.comics.org/reviews/review011p.htm |archivedate=July 16, 2007 |deadurl=yes}}
106. ^Manning "1970s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 61: "Stan Lee had returned to The Amazing Spider-Man for a handful of issues after leaving following issue #100 (September 1971). With issue #110. Lee once again departed the title into which he had infused so much of his own personality over his near 10-year stint as regular writer."
107. ^Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 157
108. ^Saffel, "An Adventure Each Day", p. 116: "On Monday January 3, 1977, The Amazing Spider-Man comic strip made its debut in newspapers nationwide, reuniting writer Stan Lee and artist John Romita."
109. ^Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 187: "[In 1978], Simon & Schuster's Fireside Books published a paperback book titled The Silver Surfer by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby...This book was later recognized as Marvel's first true graphic novel."
110. ^DeFalco "1980s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 197: "With the help of artist John Buscema, [Stan] Lee created Jennifer Walters, the cousin of Bruce Banner."
111. ^{{cite journal |last = Catron |first=Michael|authorlink = Michael Catron|title = Silver Surfer Special Set|journal = Amazing Heroes |issue=3 |page=17 |date=August 1981}}
112. ^{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Stan |last2=Buscema |first2=John |authorlink2=John Buscema |title=Silver Surfer: Judgement Day |publisher=Marvel Comics |year=1988 |page=64|isbn= 978-0-87135-427-3}}
113. ^{{cite news|last= Lofficier|first= Jean-Marc|authorlink= Jean-Marc Lofficier |date=December 1988|title= Moebius |work = Comics Interview|issue= 64|pages = 24–37|publisher= Fictioneer Books}}
114. ^{{cite book|last1 = Lee|first1 = Stan |last2= Pollard |first2= Keith |authorlink2= Keith Pollard|title = Silver Surfer: The Enslavers|publisher = Marvel Comics|year = 1990|page = 64|isbn = 978-0-87135-617-8}}
115. ^Lee, Mair {{page needed|date=January 2015}}
116. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url=http://www.bobbatchelor.com/blog/2017/4/26/stan-lee-sues-marveland-wins|title=Stan Lee Sues Marvel…And Wins!|work=Bob Batchelor|access-date=November 14, 2018|language=en-US}}
117. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.tcj.com/270/n_stanmike.html |title=How Michael Jackson Almost Bought Marvel and Other Strange Tales from the Stan Lee/Peter Paul Partnership |publisher=excerpt The Comics Journal |issue=270 |date=August 2005 |first=Michael |last=Dean |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080516013951/http://www.tcj.com/270/n_stanmike.html |archivedate=May 16, 2008}}
118. ^SEC Litigation Release No. LR-18828, August 11, 2004.
119. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/stan-lee-media-ceo-kenneth-williams-accused-of-shareholder-fraud-and-libel-in-court-filing-by-former-stan-lee-media-executive-71643937.html|title= Stan Lee Media CEO Kenneth Williams Accused of Shareholder Fraud and Libel in Court Filing By Former Stan Lee Media Executive: Accusations Against Peter Paul Retracted and Corrected in Court Filing |date=May 7, 2001|publisher= Freund & Brackey LLP press release|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/60bRdkOTp?url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/stan-lee-media-ceo-kenneth-williams-accused-of-shareholder-fraud-and-libel-in-court-filing-by-former-stan-lee-media-executive-71643937.html |archivedate=August 1, 2011|deadurl= no}}
120. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/nye/pr/2005mar8.htm | author=United States Attorney's Office| title=Peter Paul, Co-founder of Stan Lee Media, Inc., Pleads Guilty to Securities Fraud Fraud Scheme Caused $25 Million in Losses to Investors and Financial Institutions |publisher=press release |date=March 8, 2005 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050311195609/http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/nye/pr/2005mar8.htm |archivedate=March 11, 2005 |access-date=July 31, 2011}}
121. ^{{cite news |last=Witt |first=April |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/04/AR2005100401150.html |title=House of Cards |work=The Washington Post |date=October 9, 2005|page= W10|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/62kzsYNgL?url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/04/AR2005100401150.html |archivedate=October 27, 2011 |deadurl=no}}
122. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/stan-lee-dead-marvel-comics-writer-editor-obituary-died-age-95-2018-11-12/|title=Stan Lee, legendary Marvel Comics creator, is dead at 95|access-date=November 14, 2018|language=en}}
123. ^{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4212335.stm |title=Ringo Starr to become superhero |work=BBC News|date=August 6, 2004 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016134313/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4212335.stm |archivedate=October 16, 2013 |deadurl=no}}
124. ^Lee in {{cite news|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/146232006/Newsday-Fast-Chat-Stan-Lee-2007 |title=Fast Chat: Stan Lee|work=Newsday| first=Frank|last=Lovece|date=April 1, 2007 |access-date=September 15, 2015 |archivedate=December 7, 2010 | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5unr2TLup?url=http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/fanfare/fast-chat-stan-lee-1.620730 |deadurl=no}}
125. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2004/08/06/lee040806.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040810133032/http://www.cbc.ca/story/arts/national/2004/08/06/Arts/lee040806.html |archivedate=August 10, 2004 |title=Stan Lee Launches New Online Comic Venture |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=August 6, 2004}}
126. ^{{Cite news |last1=Heffernan |first1=Virginia |title='Who Wants to Be a Superhero?': Misfits Just Want to Save the World |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/03/arts/television/03heff.html |newspaper=The New York Times |language=en|date=August 3, 2006 }}
127. ^{{cite web |url=http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2007/03/ljarchives/marvel-sued-for-5-billion/ |title=Marvel Sued for $5 Billion |work=Library Journal |date=March 21, 2007 |access-date=February 6, 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407165409/http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2007/03/ljarchives/marvel-sued-for-5-billion/ |archivedate=April 7, 2015}}
128. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/june_9_stan_lee_media_inc_files_aggressive_lawsuit_against_stan_lee/ |title=June 9: Stan Lee Media, Inc. Files Expected Lawsuit Against Stan Lee |access-date=September 22, 2007 |publisher=TheComicsReporter.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214093137/http://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/june_9_stan_lee_media_inc_files_aggressive_lawsuit_against_stan_lee/ |archivedate=February 14, 2012 |deadurl=no}}
129. ^{{cite court |litigants=Stan Lee Media, Inc. v. Stan Lee, QED Productions, Inc., and POW! Entertainment, Inc. |vol=CV 07 4438 SJO |court=C.D. Cal. |date=July 9, 2007 |url= http://www.comicsreporter.com/images/uploads/SLMI_Complaint.pdf |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20121012122046/http://www.comicsreporter.com/images/uploads/SLMI_Complaint.pdf | archivedate=October 12, 2012 | deadurl=no}}
130. ^{{cite book|last = Lee|first = Stan|title = Election Daze: What Are They Really Saying?|publisher = Filsinger Publishing|year = 2008|page = 96|isbn = 978-0-9702631-5-5}}
131. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=44144|title=Stan Lee Launching Legion of 5|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140116070026/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=44144 |archivedate=January 16, 2014|deadurl= no|access-date=April 16, 2008|publisher=ComingSoon.net|date=April 16, 2008}}
132. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-virgin19apr19,1,7072456.story |title=Stan Lee to oversee Virgin Comics' superheroes |first=Geoff |last=Boucher |date=April 19, 2008 |work=Los Angeles Times |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502165435/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-virgin19apr19%2C1%2C7072456.story |archivedate=May 2, 2008 |deadurl=yes}}
133. ^{{Cite news |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/4237161/Stan-Lee-to-create-worlds-first-gay-superhero.html|title= Stan Lee 'to create world's first gay superhero' |date=January 14, 2009|work= The Daily Telegraph |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307075531/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/4237161/Stan-Lee-to-create-worlds-first-gay-superhero.html |archivedate=March 7, 2014 |deadurl=no}}
134. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.skyscraperman.com/#!books/c14io |title=Skyscraperman |publisher=skyscraperman.com |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6O3VMOkdS?url=http://www.skyscraperman.com/ |archivedate=March 14, 2014 |deadurl=yes}}
135. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=539824 | title=NHL, Spider-Man creator Stan Lee join on new superheroes project |publisher=National Hockey League | date=October 7, 2010}}
136. ^{{cite news |last=Langshaw |first=Mark |title=Stan Lee backs Eagle Initiative |url=http://www.digitalspy.com/comics/news/a254810/stan-lee-backs-eagle-initiative.html |access-date=November 17, 2011 |work=Digital Spy|date=August 2, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617200946/http://www.digitalspy.com/comics/news/a254810/stan-lee-backs-eagle-initiative.html |archivedate=June 17, 2013 |deadurl=no}}
137. ^{{cite news |last=Kepler |first=Adam W. |url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/16/monsters-v-kittens/ |title=Monsters v. Kittens |work=The New York Times |date=October 16, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027221924/http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/16/monsters-v-kittens/ |archivedate=October 27, 2011 |access-date=October 27, 2011 |deadurl=no}}
138. ^{{cite web |last=Moore |first=Matt |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/44901428/ns/today-books/t/spider-man-creators-new-heroes-are-kid-stuff/ |title=Stan Lee's got a new universe, and it's for kids |publisher=Associated Press/MSNBC |date=October 14, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027000000/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/44901428/ns/today-books/t/spider-man-creators-new-heroes-are-kid-stuff/#.Tp1IOXFCAzQ |archivedate=October 27, 2011 |access-date=October 27, 2011 |deadurl=yes}}
139. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.comicmix.com/news/2012/07/11/enter-stan-lees-world-of-heroes/|title= Enter Stan Lee's World of Heroes |first=Robert |last=Greenberger |date=July 11, 2012 |publisher=ComicMix |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226043851/http://www.comicmix.com/news/2012/07/11/enter-stan-lees-world-of-heroes/ |archivedate=December 26, 2013 |deadurl=no}}
140. ^{{cite web |url= http://m.comicsbulletin.com/interviews/4829/peter-david-and-jace-hall-join-the-world-of-heroes/|title= Peter David and Jace Hall Join the World of Heroes|first= Jason|last= Sacks |date=n.d. |publisher=Comics Bulletin |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226051552/http://m.comicsbulletin.com/interviews/4829/peter-david-and-jace-hall-join-the-world-of-heroes/ |archivedate=December 26, 2013|deadurl= yes |access-date=December 16, 2012}}
141. ^{{cite web |url= http://newmediarockstars.com/2012/07/stan-lees-world-of-heroes-youtube-channel-unveiled-at-sdcc-exclusive/|title= SDCC: 'Stan Lee's World of Heroes' YouTube Channel|first= Alan|last= Van |date=July 12, 2012|publisher= NMR|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140312181820/http://newmediarockstars.com/2012/07/stan-lees-world-of-heroes-youtube-channel-unveiled-at-sdcc-exclusive/ |archivedate=March 12, 2014|deadurl= no}}
142. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.bleedingcool.com/2012/07/13/stan-lee-peter-david-mark-hamill-adriann-curry-america-young-and-bonnie-burton-on-st/|title= The Stan Channel: Stan Lee, Peter David, Mark Hamill, Adrianne Curry, America Young, And Bonnie Burton On Stan Lee's World Of Heroes|first= Mark|last= Seifert |date=July 13, 2012|publisher= BleedingCool.com|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130129054208/http://www.bleedingcool.com/2012/07/13/stan-lee-peter-david-mark-hamill-adriann-curry-america-young-and-bonnie-burton-on-st/ |archivedate=January 29, 2013|deadurl= no}}
143. ^{{cite press release|title=Disney Publishing Worldwide Announces New Zodiac-Based Book with Comics Legend Stan Lee|date=November 2, 2013|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/disney-publishing-worldwide-announces-zodiac-022000970.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106030052/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/disney-publishing-worldwide-announces-zodiac-022000970.html|archivedate=November 6, 2013|deadurl=yes}}
144. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.filmbiz.asia/news/josephson-joins-annihilator |first=Patrick |last=Frater |newspaper=Film Business Asia |title=Josephson joins Annihilator |date=February 27, 2013 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20131110030733/http://www.filmbiz.asia/news/josephson-joins-annihilator |archivedate=November 10, 2013 |deadurl=yes |access-date=February 27, 2013}}
145. ^{{cite news|publisher=The Inquisitr|url=http://www.inquisitr.com/537171/stan-lees-annihilator-chinese-superhero-coming-to-big-screen/|title=Stan Lee's Annihilator: Chinese Superhero Coming To Big Screen |date=February 21, 2013 |first=Aric |last=Mitchell|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131110030730/http://www.inquisitr.com/537171/stan-lees-annihilator-chinese-superhero-coming-to-big-screen/ |archivedate=November 10, 2013|deadurl= no|access-date=February 27, 2013}}
146. ^{{cite news|newspaper=TG Daily |url=http://www.tgdaily.com/games-and-entertainment-features/69721-stan-lee-is-back-with-annihilator |title=Stan Lee is back with Annihilator|last=Konow|first=David|date=February 25, 2013|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131110030626/http://www.tgdaily.com/games-and-entertainment-features/69721-stan-lee-is-back-with-annihilator |archivedate=November 10, 2013|deadurl= no|access-date=February 27, 2013}}
147. ^{{cite book|last=Cowsill|first= Alan|editor-last=Dolan|editor-first=Hannah|chapter= 2000s|title = DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|year=2010|location= London, United Kingdom|isbn= 978-0-7566-6742-9 |page= 300 |quote = It was quite a coup. Stan "The Man" Lee...swapped sides to write for DC. Teaming up with comicdom's top artists, Lee put his own unique take on DC's iconic heroes.}}
148. ^{{cite web |url=http://comics.ign.com/articles/864/864777p1.html |title=NYCC 08: Stan Lee Dives into Manga |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219190728/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/04/05/nycc-08-stan-lee-dives-into-manga |archivedate=February 19, 2014 |deadurl=no |access-date=April 8, 2008 |publisher=IGN|date=April 4, 2008 }}
149. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-04-10/stan-lee-bones-confirmed-to-be-working-on-hero-man |title=Stan Lee, Bones Confirmed to be Working on Hero Man |publisher=Anime News Network |date=April 10, 2008 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131020020941/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-04-10/stan-lee-bones-confirmed-to-be-working-on-hero-man |archivedate=October 20, 2013 |deadurl=no |access-date=March 9, 2010}}
150. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-10-06/stan-lee-and-bones-heroman-anime-now-in-production|title=Stan Lee & Bones' Heroman Anime Now in Production |publisher=Anime News Network|date=October 6, 2009|access-date=March 9, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604164242/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-10-06/stan-lee-and-bones-heroman-anime-now-in-production | archivedate=June 4, 2011|deadurl=no}}
151. ^{{cite journal|last=Hetrick|first=Adam|url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/146343-Stan-Lee-Encouraged-by-Spider-Man-New-Projects-on-the-Horizon|title=Stan Lee Encouraged by Spider-Man; New Projects on the Horizon|journal=Playbill|date=January 4, 2011|access-date=July 31, 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60bODaDKg?url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/146343-Stan-Lee-Encouraged-by-Spider-Man-New-Projects-on-the-Horizon|archivedate=August 1, 2011|deadurl=yes}}
152. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&old=1&id=8204|title= The Man Comes Around: Lee talks Stan Lee Meets |first=Dave |last=Richards |date=August 24, 2006|publisher= Comic Book Resources|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140313024216/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&old=1&id=8204|archivedate=March 13, 2014 |deadurl= no}} Archive requires scrolldown
153. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oafe.net/yo/mlh2_sl.php |title=Stan Lee: Marvel Legends |publisher=OAFE.net |access-date=April 27, 2010|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140214002850/http://www.oafe.net/yo/mlh2_sl.php |archivedate=February 14, 2014|deadurl= no}}
154. ^{{cite web |url= http://geekout.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/11/stan-lee-launches-his-own-comic-convention/|title= Stan Lee launches his own comic convention |first=Alan |last=Duke |date=April 11, 2012|publisher= CNN |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815082657/http://geekout.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/11/stan-lee-launches-his-own-comic-convention |archivedate=August 15, 2012 |deadurl=no}}
155. ^{{cite press release |url=http://eclipsemagazine.com/comic-con-2016-pow-entertainment-and-shatner-singularity-introduce-stan-lees-god-woke/ |title=Comic-Con 2016: POW! Entertainment and Shatner Singularity Introduce Stan Lee's God Woke! |date=July 18, 2016 |access-date=July 22, 2016 |first=Sheldon |last=Wiebe |publisher=Shatner Singularity |via=EclipseMagazine.com |archivedate=December 22, 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6mx4N3mnj?url=http://eclipsemagazine.com/comic-con-2016-pow-entertainment-and-shatner-singularity-introduce-stan-lees-god-woke/ |deadurl=yes}} Additional on December 22, 2016. (WebCitation page requires text-blocking to make text visible)
156. ^{{cite news |title=Stan Lee puts philosophical spin on comic book adventure |url=http://articles.philly.com/2016-07-22/news/74648410_1_stan-lee-book-july-22 | first= Sarah |last=LeBlanc |date=July 22, 2016 |access-date=July 30, 2016 |work=Philadelphia Daily News |archivedate=July 30, 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730190646/http://articles.philly.com/2016-07-22/news/74648410_1_stan-lee-book-july-22 |deadurl=yes}}
157. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.cctv-america.com/2016/07/24/comic-book-legend-stan-lee-treated-like-royalty-at-comic-con |title= Comic book legend Stan Lee treated like royalty at Comic-Con |first=Mark |last=Niu |date=July 24, 2016 |access-date=July 30, 2016 |publisher=China Central Television |archivedate=July 26, 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160726141031/http://www.cctv-america.com/2016/07/24/comic-book-legend-stan-lee-treated-like-royalty-at-comic-con |deadurl=no}}
158. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=zLmB3GprtboC&pg=PR17&lpg=PR17&dq=stan+lee+god+woke+carnegie#v=onepage&q=stan%20lee%20god%20woke%20carnegie&f=false| title=Stan Lee: Conversations | year = 2007|first=Jeff | last= McLaughlin | publisher= University Press of Mississippi|location= Jackson, Mississippi| isbn=978-1578069859|page= Chronology xvii}}
159. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.independentpublisher.com/article.php?page=2176 |title=2017 Independent Publisher Book Awards |publisher=Independent Publisher Book Awards |access-date=April 9, 2017 |archivedate=April 8, 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20170408031523/http://www.independentpublisher.com/article.php?page=2172 |deadurl=no}}
160. ^1 {{Grand Comics Database search|type=writer|search=Stan+Lee}}
161. ^{{cite journal|last=Cassell|first=Dewey |date=October 2010|title=One Day at a Time: The Amazing Spider-Man Newspaper Strips|journal=Back Issue!|issue=44|pages=63–67|quote=Lee has penned The Amazing Spider-Man newspaper strip since the beginning.}}
162. ^{{cite web |last=Meeks |first=Robert |url= http://www.insidesocal.com/modernmyth/2009/10/its-stan-lee-day.html |title=L.B. Comic Con: It's Stan Lee Day! |publisher=Insidesocal.com |date=October 2, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117183640/http://www.insidesocal.com/modernmyth/2009/10/its-stan-lee-day.html |archivedate=January 17, 2012 |deadurl=yes |access-date=April 27, 2010}}
163. ^{{cite news|last1=McMillan|first1=Graeme|title=Jack Kirby to Be Named 'Disney Legend' at D23 Expo in July|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/jack-kirby-be-named-disney-legend-at-d23-expo-july-1014421|access-date=July 16, 2017|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=July 16, 2017|archivedate=November 16, 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116114602/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/jack-kirby-be-named-disney-legend-at-d23-expo-july-1014421|deadurl=no}}
164. ^{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/stan-lee-imprints-hands-feet-cement-tcl-chinese/story?id=48706538|title=Stan Lee imprints his hands and feet in concrete at TCL Chinese Theatre|date=July 19, 2017|publisher=ABC News| archivedate=March 1, 2018| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180301091739/http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/stan-lee-imprints-hands-feet-cement-tcl-chinese/story?id=48706538|deadurl=no}}
165. ^{{cite web|url= https://www.comic-con.org/awards/inkpot |title=Inkpot Award |year=2016 |publisher=San Diego Comic-Con|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170129155249/http://www.comic-con.org/awards/inkpot |archivedate=January 29, 2017 |deadurl=no}}
166. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.comic-con.org/awards/hall-fame-awards?page=5 |title=Will Eisner Hall of Fame |year=2014 |publisher=The Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110110527/http://www.comic-con.org/awards/hall-fame-awards?page=5 |archivedate=January 10, 2014 |deadurl=no}}
167. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.myfoxla.com/story/23841532/stan-lee-its-all-in-the-cameos-with-marvel-movies|title= Stan Lee: It's All In The Cameos With Marvel Movies |first=Stormy |last=Curry |date=October 31, 2013|publisher= KTTV|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140313015855/http://www.myfoxla.com/story/23841532/stan-lee-its-all-in-the-cameos-with-marvel-movies |archivedate=March 13, 2014|deadurl= yes|df= mdy-all}}
168. ^{{Cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/17/AR2008111701659.html|title= Stan Lee and Olivia de Havilland Among National Medal of Arts Winners|first= Joel|last= Garreau |date=November 18, 2008 |access-date=February 6, 2016|work=The Washington Post|deadurl= no|archivedate=February 6, 2016|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6f65D0P7X?url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/17/AR2008111701659.html}}
169. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2009-hugo-awards/ |title=2009 Hugo Awards |publisher=World Science Fiction Society |access-date=April 19, 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yVVJU4bH?url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2009-hugo-awards/ |archivedate=May 7, 2011 |deadurl=yes}}
170. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bloody-disgusting.com/news/17772 |title= TV: Video Highlights from the 2009 Spike TV Scream Awards|publisher=Bloody-disgusting.com|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20121010231341/http://bloody-disgusting.com/news/17772/ |archivedate=October 10, 2012|deadurl= no|access-date=April 27, 2010|date= October 21, 2009}}
171. ^{{cite news|last=Simpson |first=David |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/video-stan-lee-picks-2428th-68294 |title= Video: Stan Lee Picks Up 2,428th Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame |newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter |date=January 4, 2011|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120602071624/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/video-stan-lee-picks-2428th-68294 |archivedate=June 2, 2012|deadurl= no|access-date=September 14, 2012}}
172. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/stan-lee-spider-man-marvel-vanguard-award-259343 | title=Stan Lee to Receive 2012 Producers Guild Vanguard Award |date=November 9, 2011|work=The Hollywood Reporter|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120524151533/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/stan-lee-spider-man-marvel-vanguard-award-259343 |archivedate=May 24, 2012|deadurl= no|access-date=March 4, 2012}}
173. ^{{cite web|title=2016 Awards|url=http://navgtr.org/winners/2016-awards/|publisher=National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers|archivedate=August 29, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829144612/http://navgtr.org/winners/2016-awards/|deadurl=no}}
174. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.marvunapp.com/Appendix/leestanl.htm |title=Stan Lee (as a character) |first=Jeff |last=Christiansen |date=February 15, 2014 |publisher=The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140222092213/http://www.marvunapp.com/Appendix/leestanl.htm |archivedate=February 22, 2014 |deadurl=no}}
175. ^Brick, Scott (March 2007). "Alex Ross". Wizard Xtra!. p. 92.
176. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ugo.com/the-goods/funky-flashman-1|title=Jack Kirby's Greatest WTF Creations|last=Jensen|first=K. Thor|publisher=UGO.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523174927/http://www.ugo.com/the-goods/funky-flashman-1|archivedate=May 23, 2013|deadurl=yes|access-date=May 31, 2012}}
177. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bookgasm.com/features/interviews/qa-paul-malmont/|title= Q&A with The Chinatown Death Cloud Peril's Paul Malmont |first=Rod |last=Lott |date=July 18, 2006 |publisher=Bookgasm.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118213922/http://www.bookgasm.com/features/interviews/qa-paul-malmont/ |archivedate=January 18, 2012 |deadurl=no}}
178. ^{{Cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/oct/25/violent-century-lavie-tidhar-review |title=The Violent Century by Lavie Tidhar – review |first=Stuart |last=Kelly |date=October 25, 2013 |work=The Guardian |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031052142/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/oct/25/violent-century-lavie-tidhar-review |archivedate=October 31, 2013 |deadurl=no |access-date=January 5, 2014}}
179. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/stan-lee-marvel-cameos-updated/|title=Stan Lee's Marvellous Cameos – Now With Even More Cameos|author1=Chris Hewitt|author2=Al Plumb|website=Empire|access-date=December 7, 2017|date=April 29, 2015}}
180. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/stan-lee-cameo-spider-man-homecoming-34-more-films-tv-shows-1018027/item/spider-man-homecoming-2017-1033370|title=Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) — From 'X-Men' to 'Spider-Man': 35 of Stan Lee's Most Memorable Cameos|website=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=December 7, 2017}}
181. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.ign.com/articles/2018/11/13/stan-lee-already-filmed-his-avengers-4-cameo | title = Stan Lee Already Filmed His Avengers 4 Cameo | first = Adam | last =Bankhurst | date = November 12, 2018 | accessdate = November 12, 2018 | work = IGN }}

References

{{reflist}}

Further reading

  • {{cite book |editor-last=McLaughlin |editor-first=Jeff |year=2007 |title=Stan Lee: Conversations|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|location= Jackson, Mississippi|isbn=978-1-57806-985-9}}
  • {{cite book |last=Ro |first=Ronin |year=2005 |orig-year=first published 2004 |title=Tales to Astonish: Jack Kirby, Stan Lee, and the American Comic Book Revolution |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=978-1-58234-566-6}}
  • {{cite book |last=Jordan |first=Raphael |last2=Spurgeon |first2=Tom |authorlink2=Tom Spurgeon |year=2003 |title=Stan Lee and the Rise and Fall of the American Comic Book |publisher=Chicago Review Press |isbn=978-1-55652-506-3}}

External links

{{Sister project links|d=Q181900|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|c=Category:Stan Lee}}
  • {{Official website}}
  • {{Curlie|Arts/Comics/Creators/L/Lee%2C_Stan/}}
  • Stan Lee at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators
  • {{Comicbookdb|type=creator|id=98}}
  • {{isfdb name|id=Stan_Lee}}
  • {{IMDb name|498278}}
  • {{The Interviews name|stan-lee|Stan Lee}}
  • [https://www.webofstories.com/play/stan.lee/1 Stan Lee] at Web of Stories
  • [https://nyti.ms/2z5MtPM The Last Word – Video (05:26)] (New York Times; November 12, 2018)
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