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词条 Michael Pollan
释义

  1. Early years

  2. Career

     The Botany of Desire  The Omnivore's Dilemma  In Defense of Food: An Eater's Manifesto  Food Rules: An Eater's Manual  Cooked: A Natural History of Transformation  How to Change Your Mind  Other work 

  3. Recognition

  4. Criticisms

  5. Bibliography

      Books    Essays  

  6. References

  7. External links

{{distinguish|Michael Pawlyn}}{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}}{{Infobox person/Wikidata
| name = Michael Pollan
| image = Michael Pollan at Yale 1 cropped.jpg
| caption = Pollan speaking at Yale University in 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|02|06}}
| birth_place = Long Island, New York, U.S.
| alma_mater = {{hlist|Bennington College|Columbia University}}
| occupation = Author, journalist, professor
| family = {{ubl|Tracy Pollan (sister)|Michael J. Fox (brother-in-law)}}
| spouse = Judith Belzer
| website = {{URL|https://michaelpollan.com/}}
}}Michael Pollan ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɒ|l|ə|n}}; born February 6, 1955)[1] is an American author, journalist, activist, and the Lewis K. Chan Arts Lecturer and Professor of Practice of Non-Fiction at Harvard University.[2] Pollan is also professor of journalism at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism.[3]

Early years

Pollan was born to a Jewish family on Long Island, New York.[4][5] He is the son of author and financial consultant Stephen Pollan and columnist Corky Pollan.[6] Pollan received a B.A. in English from Bennington College in 1977 and an M.A. in English from Columbia University in 1981.[7]

Career

The Botany of Desire

In The Botany of Desire, Pollan explores the concept of co-evolution, specifically of humankind's evolutionary relationship with four plants—apples, tulips, marijuana, and potatoes—from the dual perspectives of humans and the plants. He uses case examples that fit the archetype of four basic human desires, demonstrating how each of these botanical species are selectively grown, bred, and genetically engineered. The apple reflects the desire for sweetness, the tulip beauty, the marijuana intoxication, and the potato control. Pollan then unravels the narrative of his own experience with each of the plants, which he intertwines with a well-researched exploration into their social history. Each section presents a unique element of human domestication, or the "human bumblebee" as Pollan calls it. These range from the true story of Johnny Appleseed to Pollan's first-hand research with sophisticated marijuana hybrids in Amsterdam, to the alarming and paradigm-shifting possibilities of genetically engineered potatoes.

The Omnivore's Dilemma

In The Omnivore's Dilemma, Pollan describes four basic ways that human societies have obtained food: the current industrial system, the big organic operation, the local self-sufficient farm, and the hunter-gatherer. Pollan follows each of these processes—from a group of plants photosynthesizing calories through a series of intermediate stages, ultimately into a meal. Along the way, he suggests that there is a fundamental tension between the logic of nature and the logic of human industry, that the way we eat represents our most profound engagement with the natural world, and that industrial eating obscures crucially important ecological relationships and connections. On December 10, 2006, The New York Times named The Omnivore's Dilemma one of the five best nonfiction books of the year. On May 8, 2007, the James Beard Foundation named The Omnivore's Dilemma its 2007 winner for the best food writing. It was the book of focus for the University of Pennsylvania's Reading Project in 2007, and the book of choice for Washington State University's Common Reading Program in 2009–10.

Pollan's discussion of the industrial food chain is in large part a critique of modern agribusiness. According to the book, agribusiness has lost touch with the natural cycles of farming, wherein livestock and crops intertwine in mutually beneficial circles. Pollan's critique of modern agribusiness focuses on what he describes as the overuse of corn for purposes ranging from fattening cattle to massive production of corn oil, high-fructose corn syrup, and other corn derivatives. He describes what he sees as the inefficiencies and other drawbacks of factory farming and gives his assessment of organic food production and what it's like to hunt and gather food. He blames those who set the rules (e.g., politicians in Washington, D.C., bureaucrats at the United States Department of Agriculture, Wall Street capitalists, and agricultural conglomerates like Archer Daniels Midland) of what he calls a destructive and precarious agricultural system that has wrought havoc upon the diet, nutrition, and well-being of Americans. Pollan finds hope in Joel Salatin's Polyface Farm in Virginia, which he sees as a model of sustainability in commercial farming. Pollan appears in the documentary film King Corn (2007).

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In Defense of Food: An Eater's Manifesto

Pollan's book In Defense of Food: An Eater's Manifesto, released on January 1, 2008, explores the relationship with what he terms nutritionism and the Western diet, with a focus on late 20th century food advice given by the science community. Pollan holds that consumption of fat and dietary cholesterol does not lead to a higher rate of coronary disease, and that the reductive analysis of food into nutrient components is a mistake. He questions the view that the point of eating is to promote health, pointing out that this attitude is not universal and that cultures that perceive food as having purposes of pleasure, identity, and sociality may end up with better health. He explains this seeming paradox by vetting, and then validating, the notion that nutritionism and, therefore, the whole Western framework through which we intellectualize the value of food is more a religious and faddish devotion to the mythology of simple solutions than a convincing and reliable conclusion of incontrovertible scientific research. Pollan spends the rest of his book explicating his first three phrases: "Eat food. Not too much. Mostly plants." He contends that most of what Americans now buy in supermarkets, fast food stores, and restaurants is not in fact food, and that a practical tip is to eat only those things that people of his grandmother's generation would have recognized as food.

Food Rules: An Eater's Manual

In 2009, An Eater's Manual was published. This short work is a condensed version of his previous efforts, intended to provide a simple framework for a healthy and sustainable diet. It is divided into three sections, further explicating Pollan's principles of "Eat food. Not too much. Mostly plants." It includes his rules (i.e., "let others sample your food" and "the whiter the bread, the sooner you'll be dead").

Cooked: A Natural History of Transformation

In A Natural History of Transformation, published in 2013, Pollan explores the methods by which cooks mediate "between nature and culture." The book is organized into four sections corresponding to the classical elements of Fire (cooking with heat), Water (braising and boiling with pots), Air (breadmaking), and Earth (fermenting). The book also features Samin Nosrat, who later became known for the bestselling cookbook Salt, Fat, Acid, Heat, and as "the chef who taught Michael Pollan how to cook."[8]

How to Change Your Mind

In 2018, Pollan wrote How to Change Your Mind, a book about the history and future of mind-altering substances. He argues that psilocybin and LSD are not drugs that make people crazy, which he calls the biggest misconception people have about psychedelics,[9] but rather drugs that can help a person become "more sane" by, for example, eliminating a fear of death. While promoting his book on TV, he explained that along with LSD and psilocybin, his research included ingesting ayahuasca and 5-MeO-DMT, and that he experienced a dissolution of ego.[10][11]

Other work

Pollan is a contributing writer for the New York Times Magazine and a former executive editor for Harper's Magazine. His first book, Second Nature: A Gardener's Education, was published in 1991.

Pollan has contributed to Greater Good, a social psychology magazine published by the Greater Good Science Center at the University of California, Berkeley. His article "Edible Ethics" discusses the intersection of ethical eating and social psychology.

In his 1998 book A Place of My Own: The Education of an Amateur Builder, Pollan methodically traced the design and construction of the out-building where he writes. The 2008 re-release of this book was re-titled A Place of My Own: The Architecture of Daydreams.

In 2014, Pollan wrote the foreword in the healthy eating cookbook The Pollan Family Table. The book is co-authored by his mother, Corky Pollan, and sisters, Lori Pollan, Dana Pollan, and Tracy Pollan.

Pollan also co-starred in the documentary, Food, Inc. (2008), for which he was also a consultant. In 2010 Pollan was interviewed for the film Queen of the Sun: What are the bees telling us?, a feature-length documentary about honey bees and colony collapse disorder.[12] He was also interviewed for Vanishing of the Bees, a documentary also about colony collapse, directed by Maryam Henein and George Langworthy. In 2015, a documentary version of Pollan's book In Defense of Food premiered on PBS.[13] In 2016, Netflix released a four-part documentary series, which was based on Pollan's book, Cooked (2013), and was directed by Alex Gibney.

Recognition

In 2015, Pollan received the Washburn Award from the Boston Museum of Science, awarded annually to "an individual who has made an outstanding contribution toward public understanding and appreciation of science and the vital role it plays in our lives"[14] and was named as a fellow at Harvard University's Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study.[15] He has also won the James Beard Leadership award,[16] the Reuters World Conservation Union Global Awards in environmental journalism, the James Beard Foundation Awards for best magazine series in 2003, and the Genesis Award from the Humane Society of the United States. His articles have been anthologized in Best American Science Writing (2004), Best American Essays (1990 and 2003), The Animals: Practicing Complexity (2006), and the Norton Book of Nature Writing (1990).

Criticisms

In the American Enterprise Institute's magazine, Blake Hurst argues that Pollan offers a shallow assessment of factory farming that does not take cost into account.[17] Daniel Engber criticized Pollan in Slate for arguing that food is too complex a subject to study scientifically and blaming reductionism for today's health ills, while using nutritional research to justify his own diet advice. Engber likened Pollan's "anti-scientific method" to the rhetoric used by health gurus who peddle diet scams.[18]

Pollan's work has also been discussed and criticized by Jonathan Safran Foer in his non-fiction book Eating Animals.

Foer criticizes Pollan's argument regarding table-fellowship. According to Foer, Pollan claims that a vegetarian dinner guest causes socially reprimandable inconvenience for the host. Foer responds that in the year 2010 it is easier for hosts to accommodate vegetarians than locavores as hosts will need to do extensive research to find (expensive) non factory-farmed meat.[19]

Pollan has been accused by Jon Entine, who supports GMOs (genetically modified organisms), of using his influence to promote "anti-GMO junk science". A number of scientists and journalists have similarly characterized Pollan's work as biased against GMOs. For example, after Pollan posted a tweet that was critical of a New York Times article on GMOs, U.C. Berkeley biologist Michael Eisen posted a tweet calling Pollan's comment "a new low even in Pollan's 'anti-GMO crusade'".[20][21] In response to Pollan's statement that GMOs have been one "tremendous disappointment," food writer James Cooper criticized Pollan's tendency to cite poor or selected scientific sources.[22]

In 2014, Pollan co-hosted a discussion and informal debate on the topic of genetic modification at UC Berkeley featuring prominent plant geneticist Pamela Ronald, professor at UC Davis, whose research-based position "strongly disagrees with Pollan’s view that G.M.O. crops, broadly, are failing."[23] A New Yorker reporter observed that Pollan's largely anti-GMO student base at the discussion itself constituted, "a kind of monoculture," yet that Pollan sought "to introduce an invasive species" by engaging Ronald. The event, while predictably contentious, reportedly produced a rare instance of courteous, productive exchange between the two main sharply-opposed viewpoints on genetically-modified crops.[23]

Bibliography

Books

{{refbegin|}}
  • {{cite book|title=Second Nature: A Gardener's Education|last=|first=|location=New York|pages=|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-87113-443-1}}
  • {{cite book|title=A Place of My Own: The Education of an Amateur Builder|last=|first=|location=New York|pages=|publisher=Random House|year=1997|isbn=978-0-679-41532-9}}
  • {{cite book|title=The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World|last=|first=|location=New York|pages=|publisher=Random House|year=2001|isbn=978-0-375-50129-6}}
  • {{cite book|title=The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals|last=|first=|location=New York|pages=|publisher=Penguin Press|year=2006|isbn=978-1-59420-082-3}}
  • {{cite book|title=In Defense of Food: An Eater's Manifesto|last=|first=|location=New York|pages=|publisher=Penguin Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59420-145-5}}
  • {{cite book|title=An Eater's Manual|last=|first=|location=New York|pages=|publisher=Penguin Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-14-311638-7}}
  • {{cite book|title=A Natural History of Transformation|last=|first=|location=New York|pages=|publisher=Penguin Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1-59420-421-0}}
  • {{cite book|title=Pollan Family Table|last=|first=|location=New York|pages=|publisher=Scribner|year=2014|isbn=978-1-476746371}}
  • {{cite book|title=What the New Science of Psychedelics Teaches Us About Consciousness, Dying, Addiction, Depression, and Transcendence|last=|first=|location=New York|pages=|publisher=Penguin Press|year=2018|isbn=978-1594204227}}
{{refend}}

Essays

{{refbegin}}
  • {{cite news |last=Pollan |first=Michael |url=http://www.michaelpollan.com/article.php?id=24 |title=Opium Made Easy |work=Harper's |date=April 1997}}
  • {{cite news |last=Pollan |first=Michael |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9C05E5DE1139F93AA25754C0A9649C8B63 |title=When a Crop Becomes King |work=The New York Times |date=July 19, 2002 |accessdate=2008-09-21}}
  • {{cite news |last=Pollan |first=Michael |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9500EFD7153EF933A25752C1A9649C8B63 |title=An Animal's Place |work=The New York Times |date=November 10, 2002 |accessdate=2008-09-21}}
  • {{cite news |last=Pollan |first=Michael |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/31/magazine/power-steer.html |title=Power Steer |work=The New York Times |date=March 31, 2002 |accessdate=2016-03-05}}
  • {{cite news |last=Pollan |first=Michael |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/04/magazine/04wwln_lede.html |title=Mass Natural |work=The New York Times |date=June 4, 2006 |accessdate=2008-09-21}}
  • {{cite news |last=Pollan |first=Michael |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1200782-1,00.html |title=Six rules for eating wisely |work=Time magazine |date=June 11, 2006 |accessdate=2008-09-21}}
  • {{cite news |last=Pollan |first=Michael |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/magazine/28nutritionism.t.html |title=Unhappy Meals |work=The New York Times |date=January 28, 2007 |accessdate=2008-09-21}}
  • {{cite news |last=Pollan |first=Michael |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/22/magazine/22wwlnlede.t.html |title=You Are What You Grow |work=The New York Times |date=April 22, 2007 |accessdate=2008-09-21}}
  • {{cite news |last=Pollan |first=Michael |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/16/magazine/16wwln-lede-t.htm |title=Our Decrepit Food Factories |work=The New York Times |date=December 16, 2007 |accessdate=2008-09-21}}
  • {{cite news |last=Pollan |first=Michael |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/20/magazine/20wwln-lede-t.html |title=Why bother? |work=The New York Times |date=April 20, 2008 |accessdate=2008-09-21}}
  • {{cite news |last=Pollan |first=Michael |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/magazine/12policy-t.html |title=An Open Letter to the Farmer in Chief |work=The New York Times |date=October 9, 2008 |accessdate=2008-10-12}}
  • {{cite news |last=Pollan |first=Michael |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/02/magazine/02cooking-t.html |title=Out of the Kitchen, Onto the Couch |work=The New York Times |date=July 29, 2009 |accessdate=2009-08-02}}
  • {{cite news |last=Pollan |first=Michael |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/10/opinion/10pollan.html |title=Big Food vs. Big Insurance |work=The New York Times |date=September 9, 2009 |accessdate=2009-09-14}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Pollan |first=Michael |date=December 23–30, 2013 |title=A Reporter at Large: The Intelligent Plant |journal=The New Yorker |volume=89 |issue=42 |pages=92–105 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/12/23/the-intelligent-plant |accessdate=2014-10-15}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Pollan |first=Michael |date=February 9, 2015 |title=The Trip Treatment |journal=The New Yorker |pages=36–47 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/02/09/trip-treatment |accessdate=2015-02-09}}
{{refend}}{{refend}}{{refend}}

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://michaelpollan.com/about/|title=About Michael Pollan|work=michaelpollan.com|accessdate=October 12, 2015}}
2. ^{{cite web |title=Michael Pollan: Lewis K. Chan Arts Lecturer and Professor of the Practice of Non-Fiction |url=https://english.fas.harvard.edu/faculty/pollan/ |website=Harvard University Department of English |accessdate=9 August 2018}}
3. ^{{cite web |author=Graduate School of Journalism |title=Faculty: Michael Pollan |url=http://journalism.berkeley.edu/faculty/pollan |publisher=UC Berkeley |year=2008 |accessdate=2008-09-21}}
4. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-Features/50-most-influential-Jews-Places-31-40 |title=50 most influential Jews: Places 31-40 |date=May 25, 2012 |quote=Michael Pollan, 57 |author=STEVE LINDE|author2=A. SPIRO|author3=G. HOFFMAN |accessdate=May 26, 2013}}
5. ^{{Cite web|last=Bloom|first=Nate|title=Jewish Stars 5/21 |newspaper=Cleveland Jewish News|date=May 21, 2010|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/archives/jewish-stars/article_8bcbaa8e-2f09-53ac-98ba-cd2207aa8901.html|accessdate=}}
6. ^{{cite news |author=Helen Wagenvoord |title=The High Price of Cheap Food |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/05/02/CMGE560U5I1.DTL |work=The San Francisco Chronicle |date=May 2, 2004 |accessdate=2008-09-21}}
7. ^{{cite news |author=Russell Schoch |title=Q & A: A Conversation with Michael Pollan |url=http://michaelpollan.com/interviews/q-a-a-conversation-with-michael-pollan/ |work=California Monthly |date=January 4, 2004 |accessdate=2011-09-12}}
8. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.motherjones.com/media/2017/04/samin-nosrat-salt-fat-acid-heat-soup-chez-panisse/|title=This simple advice completely changed the way I eat|work=Mother Jones|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}
9. ^{{cite news |last= OAKLANDER |first=Mandy |date=May 16, 2018 |title=This Will Change Your Mind About Psychedelic Drugs |url=http://time.com/5278036/michael-pollan-psychedelic-drugs/ |work=Time |access-date=May 16, 2018 }}
10. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBOcWgMD49o Michael Pollan On The Healing Power Of Psychedelics] (Time, posted to YouTube on May 18, 2018)
11. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qzgtJleG3r8&t=2m22s Michael Pollan Tried A Series Of Psychedelic Drugs... For Research!] (The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, posted to YouTube on May 15, 2018)
12. ^Michael Pollan. Queen of the Sun.
13. ^{{Cite web|title = Watch Full Episodes Online of In Defense of Food on PBS|url = https://www.pbs.org/show/in-defense-of-food/|website = PBS|access-date = 2016-02-09|language = en-US}}
14. ^{{Cite web|title = 2015 {{!}} Museum of Science, Boston|url = http://www.mos.org/washburn-award|website = www.mos.org|access-date = 2016-02-09}}
15. ^{{Cite web|title = Michael Pollan {{!}} Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University|url = https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/people/michael-pollan|website = www.radcliffe.harvard.edu|access-date = 2016-02-09}}
16. ^{{Cite web|title = James Beard Foundation|url = http://www.jamesbeard.org/blog/2014-jbf-leadership-award-honoree-michael-pollan|website = www.jamesbeard.org|access-date = 2016-02-09}}
17. ^{{cite news |first=Blake |last=Hurst |title=The Omnivore’s Delusion: Against the Agri-intellectuals |url=https://www.aei.org/publication/the-omnivores-delusion-against-the-agri-intellectuals/}}
18. ^{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Engber |title=Survival of the Yummiest: Should we buy Michael Pollan's nutritional Darwinism? |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2158736|work=Slate}}
19. ^{{cite web |title=Jonathan Safran Foer Takes on Michael Pollan |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NH-ZtLfoqaY |accessdate=May 10, 2012}}
20. ^{{Cite web|title = Pointed talk: Michael Pollan and Amy Harmon dissect a GM controversy|url = http://grist.org/food/pointed-talk-michael-pollan-and-amy-harmon-dissect-a-gm-controversy/|website = Grist|access-date = 2016-02-09|language = en-US}}
21. ^[https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonentine/2013/10/24/michael-pollan-promotes-denialist-anti-gmo-junk-science-brags-he-manipulates-new-york-times-editors/2/ Michael Pollan Promotes 'Denialist' Anti-GMO Junk Science, Says He Manipulates New York Times' Editors], Jon Entine. Forbes, October 24, 2013.
22. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/Food-Myths-Debunked-food-safe/dp/1502386003|title=Food Myths Debunked: Why our food is safe|last=Cooper|first=James W.|date=2014-09-27|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn=9781502386007|language=English}}
23. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/a-journalist-and-a-scientist-break-ground-in-the-g-m-o-debate|title=A Journalist and a Scientist Break Ground in the G.M.O. Debate|date=2014-04-25|website=The New Yorker|access-date=2016-12-22}}

External links

{{Wikiquote}}{{Commons category}}
  • {{Official website|http://michaelpollan.com/}}
  • {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n85-346809}}
  • (video) Michael Pollan on the Politics of Food from UC Television (UCTV)
  • {{IMDb name|2293679}}
  • {{C-SPAN|Michael Pollan}}
  • "The omnivore's next dilemma" at TED Talks
  • "In Defense of Food" at The Free Library of Philadelphia, January 10, 2008
  • Skewed View from the Berkeley Hills: Why Michael Pollan and Alice Waters should quit celebrating food-price hikes by Tom Philpott, Grist, April 4, 2009.
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20120202014959/http://news21.jomc.unc.edu/index.php/michael-pollan-interview.html Food and Fossil Fuels] by Melissa Moser, UNC News 21 Project,  , June 25, 2009
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20090929082851/http://www.counterpunch.org/goodman09252009.html Why are Farmers Afraid of Michael Pollan?] by Jim Goodman, CounterPunch, September 25, 2009
  • Michael Pollan on "Food Rules: An Eater’s Manual" – video report by Democracy Now!
  • Pollan Family Table
{{Michael Pollan}}{{veganism}}{{Orwell Award recipients}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Pollan, Michael}}

23 : 1955 births|Living people|Alumni of Mansfield College, Oxford|American botanical writers|American food writers|American male journalists|American magazine editors|American non-fiction environmental writers|American people of Russian-Jewish descent|Jewish American journalists|Bennington College alumni|Columbia University alumni|Journalism teachers|Agrarian theorists|University of California, Berkeley faculty|Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area|20th-century American writers|21st-century American non-fiction writers|Diet food advocates|Activists from California|20th-century American male writers|James Beard Foundation Award winners|Psychedelic drug advocates
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