| 词条 | Michael Steele | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Michael Steele |image = Michael Steele.jpg |office = Chair of the Republican National Committee |term_start = January 30, 2009 |term_end = January 14, 2011 |predecessor = Mike Duncan |successor = Reince Priebus |office1 = 7th Lieutenant Governor of Maryland |governor1 = Bob Ehrlich |term_start1 = January 15, 2003 |term_end1 = January 17, 2007 |predecessor1 = Kathleen Kennedy Townsend |successor1 = Anthony Brown |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|10|19}} |birth_place = {{nowrap|Andrews Field, Maryland, U.S.}} |death_date = |death_place = |party = Republican |spouse = {{marriage|Andrea Derritt|1985}} |children = 2 |education = Johns Hopkins University {{small|(BA)}} Villanova University Georgetown University {{small|(JD)}} |signature = Michael Steele signature.svg }}Michael Stephen Steele (born October 19, 1958) is an American conservative political commentator and former Republican Party politician. Steele served as the seventh lieutenant governor of Maryland from 2003 to 2007; he was the first African-American elected to statewide office in Maryland. As lieutenant governor, Steele chaired the Minority Business Enterprise task force, actively promoting an expansion of affirmative action in the corporate world.[1] Steele also served as chairperson of the Republican National Committee (RNC) from January 2009 until January 2011; he was the first African-American to serve in that capacity.[2] In the 1990s, Steele worked as a partner at the international law firm of LeBoeuf, Lamb, Greene & MacRae and co-founded the Republican Leadership Council, a "fiscally conservative and socially inclusive" political action committee.[3] Steele also made numerous appearances as a political pundit on Fox News and other media outlets prior to running for public office. He made an unsuccessful run in the 2006 U.S. Senate election in Maryland, losing to Democrat Ben Cardin. From 2007 to 2009, Steele was chairman of GOPAC, a 527 organization that trains and supports Republican candidates in state and local elections. After serving one term as RNC Chairperson from 2009 to 2011, he lost his bid for a second term and was succeeded by Reince Priebus.[3] Since 2011, Steele has contributed as a regular columnist for online magazine The Root[4] and as a political analyst for MSNBC.[5] Early lifeSteele was born on October 19, 1958, at Andrews Air Force Base in Prince George's County, Maryland,[6][8] and was adopted as an infant[7] by William and Maebell Steele. His father died in 1962.[8][9] His mother, who had been born into a sharecropping family in South Carolina,[12] worked for minimum wage as a laundress to raise her children. After Steele's father died, she ignored her friends' appeals to apply for public assistance, later telling Steele, "I didn't want the government raising my children".[12] She later married John Turner, a truck driver. Michael and his sister, Monica Turner, were raised in the Petworth neighborhood of Northwest, Washington, D.C., which Steele has described as a small, stable and racially integrated community that insulated him from some of the problems elsewhere in the city.[10] Steele's sister later married and divorced former heavyweight boxing champion Mike Tyson.[11] Steele attended Archbishop Carroll High School in Washington, D.C., participating in the glee club, the National Honor Society and many of the school's drama productions. During his senior year, he was elected student council president.[12] In 1981, Steele received a bachelor's degree in international studies from the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore City, Maryland.[10] After graduating from Hopkins, Steele worked for one year as a high school teacher at Malvern Preparatory School in Pennsylvania, teaching classes in world history and economics.[13] He spent three years preparing for the Catholic priesthood at the Augustinian Friars Seminary at Villanova University,[14] which he left prior to ordination to enter civil service.[15] In 1991, Steele graduated from Georgetown Law School. He failed the Maryland bar exam, but passed the Pennsylvania exam.[16][17] From 1991 to 1997, Steele worked in Washington, D.C., as a corporate securities associate for the Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton international law firm, where he specialized in financial investments for Wall Street underwriters. He left the firm to found the Steele Group, a business and legal consulting firm.[8] Political developmentAfter joining the Republican Party, he became chairman of the Prince George's County Republican Central Committee. He was a founding member of the centrist, fiscally conservative and socially inclusive Republican Leadership Council in 1993 but left in 2008, citing disagreements over endorsing primary candidates.[18] In 1995, the Maryland Republican Party selected him as their Republican Man of the Year.[8] He worked on several political campaigns, was an alternate delegate to the 1996 Republican National Convention and a delegate to the 2000 Republican National Convention.[7] Steele's Maryland biography identifies him as a member of the Tau Epsilon Phi fraternity.[8] In December 2000, he was elected chairman of the Maryland Republican Party, becoming the first African-American ever to be elected chairman of any state Republican Party.[19] Lieutenant Governor of MarylandIn 2002, Robert Ehrlich, who was running for Maryland governor, selected Steele as his running mate for lieutenant governor. The campaign was waged against Democrat Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, who was running for governor, and Charles R. Larson who was running for lieutenant governor. In the September primary election, Ehrlich and Steele had no serious opposition. In the November 2002 general election, the Republican Ehrlich-Steele ticket won, 51 percent to 48 percent, even though Maryland traditionally votes Democratic and had not elected a Republican Governor in almost 40 years. The Townsend-Larson campaign had been tainted by outgoing Democratic governor Parris Glendening's marital problems and backlash due to his strict enforcement of environmental regulations. Steele's most prominent efforts for the Ehrlich administration were reforming the state's Minority Business Enterprise program and chairing the Governor's Commission on Quality Education in Maryland. Steele garnered criticism for his failure to oppose Ehrlich's reinstitution of the death penalty, despite claims of racial inequities in the use of the death penalty, Steele's own religious beliefs and his prior anti-death penalty pronouncements.[29] In 2005, Steele was named an Aspen Institute Rodel Fellow in Public Leadership and was awarded the Bethune-DuBois Institute Award for his continuing efforts to improve the quality education in Maryland.[20] At the 2004 Republican National Convention, Steele gave the Republican counterpoint to Barack Obama's 2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address; it was Steele's first major national exposure. In April 2005, President Bush chose him to be a member of the U.S. delegation at the investiture of Pope Benedict XVI in Vatican City.[21] 2006 campaign for U.S. Senate{{Main|United States Senate election in Maryland, 2006}}When Paul Sarbanes, Maryland's longest-serving United States Senator, announced in March 2005 that he would not be a candidate for re-election in 2006, top state and national Republican officials began pressing Steele to become their party's nominee for the seat.[22] In April 2005, The Baltimore Sun announced the results of a poll it conducted, stating that Steele would run statistically neck and neck against either former NAACP head Kweisi Mfume, or Rep. Benjamin L. Cardin of Baltimore County.[23] Steele formally announced his candidacy for the U.S. Senate on October 25, 2005.[24] Steele won the Republican nomination after facing little opposition in the primary. His opponents were Democrat Ben Cardin and Independent Kevin Zeese (who was endorsed by the Green and Libertarian parties). The three candidates participated in three debates. Cardin primarily attacked Steele over his close relations with President Bush.[25] Steele focused on low taxes, less government spending, free markets and national security.[26] Steele lost the general election to Cardin on November 7, 2006,[27] 44 percent to Cardin's 55 percent. Steele's former campaign finance chairman later alleged improprieties in Steele's handling of campaign funds, which Steele denied.[28] After the senate raceOne day after Steele conceded defeat in the senate election, Chris Cillizza of the Washington Post reported that Steele was hoping to succeed Ken Mehlman as the chairman of the Republican National Committee.[29] Senator Mel Martinez of Florida, who had the endorsement of President George W. Bush, got the position. In February 2007, Steele became chairman of GOPAC, a political action committee that helps fund state and local Republican campaigns around the country and is responsible for training future Republican candidates. He succeeded former U.S. Congressman J.C. Watts, a fellow black Republican. In April 2007, Steele joined the international law firm of Dewey & LeBoeuf, as a partner in the firm's Washington, D.C. office.[30] At a speech given at the Media Research Center's 2007 DisHonors Awards Gala, Steele said: {{quote|I get a question all the time, 'Are you going to run again for office?' And I've thought about that, and I've come to realize that there's still some Democrats out there that I haven't ticked off yet. So, yeah, we're gonna do it again. We're gonna do it again, and all I have to say is, they haven't seen anything yet.[31]}}Steele is considered a possible candidate for Governor of Maryland in the future and said he was "intrigued by the idea" for 2010.[32] He said that he would not run for president in 2012.[33] Steele appeared several times on HBO's political show Real Time with Bill Maher, and was on Comedy Central's talk show The Colbert Report on January 23, 2007.[34] He also hosted a PBS Republican Primary debate in Baltimore, Maryland on September 27, 2007.[35] He coined the phrase "Drill Baby Drill" during the 2008 Republican National Convention in Minnesota, where he promoted offshore drilling as an alternative to dependency on foreign oil.[36] RNC Chairman2009 election{{Main|2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election}}On November 24, 2008, Steele kicked off his campaign for the RNC chairmanship by launching his website.[37] On January 30, 2009, Steele won the chairmanship of the RNC in the sixth round, with 91 votes to Katon Dawson's 77.[38] Steele, the RNC's first African American chairman, was selected in the aftermath of President Obama's election; many in the GOP saw him as a charismatic counter to the nation's first black president.[39] Source: CQPolitics[40] and Poll Pundit[41]
{{Color box|cornflowerblue|border=darkgray}} Candidate won that Round of voting {{Color box|lightgrey|border=darkgray}} Candidate withdrew {{Color box|limegreen|border=darkgray}} Candidate won RNC Chairmanship Leadership dispute with Rush LimbaughOn March 1, 2009, in response to a question on CBS's Face the Nation as to who spoke for the Republican Party, White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel opined that Rush Limbaugh spoke for the Party; Emanuel asserted that "whenever a Republican criticizes [Limbaugh], they have to run back and apologize to him, and say they were misunderstood. He is the voice and the intellectual force and energy behind the Republican Party. And he has been upfront about what he views, and hasn't stepped back from that, which is he hopes for [President Obama's] failure. He said it. And I compliment him for his honesty, but that's their philosophy that is enunciated by Rush Limbaugh."[42][43][44] In remarks aired by the CNN program D.L. Hughley Breaks the News on March 1, 2009, Steele said he, rather than Limbaugh, was "the de facto leader of the Republican Party. Rush Limbaugh is an entertainer. Rush Limbaugh's whole thing is entertainment. Yes, it is incendiary. Yes, it is ugly." On March 2, 2009 Limbaugh said on his radio show that Steele was not fit to lead the Republican Party, asking why Steele claimed "to lead the Republican Party when [he seemed] obsessed with seeing to it President Obama succeeds?"[45] After the show, Steele called Limbaugh to apologize, saying "I have enormous respect for Rush Limbaugh. I was maybe a little bit inarticulate. There was no attempt on my part to diminish his voice or his leadership. I went back at that tape and I realized words that I said weren't what I was thinking. It was one of those things where I thinking I was saying one thing, and it came out differently. What I was trying to say was a lot of people want to make Rush the scapegoat, the bogeyman, and he's not."[46] Steele later issued another statement to say that Limbaugh "is a national conservative leader, and in no way do I want to diminish his voice. I truly apologize."[47] Fire Pelosi Bus TourIn the fall of 2010, Steele launched the "Fire Pelosi Bus Tour,"[48] with the goal of "firing" Speaker Pelosi from her position as Speaker of the House of Representatives by re-establishing a Republican majority in the United States House of Representatives.[49] The tour began on September 15 and lasted six weeks, visiting 48 states in the Continental U.S. and more than 100 cities while covering 14,000 miles.[50][51][52][53] The Tour's purpose was to "encourage votes for Republicans in districts across the nation."[54] The stops in individual districts gave Steele, "known for his bomb-throwing speaking style," an opportunity to fire up local GOP activists.[55] During the tour, "Steele urged party unity" as the Republicans attempted to take over the House of Representatives and end Representative Pelosi's tenure as Speaker of the House.[56] The RNC broke fundraising records by raising over $198 million during the 2010 Congressional cycle; in November 2010, Republicans won 63 House seats (the biggest pickup since 1938) and retook control of the House. The 2010 midterm elections were successful for Steele and the Republicans, as they also took back six Senate seats, seven governorships, and the greatest share of state legislative seats since 1928 (over 600 seats).[57] 2011 election{{Main|2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election}}In December 2010, Steele declared that he would run for re-election as RNC chairman.[3][58] The 2011 Republican National Committee (RNC) chairmanship election was held on January 14, 2011. Steele withdrew from the race after the fourth ballot, urging his supporters to vote for Maria Cino. After seven rounds of balloting, Reince Priebus was elected over Steele, Saul Anuzis, Ann Wagner and Maria Cino.[59]
{{Color box|limegreen|border=darkgray}} Candidate won majority of votes in the round {{Color box|cornflowerblue|border=darkgray}} Candidate secured a plurality of votes in the round {{Color box|lightgrey|border=darkgray}} Candidate withdrew After the chairmanshipAfter his loss in the chairmanship election, Steele was hired by MSNBC to be a regular political analyst as of May 2011.[60] He also was hired to be a columnist for the online magazine The Root, an African-American news and commentary site owned by The Washington Post Company.[61] On C-SPAN's Washington Journal on the Sunday after the 2012 Obama reelection victory, Steele expressed some interest in running for RNC Chairman again. Steele emphasized the need to make conservative minorities feel comfortable and welcome in a party that offered them opportunities to launch political careers in counties and statehouses.[62] In 2018, Steele was named a faculty fellow at Brown University's Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, where he will lead seminars.[63] Political positionsEconomic viewsAs Lieutenant Governor of Maryland, Steele chaired the Governor's Commission on Minority Business Enterprise Reform.[64] Steele criticized the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (stimulus bill).[65] Environment and energySteele denies the scientific consensus on climate change, incorrectly claiming in 2009 that the Earth is "cooling" rather than "the supposed warming."[66][67][68] Opposition to President Donald TrumpSteele was openly critical of Donald Trump during his 2016 presidential campaign and has continued to oppose President Trump during his subsequent administration. In a January 2018 interview on MSNBC, in response to an accusation that President Trump had referred to El Salvador and Haiti as "shithole countries," Steele expressed his belief that the President was "racist."[69] Social viewsIn 2008, Steele said he was opposed to abortion[70] and said he thought Roe v. Wade was "wrongly decided"[71] and "should be overturned."[70] Steele was endorsed by the National Right to Life Committee during his run for Senate in 2006.[70] In a March 2009 interview with GQ, Steele suggested that abortion restrictions should be left to state governments, and stated that he "absolutely" believed there was room for a "pro-choice" candidate in the GOP.[71] This statement prompted criticism from socially conservative Republicans such as Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee and former Ohio Secretary of State Ken Blackwell, as well as the Christian Coalition,[72] and Tony Perkins of the Family Research Council.[73] In response to these critics, Steele suggested that he asked God for patience "so I absolutely don't go out and kick this person's ass.'"[74] In 2008, Steele said that he personally opposes a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, saying that he believes states should decide the issue for themselves. Steele, however, has indicated he would uphold the Republican Party platform and support the amendment. He rates the issue of banning same-sex marriage low in importance.[75][76] In 2009, Steele opposed same-sex civil unions.[77] However, in 2012, Steele said that LGBT couples deserve full privileges and benefits under the law.[78] In a 2006 interview with the Washington Post, Steele commented on gun control: "Society should draw lines. What do you need an assault weapon for, if you're going hunting? That's overkill. But I don't think that means you go to a total ban for those who want to use gun for skeet shooting or hunting or things like that. But what's the point of passing gun laws if we're not going to enforce them? If you want to talk about gun control, that's where you need to start. We've got 300 gun laws on the books right now. At the end of the day, it's about how we enforce the law."[79] In 2009, speaking on illegal immigration, Steel called for the U.S. to "secure our borders first," saying "You cannot begin to address the concerns of the people who are already here unless and until you have made certain that no more are coming in behind them."[80] During his 2006 campaign, Steele said that he only supported stem cell research if it did not result in the destruction of the embryo.[81] In February 2006, Steele compared embryonic stem cell research to medical experiments performed by the Nazis during the Holocaust, remarks for which he later apologized.[82] Wars in Afghanistan and IraqIn July 2010, video footage of Steele was released in which he stated that the Afghan war was "a war of Obama's choosing. If he's such a student of history has he not understood that, you know, that's the one thing you don't do - is engage in a land war in Afghanistan? Everyone who has tried, over a thousand years of history has failed."[83] He also said the war was "not something the United States had actively prosecuted or wanted to engage in."[84] In fact, War in Afghanistan was initiated by George W. Bush in October 2001 in retaliation for the September 11 attacks on New York City and Washington D.C.; Barack Obama increased troop levels there.[85] Steele's comments drew criticism, with neoconservative William Kristol called for Steele's resignation and former George W. Bush adviser Karl Rove calling Steele's comment as "boneheaded."[86] U.S. Senator John McCain of Arizona, the Republican nominee for president in the 2008 election, withdrew his support from Steele, calling Steele's comments "wildly inaccurate ... there is no excuse for them" and saying "I think that Mr. Steele is going to have to assess as to whether he can still lead the Republican Party as chairman of the Republican National Committee."[87] Senator Jim DeMint called upon Steele to apologize and Senator Lindsey Graham said, "It was an uninformed, unnecessary, unwise, untimely comment. This is not President Obama's war, this is America's war. We need to stand behind the president." Former Vice President Dick Cheney's daughter Elizabeth Cheney also called for Steele to resign. However, Congressman Ron Paul, who is known for his generally antiwar stance, in support of Steele said, "Michael Steele has it right, and Republicans should stick by him."[88] In contrast to his position on Afghanistan, Steele has been a supporter of the Iraq War and President George W. Bush's war strategy.[89] During his 2006 campaign, Steele opposed setting a timetable for U.S. withdrawal from Iraq.[90] Steele has criticized President Obama on the issue, complaining that he has "demonized" the Iraq War.[91] Right NowSteele's book, A 12-Step Program for Defeating the Obama Agenda, was released on January 4, 2010; it was published by Regnery Publishing, {{ISBN|978-1-59698-108-9}}. The Associated Press reported that, "Steele focuses much of the book on familiar GOP denunciations of President Barack Obama's overall policies (a roadmap to failure), the $787 billion stimulus bill (a reckless, wasteful, pork-laden spending spree), liberal views on manmade global warming (A threat to life on Earth? Depends on whom you ask) and other issues. To regain the public confidence, Steele says the GOP should, among other things, expose the reign of error inherent in liberal policies, contrast conservative and liberal principles, and highlight the damage caused by Obama's policies while explaining conservative solutions."[92] See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.issues2000.org/Domestic/Michael_Steele_Civil_Rights.htm|title=Michael Steele on Civil Rights|work=issues2000.org|publisher=On the Issues|accessdate=January 28, 2010}} 2. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28914110/|title=Michael Steele wins RNC chairmanship race|agency=Associated Press|date=January 30, 2009|work=msnbc.msn.com|publisher=MSNBC|accessdate=November 13, 2009 }} 3. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://politics.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/12/13/sources-say-steele-will-seek-second-term-rnc-chair|title=Steele Seeks Second Term As RNC Chair|first=Doug|last=McKelway|date=13 December 2010|publisher=|access-date=2010-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214235650/http://politics.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/12/13/sources-say-steele-will-seek-second-term-rnc-chair|archive-date=2010-12-14|dead-url=yes|df=}} 4. ^Politico (2011). "Michael Steele joins The Root as columnist". Retrieved May 2, 2011. 5. ^{{cite news|author=Terbush, Jon |title=Michael Steele Joins MSNBC As Political Analyst |url=http://tpmlivewire.talkingpointsmemo.com/2011/05/former-rnc-chair-michael-steele-joins-msnbc-as-political-analyst.php |date=May 23, 2011 |work=Talking Points Memo LiveWire |publisher=TPM Media |accessdate=January 24, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315012856/http://tpmlivewire.talkingpointsmemo.com/2011/05/former-rnc-chair-michael-steele-joins-msnbc-as-political-analyst.php |archivedate=March 15, 2012 |df= }} 6. ^{{cite press release|title=Nominations and Appointments|url=http://z22.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/03/20020301-8.html|publisher=The White House|date=March 1, 2002|accessdate=January 30, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204074300/http://z22.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/03/20020301-8.html|archivedate=February 4, 2009|deadurl=yes|df=}} 7. ^1 {{Cite journal|url=https://www.usnews.com/articles/news/campaign-2008/2008/04/07/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-michael-steele.html|title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Michael Steele|accessdate=February 4, 2009|journal=U.S. News and World Report|date=April 7, 2008|first=Danielle|last=Burton}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=The GOP's Man With a Mission; Md. Party Chief Michael Steele Hopes to Draw More Blacks Into Fold|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-448673.html|date=May 10, 2001|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=March 30, 2009 }}{{dead link|date=January 2017}} 9. ^{{cite web|last=Depaulo |first=Lisa |title=The Reconstructionist |url=http://men.style.com/gq/blogs/gqeditors/2009/03/the-reconstruct.html |date=March 11, 2009 |work=GQ Editor's Blog |publisher=GQ |accessdate=March 30, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324002929/http://men.style.com/gq/blogs/gqeditors/2009/03/the-reconstruct.html |archivedate=March 24, 2009 }} 10. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last=Duffy|first=Jim|url=http://www.jhu.edu/jhumag/0405web/steele.html|title=Mother Knows Best|journal=Johns Hopkins Magazine|date=April 2005}} 11. ^{{cite news|first=Matthew|last=Mosk|title=Endorsement: Tyson Ready to Enter The Ring for Steele; Boxer Says He Would Fight if It Helped|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/17/AR2006101701304.html|page=B02|work=Washington Post|date=October 18, 2006|accessdate=February 1, 2009 }} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2006-10-22/news/0610220080_1_steele-lieutenant-governor-stump|title=A personality for politics|last1=Skalka|first1=Jennifer|last2=Brown|first2=Matthew Hay|date=October 22, 2006|work=|publisher=The Baltimore Sun|accessdate=January 30, 2010}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.calvertchamber.org/assets/documents/newsletters/200410.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050525204448/http://www.calvertchamber.org/assets/documents/newsletters/200410.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=May 25, 2005 |title=Lt. Governor Michael S. Steele |accessdate=February 17, 2009 |work=The Navigator |format=PDF |page=7 |publisher=Calvert County Chamber of Commerce |date=October 2004 |df= }} 14. ^{{cite news|accessdate=January 30, 2009 |url=http://www.catholic.org/printer_friendly.php?id=31896§ion=Cathcom |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206111549/http://catholic.org/printer_friendly.php?id=31896§ion=Cathcom |dead-url=yes |archive-date=February 6, 2009 |title=Opinion: Michael Steele, Black, Pro-Life Catholic Takes the Helm of the G.O.P. |first=Deacon Keith |last=Fournier |date=January 31, 2009 |work=Catholic Online |df= }} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://blogs.colgate.edu/2009/09/gop-chair-shares-personal-jour.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102061328/http://blogs.colgate.edu/2009/09/gop-chair-shares-personal-jour.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=January 2, 2010 |title=GOP chair shares personal journey in diversity lecture |last=Messenger |first=Brittany |date=September 18, 2009 |work= |publisher=Colgate University |accessdate=January 30, 2010 |df= }} 16. ^{{cite news|last1=Koppelman|first1=Alex|title=Michael Steele, forever failing upward|url=https://www.salon.com/2009/01/30/steele_2/|accessdate=8 November 2017|work=Salon|date=30 January 2009}} 17. ^Jodi Kantor, [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/08/us/politics/08steele.html?hp "New Chairman Boos G.O.P. When He's Not Cheerleading"], The New York Times, March 7, 2009 (in print March 8, 2009, p. A1 NY edition). Retrieved March 8, 2009. 18. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/weblogs/TWSFP/2008/11/michael_steele_i_left_moderate.asp|title=Michael Steele: I Left Moderate Republican Group This Spring|accessdate=February 20, 2009|last=Ham|first=Mary Katherine|authorlink=Mary Katherine Ham|date=November 20, 2008|publisher=The Weekly Standard }} 19. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/mdmanual/08conoff/ltgov/former/html/msa13921.html|title=Michael S. Steele, Maryland Lt. Governor|accessdate=January 14, 2011|work=Maryland Manual Online|publisher=Maryland State Archives|date=September 20, 2006}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.steeleforchairman.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=128 |title=Leader and Party Builder |accessdate=February 4, 2009 |publisher=Michael Steele for RNC Chairman |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203162725/http://steeleforchairman.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=128 |archivedate=February 3, 2009 }} 21. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/04/24/pope.inaugural0425/index.html|title=Vatican prepares to install pope|publisher=CNN|date=April 24, 2005|quote=Florida Gov. Jeb Bush, President Bush's brother, heads the U.S. delegation, which includes Maryland Lt. Gov. Michael Steele; Knights of Columbus CEO Carl A. Anderson; Helen Alvary, an associate professor of law at Catholic University of America; and Frank Hanley, president emeritus of the International Union of Operating Engineers.}} 22. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/26/magazine/326steele.html?ex=1301029200en=d81046cf222230b7ei=5088partner=rssnytemc=rss&pagewanted=all|title=Why Is Michael Steele a Republican Candidate?|accessdate=January 10, 2009|last=Sokolove|first=Michael|date=March 26, 2006|work=New York Times Magazine}} 23. ^{{cite news|first=Andrew A. |last=Green |title=Steele attracts strong support in Senate race |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/local/bal-te.md.senate18apr18,1,240443.story |work= |publisher=The Baltimore Sun |date=April 18, 2005 |accessdate=January 10, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629143919/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/local/bal-te.md.senate18apr18%2C1%2C240443.story |archivedate=June 29, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 24. ^{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6899/is_11_32/ai_n28308469/|title=Michael Steele Announces Run for U.S. Senate|date=November 2005|work=findarticles.com|publisher=National Right to Life News|accessdate=January 31, 2010}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://progressivemaryland.org/files/public/images/SteeleHuggingBush051130.jpg|title=Wayback Machine|date=22 June 2006|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622224926/http://progressivemaryland.org/files/public/images/SteeleHuggingBush051130.jpg|archivedate=22 June 2006|df=}} 26. ^{{cite web|last=Steele |first=Michael |url=http://www.townhall.com/columnists/MichaelSteele/2008/02/07/now_is_the_time_to_act |title=Michael Steele : Now Is the Time to Act |publisher=Townhall.com |date=2008-02-08 |accessdate=2010-01-13}} 27. ^{{cite news|title=Democrat Cardin Wins Open Senate Seat in Maryland, Defeating Republican Steele|publisher=Fox News|date=November 7, 2006|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,228017,00.html|accessdate=November 10, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203184356/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,228017,00.html|archive-date=2009-02-03|dead-url=yes|df=}} 28. ^{{cite news|accessdate=May 14, 2009|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/08/us/politics/08steele.html|title=New G.O.P. Chairman Defends Payment to Sister|date=February 7, 2009|last=Lipton|first=Eric|publisher=The New York Times}} 29. ^{{cite news|last=Cillizza|first=Chris|title=Michael Steele for Republican National Chairman?|date=November 8, 2006|publisher=Washington Post|url=http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thefix/2006/11/steele_for_rnc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110140005/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thefix/2006/11/steele_for_rnc.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=November 10, 2006}} 30. ^{{cite web|accessdate=October 28, 2008 |publisher=Dewey & LeBoeuf LLP |year=2008 |url=http://www.deweyleboeuf.com/michael_steele/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112053647/http://www.deweyleboeuf.com/michael_steele/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=January 12, 2009 |title=Michael S. Steele, Partner }} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mediaresearch.org/notablequotables/dishonor/07/award1.asp#video|title=Former Maryland Lt. Governor Michael Steele accepts the award on behalf of Arthur Sulzberger|format=video|date=March 29, 2007|work=Media Research Center's 20th Anniversary Gala|publisher=Media Research Center|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20081105165949/http://www.mediaresearch.org/notablequotables/dishonor/07/award1.asp#video|archivedate=November 5, 2008|df=}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=26413|title=McCain's Veepstakes: Michael Steele|accessdate=May 9, 2008|last=Gizzi|first=John|date=May 8, 2008|publisher=Human Events}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/republican-michael-steele-rules-out-2012-presidential-race/story?id=9709101|title=Michael Steele rules out presidential run|accessdate=July 21, 2010}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/81195/january-23-2007/michael-steele|title=Michael Steele|format=video of interview with Colbert|accessdate=January 10, 2009|work=Colbert Nation|date=January 23, 2007 }} 35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.keyesarchives.com/play.php?video=29|title=Baltimore, Maryland, presidential debate on PBS|accessdate=January 10, 2009|work=Keyes Archives|publisher=Alan Keyes|date=September 27, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731214717/http://www.keyesarchives.com/play.php?video=29|archivedate=July 31, 2008}} 36. ^{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2008/09/03/steele-gives-gop-delegates-new-cheer-drill-baby-drill/?mod=googlenews_wsj|title=Steele Gives GOP Delegates New Cheer: 'Drill, Baby, Drill!'|accessdate=February 3, 2009|last=Hughes|first=Siobhan|work=Wall Street Journal|date=September 3, 2008}} 37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.politickermd.com/danielreiter/4232/steele-website-goes-live#comment-9959 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126051147/http://www.politickermd.com/danielreiter/4232/steele-website-goes-live#comment-9959 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2009-01-26 |title=Steele Website Goes Live |first=Daniel |last=Reiter |publisher=Politicker.com }} 38. ^{{cite news|last=Burns|first=Alexander|title=It's Steele!|publisher=Politico|date=2009-01-30|url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0109/18216.html|accessdate=2009-01-30}} 39. ^{{cite web| last = West| first = Paul| authorlink =| coauthors =| title = Rivals lining up to run against Republican National Committee chief| work =| publisher = Los Angeles Times| date = December 12, 2010| url = http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-steele-rnc-20101212,0,2661759.story| format =| doi =| accessdate = }} 40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000003021842&cpage=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203003925/http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000003021842&cpage=1 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=February 3, 2009 |title=Republican Choose Michael Steele as Party Chairman |author=CQ Politics |date=January 30, 2009 |df= }} 41. ^{{cite web|url=http://polipundit.com/index.php?p=20632 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202073843/http://polipundit.com/index.php?p=20632 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=February 2, 2009 |title=RNC Chairman Vote: Live Coverage |author=PollPundit.com |date=January 30, 2009 |df= }} 42. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20090505143411/http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000003063742 Transcript: Rahm Emanuel on CBS's 'Face the Nation'], CQ Politics, March 1, 2009 43. ^Limbaugh the Leader? Obama Chief of Staff Calls Talk Show Host a Barrier to Progress {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303040004/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/first100days/2009/03/01/limbaugh-leader-obama-chief-staff-calls-talk-host-barrier-progress/ |date=2009-03-03 }}, Fox News, March 1, 2009 44. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20090304203433/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jhQnx0JN9g6173fjFDB8sGtd4T0wD96LB4E80 White House aide casts Limbaugh as top GOP voice], Associated Press, March 1, 2009 45. ^GOP chairman Steele backs off Limbaugh criticism, CNN, March 2, 2009 46. ^Allen, Mike Steele to Rush: I'm sorry, Politico, March 2, 2009 47. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gxDhf3ih3pg3s69ZTdvps4KpU10gD96MB5500 |title=GOP chairman apologizes for Limbaugh remarks |agency=Associated Press |archive-date=March 6, 2009 |date=March 3, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306211000/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gxDhf3ih3pg3s69ZTdvps4KpU10gD96MB5500 |dead-url=yes }} 48. ^{{cite web|last=Condon |first=Stephanie |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20012940-503544.html|title=GOP to Launch "Fire Pelosi" Bus Tour|publisher=CBS News |date=2010-08-06 |accessdate=2011-02-11}} 49. ^{{cite web|last=Braver|first=Rita|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/10/17/sunday/main6966192.shtml|title=Nancy Pelosi Fires Back|publisher=CBS News |date=2010-10-17 |accessdate=2011-02-11}} 50. ^{{cite web|last=Lester |first=Kerry|url=http://www.dailyherald.com/article/20101014/news/710159585/|title='Fire Pelosi Bus Tour' not joint endeavor|publisher=Daily Herald |date=2010-10-14 |accessdate=2011-02-11}} 51. ^{{cite web|last=Gavin|first=Patrick|url=http://www.politico.com/click/stories/1009/rncs_fire_pelosi_bus_tour.html|title=The List: RNC's 'Fire Pelosi' Bus Tour|publisher=The Politico |date=2010-09-16|accessdate=2011-02-11}} 52. ^{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.cbs19.tv/Global/story.asp?S=13220268|title=RNC's "Fire Pelosi" bus tour stops in Waco|publisher=CBS|date=2010-09-26|accessdate=2011-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229233855/http://www.cbs19.tv/Global/story.asp?S=13220268|archive-date=2012-02-29|dead-url=yes|df=}} 53. ^{{cite web|last=Knickerbocker |first=Brad |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Elections/2010/0915/Michael-Steele-s-Fire-Pelosi-bus-tour-48-states-or-bust|title=Michael Steele's 'Fire Pelosi' bus tour: 48 states or bust|publisher=The Christian Science Monitor |date=2010-09-15|accessdate=2011-02-11}} 54. ^{{cite web|last=Krotzer |first=Chelsea |url=http://billingsgazette.com/news/local/article_16925342-d4f2-11df-9460-001cc4c002e0.html|title=Republican leader urges party faithful to 'Fire Pelosi'|publisher=Billings Gazette |date=2010-10-10 |accessdate=2011-02-11}} 55. ^{{cite web|last=Hamby|first=Peter|url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2010/09/24/steeles-bus-tour-draws-crowds-but-also-critics/|title=Steele's bus tour draws crowds, but also critics|publisher=CNN |date=2010-09-24 |accessdate=2011-02-11}} 56. ^{{cite web|last=Bowman|first=Quinn|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2010/09/rnc-chairman-steele-urges-unity-as-he-prepares-to-fire-pelosi.html|title=RNC Chairman Steele Urges Unity as He Rolls Out 'Fire Pelosi' Bus Tour |publisher=PBS |date=2010-09-15 |accessdate=2011-02-11}} 57. ^Chris Cillizza, "Election 2010: Republicans net 60 House seats, 6 Senate seats and 7 governorships", Washington Post, November 3, 2010. 58. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20009909-503544.html|title=What's Next for Michael Steele and the RNC?|publisher=}} 59. ^{{cite web|last=Shear |first=Michael D. |url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/14/voting-begins-for-rnc-chairman/ |title=Voting Begins for RNC Chairman – NYTimes.com |publisher=Thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com |date=2010-12-19 |accessdate=2011-01-16}} 60. ^{{cite news|author=Terbush, Jon|title=Michael Steele Joins MSNBC As Political Analyst|url=http://talkingpointsmemo.com/news/michael-steele-joins-msnbc-as-political-analyst|date=May 23, 2011|work=Talking Points Memo LiveWire|publisher=TPM Media|accessdate=January 24, 2013}} 61. ^Politico (2011). Michael Steele joins The Root as columnist. Retrieved May 2, 2011. 62. ^[https://archive.is/20130414101130/http://www.c-span.org/Events/Washington-Journal-for-Sunday-November-11/10737435761-0/ "Future of the Republican Party" Presenter: Steve Scully. Washington Journal. C-Span. 2012-11-11. 60 minutes in.] 63. ^{{Cite web|url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2018/08/steele|title=Former RNC chair Michael Steele to join Brown’s Watson Institute|last=August 28|last2=Kiley 401-863-7287|first2=2018 Media contact: Gillian|website=news.brown.edu|language=en|access-date=2019-01-15}} 64. ^Michael S. Steele: Lt.Governor (Republican), 2003-07, Maryland Manual. 65. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/first100days/2009/02/03/americans-reject-want-major-changes-stimulus-poll-finds/|title=Stimulus Backers Face Growing Skepticism Over Need for Government Action|accessdate=3 February 2009|last=Berger|first=Judson|date=February 3, 2009|work=Fox News|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206070752/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/first100days/2009/02/03/americans-reject-want-major-changes-stimulus-poll-finds/|archivedate=6 February 2009|df=}} 66. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/16/steeles-tour-de-force-com_n_175317.html|title=Steele's Tour-De-Force: Compares Obama To Nixon, Declares "Ultimate Political Armageddon," Backs Challenges Against Republicans|date=April 16, 2009|accessdate=March 16, 2009|publisher=Huffington Post }} 67. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Bright-Green/2009/0318/gop-chair-denies-global-warming|title=GOP chair denies global warming|last=O'Carroll|first=Eoin|date=March 18, 2009|work=Bright Green Blog|publisher=Christian Science Monitor|accessdate=23 December 2009}} 68. ^Kate Galbraith, Michael Steele: 'We Are Not Warming', New York Times (March 20, 2009). 69. ^{{cite news|last1=Samuelson|first1=Kate|title=The RNC's First Black Chairman Says Trump Is Racist|url=http://time.com/5101077/donald-trump-racist-michael-steele-shithole-countries/|accessdate=15 January 2018|work=Time|date=January 12, 2018}} 70. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.lifenews.com/nat4642.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223073938/http://www.lifenews.com/nat4642.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=December 23, 2008 |title=Michael Steele Defends His Pro-Life Abortion Views for GOP Chairman Race |last=Ertelt |first=Steven |date=December 8, 2008 |publisher=LifeNews.com |accessdate=November 6, 2009 |df= }} 71. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.gq.com/blogs/the-q/2009/03/-the-reconstructionist-michael-steele.html|title=The Reconstructionist|last=DePaulo|first=Lisa|date=March 11, 2009|publisher=GQ.com|accessdate=February 7, 2010 }} 72. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/12/steele-in-serious-hot-wat_n_174294.html|title=Steele in serious hot water with social conservatives|last=Stein|first=Sam|date=March 12, 2009|accessdate=March 16, 2009|publisher=The Huffington Post}} 73. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/politics/war_room/2009/03/12/huck_steele/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315035958/http://www.salon.com/politics/war_room/2009/03/12/huck_steele/index.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=March 15, 2009 |title=Blackwell, Huckabee Slam Steele Over Abortion |last=Koppelman |first=Alex |publisher=Salon |date=March 12, 2009 |df= }} 74. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/2009/03/12/2009-03-12_gop_chairman_michael_steele_says_talking.html|title=GOP chairman Michael Steele says talking to God keeps him from hurting critics|last=Saltonstall|first=David|date=March 12, 2009|newspaper=New York Daily News}} 75. ^{{cite news|last=Brody|first=David|url=http://www.cbn.com/CBNnews/496960.aspx|title=Michael Steele: Personally Against Federal Marriage Amendment|work=The Brody File|date=December 8, 2008|publisher=CBN (Christian Broadcasting Network)}} 76. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.sovo.com/2009/2-6/news/national/9749.cfm |title=Republicans elect Steele to lead party after losses |accessdate=2009-02-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207153847/http://sovo.com/2009/2-6/news/national/9749.cfm |archivedate=February 7, 2009 }} 77. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0309/19615_Page2.html|title=Where's the Inclusion, Steele?|accessdate=2010-07-08|last=Solmonese|first=Joe|authorlink=Joe Solmonese|publisher=Politico|date=March 5, 2009 }} 78. ^{{cite web|url=http://thinkprogress.org/lgbt/2012/02/24/431918/michael-steele-gay-individuals-should-have-full-privileges-and-benefits/|title=Michael Steele: Gay Individuals Should Have 'Full Privileges And Benefits'|accessdate=May 1, 2013 |last=Ford|first=Zack|publisher=Think Progress|date=February 24, 2012 }} 79. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/audio/2006/10/16/AU2006101600542.html|title=Steele on Gun Control|date=October 16, 2006|work=Washington Post}} 80. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/video-search/m/21821663/michael_steele_on_fns.htm|title=New Republican committee chief says diversity of opinion is something GOP needs to learn how to respect (video and transcript)|work=Fox News Sunday|accessdate=3 February 2009|date=February 2, 2009|publisher=Fox News|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226142123/http://www.foxnews.com/video-search/m/21821663/michael_steele_on_fns.htm|archivedate=26 February 2009|df=}} 81. ^Jim Rutenberg, [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/28/us/28ad.html A Candidate’s Sister Steps in to Defend Him on Stem Cell Issue], New York Times (October 28, 2006). 82. ^{{cite news|last=Altman|first=George|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,184605,00.html|title=Steele Apologizes for Holocaust, Stem Cell Comparison|date=February 12, 2006|publisher=Fox News|access-date=2009-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103030859/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,184605,00.html|archive-date=2012-11-03|dead-url=yes|df=}} 83. ^July 3, 2010, Nation and World, pg 7, "GOP chief hints war is doomed" by Michael Memoli 84. ^{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/07/neo-con-editor-william-kristol-calls-for-rnc-chairman-steel-to-resign/1|title=Neo-con editor William Kristol calls for RNC chairman Steele to resign|accessdate=July 2, 2010|work=USA Today|date=July 2, 2010}} 85. ^George Arney (18 September 2002). "US 'planned attack on Taleban'". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1550366.stm. 86. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/07/02/steele-blames-afghan-war-obama-drawing-calls-resign/|title=Steele Blames Afghan War on Obama, Drawing Calls to Resign|publisher=foxnews.com|date=2010-07-02}} 87. ^Taegan Goddard (4 July 2010). "McCain Pulls Support from Steele". Political Wire. {{cite web |url=http://politicalwire.com/archives/2010/07/04/mccain_pulls_support_from_steele.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-07-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707235447/http://politicalwire.com/archives/2010/07/04/mccain_pulls_support_from_steele.html |archivedate=2010-07-07 |df= }}. 88. ^Chris McGreal (5 July 2010). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/05/republicans-chairman-afghan-michael-steele Republicans call for party chairman to quit over Afghan remarks]. The Guardian. 89. ^Jennifer Skalka & Matthew Hay Brown, A personality for politics: Steele's reviews are mixed, but his charisma puts him at center stage, Baltimore Sun (October 22, 2006). 90. ^Matthew Hay Brown, Two-thirds of Md. voters support Iraq withdrawal, Baltimore Sun (September 25, 2006). 91. ^Juan Cole, Steele blames Obama for Afghanistan, Defends Iraq War, Informed Comment (July 3, 2010). 92. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/01/05/gop-chief-republicans-screwed-reagan/|title=GOP Chief: Republicans 'Screwed Up' After Reagan|work=Fox News|agency=Associated Press|date=Jan 5, 2010|accessdate=Apr 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413164155/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/01/05/gop-chief-republicans-screwed-reagan/|archive-date=2014-04-13|dead-url=yes|df=}}
External links{{Commons category}}
|-{{s-ppo}}{{s-bef|before=Paul Rappaport}}{{s-ttl|title=Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Maryland (Class 1)|years=2006}}{{s-aft|after=Dan Bongino}} |-{{s-bef|before=J. C. Watts}}{{s-ttl|title=Chair of GOPAC|years=2007–2009}}{{s-aft|after=Frank Donatelli}} |-{{s-bef|before=Mike Duncan}}{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the Republican National Committee|years=2009–2011}}{{s-aft|after=Reince Priebus}}{{s-end}}{{MSNBC personalities}}{{Lieutenant Governors of Maryland}}{{RNCchairmen}}{{Republican National Committee Chairmanship election, 2009}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Steele, Michael}} 23 : 1958 births|Michael Steele|21st-century American politicians|African-American Catholics|African-American people in Maryland politics|American adoptees|American lawyers|American Roman Catholics|Candidates in the 2002 United States elections|Candidates in the 2006 United States elections|Catholics from Maryland|Georgetown University Law Center alumni|Johns Hopkins University alumni|Lieutenant Governors of Maryland|Living people|Maryland Republicans|MSNBC people|People associated with Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton|People from Prince George's County, Maryland|People from Washington, D.C.|Republican National Committee chairmen|State political party chairs of Maryland|Tau Epsilon Phi |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。