“Middle Eastern studies”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Middle Eastern studies (sometimes referred to as Near Eastern studies) is a name given to a number of academic programs associated with the study of the history, culture, politics, economies, and geography of the Middle East, an area that is generally interpreted to cover a range of nations including Israel, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Oman. It is considered a form of area studies, taking an overtly interdisciplinary approach to the study of a region. In this sense Middle Eastern Studies is a far broader and less traditional field than classical Islamic Studies.

The subject was historically regarded as part of Oriental studies, which also included East Asian studies and Egyptology and other specialisms in the ancient civilizations of the region; the growth of the field of study in the West is treated at that article. Many academic faculties still cover both areas. Although some academic programs combine Middle Eastern Studies with Islamic Studies, based on the preponderance of Muslims in the region (with Israel and Lebanon being the only exceptions), others maintain these areas of study as separate disciplines.

Contentious issues

In 1978 Edward Said, a Palestinian American professor of Comparative Literature at Columbia University, published his book Orientalism, in which he accused earlier scholars of a "subtle and persistent Eurocentric prejudice against Arabo-Islamic peoples and their culture", claiming the bias amounted to a justification for imperialism. Western academics such as Irwin challenged Said's conclusions,^[1] however the book became a standard text of literary theory and cultural studies.^[2]

Following the September 11 attacks, U.S. Middle Eastern studies programs were criticized as inattentive to issues of Islamic terrorism. Israeli-American historian Martin Kramer published a 2001 book, Ivory Towers on Sand: The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America,^[3] and Wall Street Journal article claiming that Middle Eastern studies courses were "part of the problem, not its remedy."{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} In a Foreign Affairs review of the book, F. Gregory Gause said his analysis was, in part, "serious and substantive" but "far too often his valid points are overshadowed by academic score-settling and major inconsistencies."^[4]

In 2002, American writer Daniel Pipes established an organisation called Campus Watch to combat what he perceived to be serious problems within the discipline, including "analytical failures, the mixing of politics with scholarship, intolerance of alternative views, apologetics, and the abuse of power over students". He encouraged students to advise the organization of problems at their campuses. In turn critics within the discipline such as John Esposito accused him of "McCarthyism". Professors denounced by Pipes as "left-wing extremists" were often harassed with hate speech. Pipes was appointed to the United States Institute of Peace board of directors by George W. Bush, despite protests from the Arab American community.^[5]

In 2010, foreign policy analyst Mitchell Bard claimed in his 2010 book The Invisible Alliance That Undermines America's Interests in the Middle East that elements of the Arab lobby particularly Saudi Arabia and pro-Palestinian advocates were hijacking the academic field of Middle Eastern studies within several prominent American universities including Georgetown University, Harvard University, and Columbia University.^[6]{{sfn|Bard|2010|pp=284; 306–11}} This has involved Saudi Arabia and other Gulf States funding centers and chairs at universities to promote a pro-Arabist agenda.{{sfn|Bard|2010|p=284}} Bard has also accused several prominent Middle Eastern studies academics including John Esposito and Rashid Khalidi of abusing positions by advancing a pro-Palestinian political agenda.{{sfn|Bard|2010|pp=293–94; 307–08}}

In addition, Bard has criticized the Middle Eastern Studies Association (MESA) for adopting a pro-Palestinian standpoint. Bard has also alleged that MESA marginalizes non-Israel-related topics including the Kurdish–Turkish conflict and the persecution of religious minorities like Christians and ethnic minorities that are non-Arabs such as Jews and Kurds.{{sfn|Bard|2010|pp=295–97}} Finally, Bard has contended that since the September 11 attacks, the Arab lobby working through Middle Eastern Studies university departments have sought to influence pre-university education by tailoring education programs and resources to reflect a pro-Arabist agenda.{{sfn|Bard|2010|pp=284; 322–23}}

Academic centers

See also

External links

Library guides to Middle-Eastern studies

References

1. ^Flemming Rose: Forsvar for en profession [Defence of a profession], interview with Prof. Robert Irwin, Jyllands-Posten, 12 April 2008, section 1, page 17 (accessed via Infomedia.dk and the newspaper's website)
2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/edward-orientalism-forty-years-180503071416782.html|title=Edward Said's Orientalism: Forty years later {{!}} Middle East {{!}} Al Jazeera|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2019-01-09}}
3. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ivory-towers-on-sand-the-failure-of-middle-eastern-studies-in-america/oclc/249109890|title=Ivory towers on sand the failure of Middle Eastern studies in America|last=Qrāmer|first=Marṭîn|date=2002|publisher=Washington Inst. for Near East Policy|isbn=9780944029497|location=Washington, DC|language=English}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/57822/f-gregory-gause-iii/who-lost-middle-eastern-studies|title='Who Lost Middle-Eastern Studies?'|last1=Gause|first1=F.G.|date=March–April 2009|work=Foreign Affairs|accessdate=4 December 2012}}
5. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2004/01/13/middle-east-studies-under-scrutiny-in-us/eca8f354-8e2e-40e7-a80a-0c5b8c5845cf/|title=Middle East Studies Under Scrutiny in U.S.|last=Dobbs|first=Michael|date=January 13, 2004|work=Washington Post|access-date=}}
6. ^{{Cite book|url=http://rbdigital.oneclickdigital.com/|title=The arab lobby: the invisible alliance that undermines america's interests in the middle east|last=Bard|first=Mitchell|date=2014|publisher=HarperCollins e-Books|isbn=9780061987618|location=Place of publication not identified|language=English}}