“Steuart family”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Steuart family of Maryland was a prominent political family in the early History of Maryland. Of Scottish descent, the Steuarts have their origins in Perthshire, Scotland. The family grew wealthy in the early 18th century under the patronage of the Calvert family, proprietors of the colony of Maryland, but would see their wealth and status much reduced during the American Revolution, and the American Civil War.

History

George Hume Steuart (1700–1784) was an Edinburgh-educated physician, who settled in Annapolis in the Province of Maryland in c1721, where he established a medical practice.^[1]^[2] He married there, and became a tobacco planter, and politician.

Politically, Steuart's interests were closely aligned with those of the Calvert family, proprietors of the colony of Maryland.^[3] In 1742 Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore (1699–1751) sent his eldest but illegitimate son, Benedict Swingate Calvert, then aged around ten years old,^[4] to Annapolis and placed him in Steuart's care.^[5] Steuart evidently benefited from the Calvert family's patronage, as he later was appointed to a number of important Colonial offices.

However, as a wealthy landowner with estates in both Maryland and Scotland, Steuart was forced by the outbreak of the American Revolution to decide whether to remain loyal to the British Crown or to throw in his lot with the American rebels. Unable to remain neutral, in 1775 he sailed to Scotland, where he lived until his death in 1784.^[6] His sons however remained in Maryland, loyal to the fledgling United States of America.

Steuart's grandson, Major General George H Steuart (1790–1867) was a United States general who fought during the War of 1812. His military career began in 1814 when, as a young captain, he raised a company of Maryland volunteers, the Washington Blues, leading them at the Battle of Bladensberg and the Battle of North Point, where he was wounded.^[7] After the war he rose to become major general of the Maryland Militia. In 1861, at the start of the Civil War, Steuart left his home state of Maryland, which stayed in the Union, and joined the Confederacy, though at 71 he was by then too old for active service.

During the American Civil War, Maryland remained loyal to the Union, but the Steuarts were substantial slaveholders and supported the Confederate States of America. On April 16, 1861 George H. "Maryland" Steuart, then an officer in the United States Army, resigned his captain's commission to join the Confederacy.^[8] Much of the family's property was confiscated by the Federal government as a consequence of their participation in the Confederate Army. Old Steuart Hall was confiscated by the Union Army and Jarvis Hospital was erected on the estate, to care for Federal wounded.^[9] The family's wealth and status never recovered from the catastrophe of the war.

A number of less well-known Steuarts also fought for the South. Among them was the surgeon William Frederick Steuart, and George Biscoe Steuart.^[10]

Family tree

Notable residences

The Steuarts built a number of homes in Maryland, none of which have survived intact. Among them were:

Racing

Modern Legacy

The unusual spelling of "Steuart" was widespread in the 18th century ("Steuart", "Stewart" and "Stuart" being essentially interchangeable), but has since mainly fallen into disuse. However, Steuart's numerous North American descendants have retained the archaic spelling.

A silver replica of the original Annapolis Subscription Plate was commissioned in 1955 by the Maryland Jockey Club. The "Dungannon Bowl" is a perpetual trophy presented to the winner of annual Dixie Stakes, the oldest stakes race run in Maryland and the Mid-Atlantic states.^[20]

A stone obelisk at Dodon marks the burial place of Richard Sprigg Steuart and a number of other family members. Brigadier General George H. Steuart and his father Major General George H. Steuart are both buried beneath a family obelisk at Green Mount Cemetery, Baltimore,^[21] and The Steuart Hill area of Baltimore recalls the family's long association with the city.^[22]

See also

Notes

1. ^Papenfeuse, p.773
2. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=a-J6j1uBiOoC&pg=PA69&dq=george+hume+steuart&lr=&ei=J3tLS4aXCaWCzASLmOz-DQ&cd=12#v=onepage&q=george%20hume%20steuart&f=false American Swedish 1973, Edited by Leif Sjoberg, at p.69] Retrieved Jan 15 2010
3. ^George H Stewart at Stewarts of Balquhidder webpage Retrieved Jan 15 2010
4. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=jJX672KW8TMC&pg=PA260&dq=benedict+swingate+calvert+steuart&lr=&as_brr=3&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Yentsch, Anne E, p.260, A Chesapeake Family and their Slaves: a Study in Historical Archaeology, Cambridge University Press (1994)] Retrieved Jan 2010
5. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=B5_5Qp3_m_4C&pg=PA76&dq=george+steuart+annapolis&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=3&cd=7#v=onepage&q=george%20steuart%20annapolis&f=false Eby, Jerrilynn, p.76, Laying the Hoe: a Century of Iron Manufacturing in Stafford County, Virginia, Vol 1, Heritage Books (2007).] Retrieved Jan 19 2010
6. ^Nelker, p.118
7. ^Richardson, p.228
8. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=RSS5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA225&dq=george+steuart&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=3&ei=Xb1RS7CyCKCSyQT55fnyCw&cd=53#v=onepage&q=george%20steuart&f=false Cullum, George Washington, p.226, Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military] Retrieved Jan 16 2010
9. ^Nelker, p.120
10. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=u0AUCoIl4IcC&pg=PA267&lpg=PA267&dq=Capt+george+biscoe+steuart&source=bl&ots=25AHK6AmZ4&sig=iud5clDTjymwT8i9ox5Vobb38Fw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Ik0ZT8YXgtCzBqT4xUc&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Capt%20george%20biscoe%20steuart&f=false Hanson, George A., p.267, Old Kent: The Eastern Shore of Maryland] Retrieved January 2012
11. ^William Steuart at politicalgraveyard.com Retrieved Jan 19 2010
12. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=8ms54KScpxUC&pg=PT205&dq=col+william+steuart+1812&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=D9xVS9uJCZPuzQS8_4SeCQ&cd=2#v=onepage&q=&f=false Muller, Charles Geoffrey, p. 196, The darkest day: the Washington-Baltimore campaign during the war of 1812, Lippincott, (1963)] Retrieved Jan 19 2010
13. ^Nelker, p.67
14. ^Nelker, p150
15. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=XTMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA605&dq=jarvis+hospital&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=3&ei=Mk9tS4WwA4yUzgS806iZDg&cd=6#v=onepage&q=jarvis%20hospital&f=false Lossing, Benson John, p.605, Pictorial History of the Civil War in the United States of America, Volume 3] Retrieved Feb 6 2010
16. ^Rice, p.290
17. ^History of Dodon Farm Retrieved Feb 21 2010
18. ^History of Maryland Jockey Club {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525194331/http://www.pimlico.com/NR/rdonlyres/C5028B3B-7EA2-4DF0-BC90-7C9041213457/0/MJC17432007.pdf/ |date=2011-05-25 }} Retrieved Jan 21 2010
19. ^[https://docs.google.com/gview?a=v&q=cache:46fEEfw-tcEJ:www.pimlico.com/NR/rdonlyres/C5028B3B-7EA2-4DF0-BC90-7C9041213457/0/MJC_17432008.pdf+Dungannon+maryland+jockey+club&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiiROf8vgaHzdIcVh2vPiVFfTRUZ1ngLVp2N-28BMTZXQYY6N2Yv0vgk5PZkYCIn7HGXMWvrKlJMlzx2e-motqBlqdu_dqXYNl4QrAP0cs2hA_Y8VkNc0b7ORyx8kl04QqRM62D&sig=AFQjCNHvL7HdRzoHH1dr6ZJdegPEfaCp-Q Official History of the Maryland Jockey Club] Retrieved February 18, 2010
20. ^126th Preakness Stakes Souvenir Magazine, May 19, 2001, article titled, "It All Began Here, In Annapolis..." page 95-96
21. ^Greenmount Cemetery website Retrieved Jan 13 2010
22. ^Steuart, William Calvert, Article in Sunday Sun Magazine, "The Steuart Hill Area's Colorful Past", Baltimore, February 10, 1963