“Michio Kaku”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Michio Kaku ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|iː|tʃ|i|oʊ|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|k|uː}}; born January 24, 1947) is an American theoretical physicist, futurist, and popularizer of science (science communicator). He is a professor of theoretical physics in the City College of New York and CUNY Graduate Center. Kaku has written several books about physics and related topics, has made frequent appearances on radio, television, and film, and writes online blogs and articles. He has written four New York Times best sellers: Physics of the Impossible (2008), Physics of the Future (2011), The Future of the Mind (2014).

Kaku has hosted several TV specials for the BBC, the Discovery Channel, the History Channel, and the Science Channel.

Early life

Kaku was born in San Jose, California, to second-generation Japanese-American parents.^[2] His father and mother were both born in California; his father was born in Palo Alto, and his mother in Marysville. Both his parents were interned in the Tule Lake War Relocation Center during World War II, where they met and where his older brother was born.

While attending Cubberley High School in Palo Alto, Kaku assembled a particle accelerator in his parents' garage for a science fair project.{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}} His admitted goal was to generate "a beam of gamma rays powerful enough to create antimatter." At the National Science Fair in Albuquerque, New Mexico, he attracted the attention of physicist Edward Teller, who took Kaku as a protégé, awarding him the Hertz Engineering Scholarship. Kaku graduated summa cum laude from Harvard University in 1968 and was first in his physics class.{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}} He attended the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley, and received a Ph.D. in 1972, and that same year held a lectureship at Princeton University.

Kaku, who was about to be drafted, joined the United States Army in 1968-1970 during the Vietnam War. He completed his basic training at Fort Benning, Georgia, and advanced infantry training at Fort Lewis, Washington.^[4] However, he was never deployed to Vietnam.^[5]

Academic career

As part of the research program in 1975 and 1977 at the department of physics at The City College of The City University of New York, Kaku worked on research on quantum mechanics.^[6]^[7] He was a Visitor and Member (1973 and 1990) at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and New York University. He currently holds the Henry Semat Chair and Professorship in theoretical physics at the City College of New York.^[8]

Kaku had a role in breaking the SSFL (Santa Susana Field Laboratory) story in 1979.{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}} The Santa Susana facility run by RocketDyne was responsible for an experimental sodium reactor which had an accident in Simi Valley in the 1950s. Kaku was a student involved in breaking the story of the leak of radiation.{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}}

Kaku has had more than 70 articles published in physics journals such as Physical Review, covering topics such as superstring theory, supergravity, supersymmetry, and hadronic physics.^[9] In 1974, Kaku and Prof. Keiji Kikkawa of Osaka University co-authored the first papers describing string theory in a field form.^[10]

Kaku is the author of several textbooks on string theory and quantum field theory.

Popular science

Kaku is most widely known as a popularizer of science^[11] and physics outreach specialist. He has written books and appeared on many television programs as well as film. He also hosts a weekly radio program.

Books

Radio

Kaku is the host of the weekly one-hour radio program Exploration, produced by the Pacifica Foundation's WBAI in New York. Exploration is syndicated to community and independent radio stations and makes previous broadcasts available on the program's website. Kaku defines the show as dealing with the general topics of science, war, peace and the environment.

In April 2006, Kaku began broadcasting Science Fantastic on 90 commercial radio stations in the United States. It is syndicated by Talk Radio Network and now{{when|date=January 2014}} reaches 130 radio stations and America's Talk on XM and remains the only nationally syndicated science radio program. Featured guests include Nobel laureates and top researchers in the fields of string theory, time travel, black holes, gene therapy, aging, space travel, artificial intelligence and SETI. When Kaku is busy filming for television, Science Fantastic goes on hiatus, sometimes for several months. Kaku is also a frequent guest on many programs, where he is outspoken in all areas and issues he considers of importance, such as the program Coast to Coast AM where, on November 30, 2007, he reaffirmed his belief that the existence of extraterrestrial life is a certainty.^[13] During the debut of Art Bell's new radio show Dark Matter on September 16, 2013, Bell referred to Kaku as "the next Carl Sagan", referring to Kaku's similar ability to explain complex science so anyone can understand it.

Kaku has appeared on many mainstream talk shows, discussing popular fiction such as Back to the Future, Lost, and the theories behind the time travel these and other fictional entertainment focus on.

Television and film

Kaku has appeared in many forms of media and on many programs and networks, including Good Morning America, The Screen Savers, Larry King Live, 60 Minutes, Imus In The Morning, Nightline, 20/20, Naked Science, CNN, ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, Al Jazeera English, Fox News Channel, The History Channel, Conan, The Science Channel, The Discovery Channel, TLC, Countdown with Keith Olbermann, The Colbert Report, The Art Bell Show and its successor, Coast to Coast AM, BBC World News America, The Covino & Rich Show, Head Rush, Late Show with David Letterman, and Real Time with Bill Maher. He was interviewed for two PBS documentaries, The Path to Nuclear Fission: The Story of Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn and Out from the Shadows: The Story of Irène Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot-Curie, which were produced and directed by his former WBAI radio colleague Rosemarie Reed.^[14]

In 1999, Kaku was one of the scientists profiled in the feature-length film Me & Isaac Newton, directed by Michael Apted. It played theatrically in the United States, was later broadcast on national TV, and won several film awards.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}

In 2005, Kaku appeared in the short documentary film Obsessed & Scientific about the possibility of time travel and the people who dream about it. It screened at the Montreal World Film Festival; a feature film expansion is in development talks. Kaku also appeared in the ABC documentary Seeing Is Believing, in which he suggested that while he believes it is extremely unlikely that extraterrestrials have ever actually visited Earth, we must keep our minds open to the possible existence of civilizations a million years ahead of us in technology, where entirely new avenues of physics open up. He also discussed the future of interstellar exploration and alien life in the Discovery Channel special Alien Planet as one of the multiple speakers who co-hosted the show, and Einstein's Theory of Relativity on The History Channel.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

In February 2006, Kaku appeared as presenter in the BBC-TV four-part documentary Time which seeks to explore the mysterious nature of time. Part one of the series concerns personal time, and how we perceive and measure the passing of time. The second in the series deals with cheating time, exploring possibilities of extending the lifespan of organisms. The geological time covered in part three explores the ages of the Earth and the Sun. Part four covers the topics of cosmological time, the beginning of time and the events that occurred at the instant of the big bang.

On January 28, 2007, Kaku hosted the Discovery Channel series 2057. This three-hour program discussed how medicine, the city, and energy could change over the next 50 years.

In 2008, Kaku hosted the three-hour BBC-TV documentary Visions of the Future, on the future of computers, medicine, and quantum physics, and he appeared in several episodes of the History Channel's Universe series.

On December 1, 2009, he began hosting a 12-episode weekly TV series for the Science Channel at 10 pm, called Physics of the Impossible, based on his best-selling book. Each 30-minute episode discusses the scientific basis behind imaginative schemes, such as time travel, parallel universes, warp drive, star ships, light sabers, force fields, teleportation, invisibility, death stars, and even superpowers and flying saucers. Each episode includes interviews with the world's top scientists working on prototypes of these technologies, interviews with science fiction fans, clips from science fiction movies, and special effects and computer graphics. Although these inventions are impossible today, the series discusses when these technologies might become feasible in the future.

In 2010, he began to appear in a series on the website Gametrailers.com called Science of Games, discussing the scientific aspects of various popular video games such as Mass Effect 2 and The Force Unleashed.

Kaku's popularity in American culture can largely be attributed to his charismatic way of explaining complex scientific theories in layman's terms. While his technical writings are confined to theoretical physics, his public speaking and media appearances cover a broad range of topics, from the Kardashev scale to more esoteric subjects such as wormholes and time travel. In January 2007, Kaku visited Oman. While there, he talked at length to select members of that country's decision makers. In an interview with local media, Kaku elaborated on his vision of mankind's future. Kaku considers climate change and terrorism as serious threats in man's evolution from a Type 0 civilization to Type 1 on the Kardashev scale.^[15]

He is featured in Symphony of Science's songs, "The Quantum World", "Our Place in the Cosmos", "The Secret of the Stars", and "Monsters of the Cosmos"

On October 11, 2010, Michio Kaku appeared in the BBC program "What Happened Before the Big Bang" (along with Laura Mersini-Houghton, Andrei Linde, Roger Penrose, Lee Smolin, Neil Turok, and other notable cosmologists and physicists), where he propounded his theory of the universe created out of nothing.^[16]

Over January 22–25, 2011, Kaku was invited to the fifth annual Global Competitiveness Forum (GCF), held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, next to renowned specialists including the British journalist Nick Pope, the Canadian ufologist Stanton Friedman, and the French astrophysicist Jacques Vallée.^[17]

Kaku appears on the DVD and Blu-ray extras of the 2012 version of Total Recall, discussing the technological aspects of the future explored in the film.

Web series

In 2018, Kaku hosts the web series Next World with Michio Kaku on CuriosityStream.

Policy advocacy and activism

Kaku has publicly stated his concerns over matters including people denying the anthropogenic cause of global warming, nuclear armament, nuclear power and what he believes to be the general misuse of science.^[18] He was critical of the Cassini–Huygens space probe because of the {{convert|72|lb|kg}} of plutonium contained in the craft for use by its radioisotope thermoelectric generator. Conscious of the possibility of casualties if the probe's fuel were dispersed into the environment during a malfunction and crash as the probe was making a 'sling-shot' maneuver around Earth, Kaku publicly criticized NASA's risk assessment.^[19] He has yet to comment on the successful mission.

His remark from an interview in support of SETI, "We could be in the middle of an intergalactic conversation... and we wouldn't even know", is used in the third Symphony of Science installment "Our Place in the Cosmos". Michio Kaku is also a member of the CuriosityStream Advisory Board.^[20]

Personal life

Kaku is married to Shizue Kaku and has two daughters, Alyson and Michelle.^[21]^[22]

In popular culture

In 2001 the British rock band Muse released their Origin of Symmetry album. The theme and name of the album is based on Kaku's book Hyperspace.^[24]

Works

Filmography

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book|last1=Drew|first1=Bernard Alger|title=100 Most Popular Nonfiction Authors: Biographical Sketches and Bibliographies|date=2008|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|isbn=9781591584872|page=189}}
2. ^Michio Kaku – Time: 3 – Earthtime, BBC MMIV
3. ^Skyward Interview: "Michio Kaku, String Symphonies" by Owen Pye, in JAL Skyward Magazine (February 2010)
4. ^{{cite book|last=Kaku|first=Michio|title=Hyperspace: a scientific odyssey through parallel universes, time warps, and the tenth dimension|publisher=Oxford University Press US|date=1994|isbn=0-19-508514-0|url=https://books.google.com/?id=_HBtAHuG6dwC&pg=PA164&dq=%22michio+kaku%22+%22fort+benning%22#v=onepage&q=|pages=146}}
5. ^Physicist Dr. Michio Kaku captivates student audience BY SANDHIYA KANNAN / MARCH 27, 2014. "Then, by ’69, ’70, the war was beginning to wind down, and then my doctor found that I had too much sugar in my blood – I said, why didn’t you find that before? So I wrote a letter to my draft board saying that I’m ‘not fit’ to be part of the infantry because there’s too much sugar in my blood, I’m borderline, not really diabetic. All of a sudden, it was as if a voice up there said, ‘I’m going to give you back your life. You were destined to die on some unnamed hill in Vietnam; unsung, just buried in mud, forgotten by everybody. That was your destiny.’ But something happened; somebody up there changed their mind."
6. ^Kaku, Michio. "Ghost-free formulation of quantum gravity in the light-cone gauge." Nuclear Physics B 91.1 (1975): 99–108.
7. ^Kaku, M., P. K. Townsend, and P. Van Nieuwenhuizen. "Gauge theory of the conformal and superconformal group." Physics Letters B 69.3 (1977): 304–308.
8. ^{{cite web|title=Physics Department|url=http://www1.ccny.cuny.edu/prospective/science/profiles/Kaku-Profile.cfm|publisher=The City College of New York}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://publish.aps.org/search/query?&offset=0&q%5Bclauses%5D%5B%5D%5Bvalue%5D=kaku+michio&q%5Bclauses%5D%5B%5D%5Boperator%5D=AND&q%5Bclauses%5D%5B%5D%5Bfield%5D=author&q%5Bper_page%5D=25|title=List of research papers in American Physical Society Journals}} {{dead link|date=January 2014}}
10. ^{{cite journal|title=Field theory of relativistic strings. II. Loops and Pomerons |journal=Phys. Rev. D |date=1974 |volume=10 |series=1110 |issue=6 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.10.1823 |url=http://prd.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v10/i6/p1823_1 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120717083826/http://prd.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v10/i6/p1823_1 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=July 17, 2012 |last1=Kaku |first1=Michio |last2=Kikkawa |first2=K. |pages=1823–1843 |bibcode=1974PhRvD..10.1823K }}
11. ^¹{{cite news |work=The New York Times |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02E7DA1630F937A35751C1A962958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=22 |title=Notable books of 1994 |date=December 4, 1994 |accessdate=September 20, 2010}}
12. ^{{cite web|last=Kaku|first=Michio|title=Samuel Johnson Prize for Non Fiction 2005 – Longlist|url=http://www.thesamueljohnsonprize.co.uk/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=81|work=Parallel Worlds|publisher=BBC|access-date=May 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313055848/http://www.thesamueljohnsonprize.co.uk/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=81|archive-date=March 13, 2012|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
13. ^{{cite interview |subject=Michio Kaku |title=Universe, Energy & SETI |interviewer=Art Bell |url=http://www.coasttocoastam.com/shows/2007/11/30.html |work=Coast to Coast AM |date=November 30, 2007 |accessdate=February 27, 2008}}
14. ^[https://www.pbs.org/programs/out-from-the-shadows/ PBS: Out from the Shadows The Story of Joliot-Curie & Frédéric Joliot-Curie] Retrieved July 5, 2012
15. ^{{cite news|author= |title=The Upside Down World of Dr. Michio Kaku |url=http://www.apexstuff.com/bt/200702/cover.asp |work=BusinessToday Oman |publisher=Apex Press and Publishing |date=February 2007 |accessdate=February 27, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311084702/http://www.apexstuff.com/bt/200702/cover.asp |archivedate=March 11, 2008 |df=dmy }}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00vdkmj|title=What Happened Before the Big Bang?}} 2010–2011 season, Episode 3 of 15, BBC Two
17. ^Global Competitiveness Forum 2011. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Learning at outer space
18. ^{{cite journal | last=Kaku | first=Michio | title=Nuclear Threats and the New World Order | journal=CovertAction Quarterly | volume=41 | issue=2 | pages= | doi= |date=Summer 1992 | url=http://www.ratical.org/radiation/inetSeries/NthrtsNnwo.html | accessdate=February 27, 2008}}
19. ^{{cite journal | last=Kaku | first=Michio | title=A Scientific Critique of the Accident Risks from the Cassini Space Mission | url=http://www.animatedsoftware.com/cassini/mk9708so.htm | publisher=Animated Software Company | date=October 5, 1997 | accessdate=February 27, 2008}}
20. ^{{cite web|title=CuriosityStream Advisory Board|url=https://curiositystream.com/board|accessdate=September 27, 2017}}
21. ^Physics of the Future: How Science Will Shape Human Destiny and Our Daily Lives by the Year 2100. Michio Kaku. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2011
22. ^{{cite web|title=Reference profile at Radaris|url=http://radaris.com/~Michio-Kaku/211377214|accessdate=September 27, 2017}}
23. ^Staff. (January 4, 2016) "Physics Geniuses Illustrate the Mind-Bending Simplicity of TurboTax in W+K's New Ads; Campaign will include a Super Bowl spot By David Gianatasio" Adweek" Retrieved September 27, 2017.
24. ^http://www.musewiki.org/Origin_of_Symmetry_(album)