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词条 Star Wars expanded to other media
释义

  1. Overview

  2. Publication history

     1976–1991: Early works  1991–1999: Thrawn trilogy and expansion  1999–2012: Prequel trilogy and renewed interest  Holocron database and canonicity  2012–present: Restructuring of the canon and the sequel trilogy 

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. External links

{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2015}}{{DISPLAYTITLE:Star Wars expanded to other media}}

Star Wars expanded to other media includes all Star Wars fictional material produced by Lucasfilm or officially licensed by it outside of the original Star Wars films and television series. Intended as an enhancement to and extension of the theatrical films produced by George Lucas, the spin-off material was moderated by Lucasfilm, and Lucas reserved the right to both draw from and contradict it in his own works. This includes an array of derivative Star Wars works produced in conjunction with, between, and after the original trilogy (1977–1983), prequel trilogy (1999–2005), and sequel trilogy (2015–2019) of films, and includes books, comic books, video games, and television series.

Material produced prior to 2014 were known as the Star Wars Expanded Universe (SWEU or EU), later rebranded to Star Wars Legends, with the exception of the 2008 The Clone Wars animated film and TV series (not to be confused with the 2003 cartoon series Clone Wars), and with most works produced after 2014 part of the official canon as defined by Lucasfilm.

Overview

The Star Wars space opera media franchise began with Lucas's 1977 film Star Wars, which is set "a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away" and chronicles the attempt by the characters Luke Skywalker, Princess Leia, Han Solo, and the Wookiee Chewbacca—assisted by the Jedi Obi-Wan Kenobi and the droids C-3PO and R2-D2—to thwart the evil plans of Sith Lord Darth Vader and the Galactic Empire. The film was followed by multiple sequel and prequel films.

Along the production of the films were an array of derivative Star Wars works (set in the same continuity as the films), including books, comic books, video games, and television series, which take place at the same time as, between, and after the events of the original trilogy (1977–1983) and prequel trilogy (1999–2005).

All non-film material produced prior to 2014 was branded as the Star Wars Expanded Universe (SWEU or EU), and was intended as an enhancement to and extension of the Star Wars theatrical films produced by George Lucas; the continuity of all Expanded Universe material was moderated by Lucasfilm, and Lucas reserved the right to both draw from and contradict it in his own works.

Although the Star Wars film series itself has never been rebooted, a decision was made, due to works set after the original trilogy that contradict and deviate from Lucas' own view of the Star Wars story, to discard the EU works from the franchise canon. Lucas decided to cease creative involvement after selling, in October 2012, the Star Wars franchise as well as Lucasfilm (the production company of Star Wars) to The Walt Disney Company. When Disney began development of a sequel trilogy of films and other works, and needed its films to have full creative freedom unbound by the EU, nearly all EU works were removed from Star Wars franchise canon and rebranded as Star Wars Legends. (The two 2008 EU works which remained in canon were Star Wars: The Clone Wars animated film and its TV series.)

Most of the non-film works produced after April 2014 are part of the official Lucasfilm canon.

In April 2014 Lucasfilm officially decreed prior expanded universe content non-canonical, and christened it Star Wars Legends, with a new company division, Lucasfilm Story Group, ensuring that all forthcoming comics, books, games and other media were non-contradictory and true to one another, other canonical media, and the story of the films themselves. From that point onward the official Star Wars canon was clarified to include the Star Wars theatrical films and The Clone Wars animated film and TV series. Works which have since been produced include the Rebels animated TV series, the 2015 film The Force Awakens and its 2017 sequel The Last Jedi, the 2016 anthology film Rogue One, the 2017 video game Star Wars Battlefront II, the 2018 film A Star Wars Story, and a number of novels and comic book series.

Publication history

1976–1991: Early works

From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker, Alan Dean Foster's novelization of the original 1977 film Star Wars, was released six months before the film in November 1976.[1] Based on [https://web.archive.org/web/20150424115610/http://www.guerrestellari.net/athenaeum/saga_menuevoluzione_menuscript_anh_6.html George Lucas's 1976 version] of the screenplay, it was ghostwritten by Foster but credited to Lucas. Lucas commissioned Foster's subsequent 1978 novel Splinter of the Mind's Eye as the basis for a potential low-budget sequel to Star Wars if that film proved unsuccessful.[2] Foster's works were followed by the film novelizations The Empire Strikes Back by Donald F. Glut (1980) and Return of the Jedi by James Kahn (1983), as well as the two trilogies The Han Solo Adventures by Brian Daley (1979–1980),[3] and 1983's The Adventures of Lando Calrissian by L. Neil Smith.[4][5]

Running from April 1977 to May 1986,[6][7][8] the Star Wars comic book series from Marvel Comics met with such strong sales that former Marvel editor-in-chief Jim Shooter credited it with saving Marvel financially in 1977 and 1978.[9] Marvel's series became one of the industry's top selling titles in 1979 and 1980.[10]

Two spin-off television films focusing on the life of the Ewoks, creatures introduced in Return of the Jedi, aired in 1984 and 1985. The 1985 animated television series Droids (released on DVD in 2004 as Star Wars Animated Adventures: Droids) featured the exploits of R2-D2 and C-3PO, the droids who have appeared in all the Saga films. The series takes place between the events which were to be depicted in Revenge of the Sith and the original Star Wars (by then subtitled, A New Hope). In 1986, Marvel Comics' Star Comics imprint published a comic book based on the cartoon series under the name Star Wars: Droids. The bi-monthly series ran for eight issues.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} The American/Canadian animated television series Star Wars: Ewoks aired for two seasons between 1985 and 1986. In 1985, Star Comics published a bi-monthly Ewoks comic, based on the animated series, which ran for two years, ending with issue #14. Like the TV series, this was aimed towards a younger audience. It was produced along with Droids, which was based on the Droids animated series.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

West End Games began publishing The Roleplaying Game in 1987, and the subsequent ancillary roleplaying game material such as sourcebooks, gamebooks, and adventure modules have been called "the first publications to expand greatly beyond what was known from the vintage era of the movies".[11] The material was used as a resource by some novelists that followed.[11]

1991–1999: Thrawn trilogy and expansion

The 1991 Timothy Zahn novel Heir to the Empire, which reached #1 on the New York Times Best Seller list,[12] began what would become a large collection of works set before, between, and especially after the original films.[13] StarWars.com wrote in 2014 that the novel "jumpstarted a publishing program that endures to this day and formalized the Expanded Universe".[13] It introduced, among others, the popular characters Grand Admiral Thrawn and Mara Jade, and was followed by the sequels Dark Force Rising (1992) and The Last Command (1993).[13][14] This so-called "Thrawn trilogy" is widely credited with revitalizing the Star Wars franchise.[13][15][16] In The Secret History of Star Wars, Michael Kaminski suggests that this renewed interest was a factor in Lucas's decision to create the prequel trilogy.[16]

Around this same time, Dark Horse Comics acquired the Star Wars license and launched a number of series set after the original film trilogy, including the popular Dark Empire sequence (1991–1995) by Tom Veitch and Cam Kennedy.[17] In 1993, Dark Horse published Tales of the Jedi, expanding the fictional universe to the time of the Old Republic, 4000 years before the films. The series spawned many other productions, including books and comics, and a popular online role-playing game.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

In 1994, Lucas Licensing's Allan Kausch and Sue Rostoni discussed the relationship between Lucas' creations and the derivative works by other authors:

{{quote|Gospel, or canon as we refer to it, includes the screenplays, the films, the radio dramas and the novelizations. These works spin out of George Lucas' original stories, the rest are written by other writers. However, between us, we've read everything, and much of it is taken into account in the overall continuity. The entire catalog of published works comprises a vast history—with many off-shoots, variations and tangents—like any other well-developed mythology.[18]}}

The 1996 Steve Perry novel Shadows of the Empire, set in the as-yet-unexplored time period between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, was part of a multimedia campaign that included a comic book series and video game.[19][20]

In 1999, Star Wars book publishing moved from Bantam Spectra to Del Rey Books. A new series set 25 to 30 years after the original films, The New Jedi Order (1999–2003), was written by multiple authors and introduced a new threat: the Yuuzhan Vong, a powerful alien race attempting to invade and conquer the entire galaxy.[21][22] The first novel in the series, R. A. Salvatore's Vector Prime, killed off popular character Chewbacca.[23]

1999–2012: Prequel trilogy and renewed interest

Before 1999, the bulk of Expanded Universe storytelling explored the time periods either after Return of the Jedi or long before A New Hope (i.e. the Tales of the Jedi series). Lucasfilm specifically prohibited development of the time period shortly before the original trilogy—including the rise of the Galactic Empire and the personal histories of Anakin Skywalker and Emperor Palpatine—to avoid conflict with Lucas's own plans for a potential prequel trilogy.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} Lucas eventually released Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999), Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2002), and Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005),[24] punctuated by the 2003 animated series Clone Wars, which explored the titular conflict in more detail.[25][26] Subsequent novels, comics, and games were set before, concurrent with, and after the events of these works.

As of 2004, over 1,100 Star Wars titles had been published, including novels, comics, non-fiction, and magazines. Then-president of Lucas Licensing, Howard Roffman, estimated that there were more than 65 million Star Wars books in print. He said, "The books are a way of extending the fantasy of Star Wars. The movies have had a really profound effect on a couple of generations. Star Wars has become a cultural touchpoint, and our fans are avidly interested in exploring more stories."[22]

The animated television series The Clone Wars ran from 2008 to 2014 and was set between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith.[27][28][29][30] This new series grew from earlier lore, such as Anakin having been knighted early in the war,[31] and revealed that he was assigned a Padawan learner, Ahsoka Tano. Lucas discussed ideas for a sequel trilogy several times after the conclusion of the original trilogy, but denied any intent to make it after completing the original trilogy.[32][33]

Holocron database and canonicity

Originally, Lucasfilm tracked the storylines and content of the Expanded Universe in story bibles. In 2000, Leland Chee was hired as Continuity Database Administrator for Lucas Licensing, and implemented a database called the Holocron,[34][35][36][37] a term used within the fictional Star Wars universe for "ancient repositories of knowledge and wisdom".[38] Lucasfilm's Holocron consists of over 55,000 entries for franchise characters, locations, species, and vehicles.[34] Chee said of the database in 2012, "What sets Star Wars apart from other franchises is that we develop a singular continuity across all forms of media, whether it be the films, TV series, video games, novels and comics, and the Holocron is a key component to Lucasfilm being able to do this."[39]

The Holocron was divided into five levels of canon (in order of precedence):

  • G-canon was "George Lucas canon": Episodes I–VI (the released films at that time) overrode the lower levels of canonicity,[40] even when referencing elements introduced in other media. In the words of Leland Chee: "George's view of the universe is his view. He's not beholden to what's gone before."[36]
  • T-canon was Television canon: The canonicity level comprising the animated film The Clone Wars and television series of the same name, which Lucas co-created.[40]
  • {{visible anchor|C-canon}} was Continuity canon: Most of the material from the Expanded Universe including books, comics, and video games.[40] The creation of stories that introduced radical changes in the continuity, like The Force Unleashed video game (which introduced Darth Vader's secret apprentice), required Lucas's approval, and he spent hours explaining the character relationships to the developers.[36]
  • S-canon was Secondary canon: Any element introduced in Continuity canon that was contradicted by other material.[40] The Holiday Special is an example, except for elements referenced in higher levels of canon.[36][41]
  • D-canon was Detours canon: Elements of the unreleased show Detours, though primarily intended as a parody of the franchise, were to follow a serial storyline that existed in a low level of canon.[42]
  • N-canon was Non-canon: "What if" stories (such as the first 20 issues of the Star Wars Tales comic anthology), crossover appearances (such as Star Wars character appearances in Soulcalibur IV), game statistics, and anything else directly contradicted by higher levels of canon.[40]

Lucas Licensing's managing editor Sue Rostoni said in 2001, "Our goal is to present a continuous and unified history of the Star Wars galaxy, insofar as that history does not conflict with, or undermine the meaning of Mr. Lucas's Star Wars saga of films and screenplays."[43] Director of Fan Relations Steve Sansweet clarified:

{{quote|"When it comes to absolute canon, the real story of Star Wars, you must turn to the films themselves—and only the films. Even novelizations are interpretations of the film, and while they are largely true to George Lucas' vision (he works quite closely with the novel authors), the method in which they are written does allow for some minor differences ... The further one branches away from the movies, the more interpretation and speculation come into play. LucasBooks works diligently to keep the continuing Star Wars expanded universe cohesive and uniform, but stylistically, there is always room for variation."[44]}}

In August 2005, Lucas said of the Expanded Universe:

{{quote|"I don't read that stuff. I haven't read any of the novels. I don't know anything about that world. That's a different world than my world. But I do try to keep it consistent. The way I do it now is they have a Star Wars Encyclopedia. So if I come up with a name or something else, I look it up and see if it has already been used. When I said [other people] could make their own Star Wars stories, we decided that, like Star Trek, we would have two universes: My universe and then this other one. They try to make their universe as consistent with mine as possible, but obviously they get enthusiastic and want to go off in other directions."[45]}}

2012–present: Restructuring of the canon and the sequel trilogy

In October 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm for $4.06 billion.[46][47][35] Subsequently, Lucasfilm formed the "Star Wars Story Group", which was established to keep track of and define the canon and unify the films, comics, and other media.[48][49] Among its members are Chee, Kiri Hart, and Pablo Hidalgo.[50] To prevent a planned sequel trilogy from being beholden to and restrained by the plotlines of the Expanded Universe works, the choice was made to discard that continuity. In particular, Chee said that the death of Chewbacca in Vector Prime was a key factor in the decision.[23]

In April 2014, Lucasfilm rebranded the Expanded Universe material as Star Wars Legends and declared it non-canonical to the franchise. Chee said in a 2014 Twitter post that a "primary goal" of the Story Group would be to replace the previous hierarchical canon with one cohesive one.[49] The company's focus would be shifted towards a restructured Star Wars canon based on new material.[51][52][53] Lucasfilm explained that the only preexisting works to be considered canonical within the franchise would be the primary episodic films, and The Clone Wars film and TV series.[54] The announcement called these works "the immovable objects of Star Wars history, the characters and events to which all other tales must align."[51][52] It was also made clear that a planned Star Wars sequel trilogy, and subsequent works developed within the restructured canon, would not be based on Legends material but could possibly draw from it.[51][52][55] There was some fan backlash against this decision, with one group successfully campaigning to buy a billboard pleading for Lucasfilm to continue the original Expanded Universe separately from the new canon.[56]

Lucas had previously brought some Legends elements into the film continuity. Dash Rendar's Outrider from Shadows of the Empire appeared in the Special Edition release of A New Hope. He also used Coruscant, the New Republic capital planet created by Zahn in the Thrawn trilogy, in his prequel trilogy of films and the Special Edition of Return of the Jedi.[13][57] The character Aayla Secura, introduced in 2000 in the Republic comic book series, appeared in Attack of the Clones.[58][59][60] Thrawn was reintroduced into the canon in the 2016 third season of the CGI-animated television series Rebels.[58][61][62][63] Its supervising director Dave Filoni has used multiple characters and elements from Legends works in the series.[58][60] Filoni explained that he followed Lucas's example in considering the films and television series canon, but allowing for the incorporation of Legends material.[58][60]

The first new canonical novel was A New Dawn by John Jackson Miller, published in September 2014,[64] followed by the animated series Star Wars Rebels a month later.[65] Marvel Comics began publishing a series of Star Wars comic book titles in January 2015.[66][67][68] The Force Awakens was released in December 2015, and marked the beginning of the sequel trilogy of films.[69] Since then, multiple films have been released, including spin-offs Rogue One in 2016 and A Star Wars Story, 2018; as well as the second sequel trilogy film, The Last Jedi, in 2017.

The new expanded universe has continued to grow since then, including dozens of novels; comics from Marvel and IDW; and new games like Battlefront II.[70] In addition, multiple new series have been announced, including Resistance, an anime-inspired television series which premiered in fall 2018;[71] The Mandalorian, a post-Return of the Jedi live-action series written by Jon Favreau which will premiere in late 2019 on the Disney streaming service Disney+;[72] and a final season of The Clone Wars animated series, which will also be released on the streaming service.[73]

See also

{{Portal|Star Wars}}
  • List of Star Wars Legends characters

References

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7. ^{{cite journal|date=April 1977|title=Star Wars|journal=The Comic Reader|issue=142}}
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9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jimshooter.com/2011/07/roy-thomas-saved-marvel.html|title=Roy Thomas Saved Marvel|last=Shooter|first=Jim|authorlink=Jim Shooter|date=July 5, 2011|publisher=Jimshooter.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912134444/http://www.jimshooter.com/2011/07/roy-thomas-saved-marvel.html|archivedate=September 12, 2015|deadurl=yes|quote=In the most conservative terms, it is inarguable that the success of the Star Wars comics was a significant factor in Marvel’s survival through a couple of very difficult years, 1977 and 1978. In my mind, the truth is stated in the title of this piece.}}
10. ^{{Citation|last = Miller|first = John Jackson|authorlink = John Jackson Miller|title = Gone but not forgotten: Marvel Star Wars series kept franchise fans guessing between films |newspaper = Comics Buyer's Guide|issue = 1216|page = 46|date = March 7, 1997|location= Iola, Wisconsin|quote= The industry's top seller? We don't have complete information from our Circulation Scavenger Hunt for the years 1979 and 1980, but a very strong case is building for Star Wars as the industry's top-selling comic book in 1979 and its second-place seller (behind Amazing Spider-Man) in 1980.}}
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22. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2004-06-23-star-wars-books_x.htm |work=USA Today |title=Star Wars books are soldiering on |first=Dinah |last=Eng |date=June 23, 2004 |accessdate=February 28, 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120080800/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2004-06-23-star-wars-books_x.htm |archivedate=November 20, 2013}}
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33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-lucas7-2008may07,0,7983947.story|title=George Lucas: Star Wars won't go beyond Darth Vader|last=Boucher|first=Geoff|date=May 7, 2008|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=February 28, 2017}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://starwarsblog.starwars.com/index.php/2012/07/20/what-is-the-holocron/ |title=What is the Holocron? |last=Chee |first=Leland |website=StarWars.com |date=July 20, 2012 |accessdate=August 3, 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128165235/http://starwarsblog.starwars.com/index.php/2012/07/20/what-is-the-holocron/ |archivedate=November 28, 2012 |deadurl=yes}}
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External links

  • {{Official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20080701034646/http://www.starwars.com/eu/}} (Archived)
  • {{sww|Expanded Universe}}
{{Template group
|title = Articles related to Star Wars expanded to other media
|list ={{Star Wars}}{{Star Wars universe}}{{Star Wars Legends novels}}{{Star Wars comics}}
}}

3 : Canons (fiction)|Star Wars Legends|Fictional universes

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