| 词条 | Middle Island Creek |
| 释义 |
| name = Middle Island Creek | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | image = Middle Island Creek NBRT West Union.jpg | image_caption = View downstream from the North Bend Rail Trail in West Union | map = Middle Island Creek map.png | map_size = 300 | map_caption = A map of Middle Island Creek and its watershed | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption= | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = United States | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = West Virginia | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length = {{convert|77|mi|km|abbr=on}}[1] | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | source1 = Confluence of Meathouse Fork and Buckeye Creek | source1_location = Smithburg, Doddridge County | source1_coordinates= {{coord|39|17|04|N|80|43|41|W|display=inline}}[2] | source1_elevation = {{convert|794|ft|abbr=on}}[3] | mouth = Ohio River | mouth_location = St. Marys | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|39|24|09|N|81|12|08|W|display=inline,title}}[2] | mouth_elevation = {{convert|607|ft|abbr=on}}[2] | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|565|sqmi|abbr=on}}[4] | tributaries_left = Meathouse Fork, Arnold Creek, Sancho Creek, Sugar Creek, McKim Creek | tributaries_right = Buckeye Creek, McElroy Creek, Indian Creek, Point Pleasant Creek | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }}Middle Island Creek is a river, 77 miles (124 km) long, in northwestern West Virginia in the United States. It is a tributary of the Ohio River, draining an area of 565 square miles (1,463 km²) on the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau. It was named by late 18th century pioneering travelers on the Ohio River, who noted the location of the Creek's mouth opposite Middle Island in the larger river.[1] In an artifact of nomenclature, it is often pointed out that Middle Island Creek is the longest stream in West Virginia bearing the name of "creek".[5] GeographyCourseMiddle Island Creek is formed at the community of Smithburg in Doddridge County by the confluence of Meathouse Fork and Buckeye Creek. It initially flows generally northwestward in a winding course through Doddridge and Tyler Counties, through the unincorporated community of Avondale and the town of West Union in Doddridge County; and in Tyler County, the unincorporated communities of Josephs Mills, Tyler, Blue, Frew, and Bridgeway, and the town of Middlebourne. From Middlebourne the creek turns to the southwest and flows roughly parallel to the Ohio River (excepting its numerous bends), through the unincorporated communities of Next, Little, Shiloh, and Falls Mills in Tyler County; and into Pleasants County, where it flows through the unincorporated communities of Arvilla, Sugar Valley, Union Mills, and DeLong and joins the Ohio River in the city of St. Marys.[6] The lowermost {{convert|12|sqmi|km2}} of the creek are inundated by backup from the Willow Island Locks and Dam downstream on the Ohio River.[1] In addition to the Meathouse Fork and Buckeye Creek, the largest tributaries of Middle Island Creek (ordered upstream to downstream) are Arnold Creek, which it collects on the boundary of Doddridge and Tyler counties; McElroy Creek, Indian Creek, Point Pleasant Creek, and Sancho Creek, each of which it collects in Tyler County; and Sugar Creek and McKim Creek, both of which it collects in Pleasants County.[6][7] The JugMiddle Island Creek's most extreme meander forms a peninsula known as "the Jug," located upstream of Middlebourne. The creek rounds a 7-mile (11 km) bend[1] only to return to within 100 feet (30 m) of itself. Sometime prior to 1800, a settler named George Gregg had a mill race carved across the narrow point of the peninsula and harnessed the resulting hydropower for a gristmill and sawmill. These were destroyed by a flood in 1852, while later mills were subsequently built and also washed away by floods. In 1947 the West Virginia Conservation Commission constructed a low water bridge which substantially dammed the cut-through and restored a steady flow to the bend of the creek.[5] The land encircled by the creek's loop is operated as a Wildlife Management Area by the state of West Virginia.[8] Variant namesAccording to sources gathered by the Geographic Names Information System, Middle Island Creek has also been known historically as:[2]
EconomyThe creek's environs were the site of substantial oil and gas extraction activities in the late 19th century and 20th century. An oil boom began in the region in the 1860s.[9] It peaked in Middlebourne in the 1890s,[10] and an oil refinery operated in St. Marys between 1914 and 1987.[9] Glass- and carbon-manufacturing facilities were built in West Union and Smithburg in the early 20th century, owing to the availability of natural gas.[11] Fish lifeThroughout its course Middle Island Creek is a slow-moving, low-gradient stream. It is considered one of the best streams in the state for muskellunge fishing; for many years in the 20th Century the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources harvested muskie eggs from the creek for use in its fish-stocking programs in streams elsewhere in the state. Other fish commonly found in the creek include spotted bass, smallmouth bass, rock bass, various species of sunfish, freshwater drum, channel catfish, and flathead catfish.[1] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal | last = Morrison | first = Scott | title = Middle Island Creek | journal = Wonderful West Virginia | volume = 61 | issue = 1 | pages = 14–15 | publisher = West Virginia Division of Natural Resources | date = March 1997}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url={{Gnis3|1552067}} |title=Geographic Names Information System entry for Middle Island Creek |accessdate=2007-01-26}} 3. ^{{cite web |url={{Gnis3|1543103}} |title=Geographic Names Information System entry for Meathouse Fork |accessdate=2007-01-26}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dep.state.wv.us/watershed/ |pages=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060523112423/http://www.dep.state.wv.us/watershed/w5030201.html Middle Ohio River watersheds (cited figures are for the sum of the Upper and Lower Middle Island Creek, Arnold Creek, McElroy Creek, and Point Pleasant Creek watersheds)] |title=Watershed Atlas Project. |author=West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection |accessdate=2007-02-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404165853/http://www.dep.state.wv.us/watershed/ |archivedate=2005-04-04 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 5. ^1 Ratliff, Gerald S. "Jug of Middle Island Creek." The West Virginia Encyclopedia. Ken Sullivan, editor. Charleston, WV: West Virginia Humanities Council. 2006. {{ISBN|0-9778498-0-5}}. 6. ^1 DeLorme (1997). West Virginia Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. {{ISBN|0-89933-246-3}}. 7. ^The National Map {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/66gupqQDM?url=http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/ |date=2012-04-05 }}, accessed 2013-08-10 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wvdnr.gov/Hunting/WMAAreas.shtm |title=West Virginia Wildlife Management Areas |author=West Virginia Division of Natural Resources |accessdate=2007-01-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213234742/http://www.wvdnr.gov/Hunting/WMAAreas.shtm |archivedate=2006-12-13 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 9. ^1 Bailey, Matthew Scott. "St. Marys." The West Virginia Encyclopedia. Ken Sullivan, editor. Charleston, WV: West Virginia Humanities Council. 2006. {{ISBN|0-9778498-0-5}}. 10. ^Kraina, Jane. "Middlebourne." The West Virginia Encyclopedia. Ken Sullivan, editor. Charleston, WV: West Virginia Humanities Council. 2006. {{ISBN|0-9778498-0-5}}. 11. ^Kreiser, Christine M. "Doddridge County." The West Virginia Encyclopedia. Ken Sullivan, editor. Charleston, WV: West Virginia Humanities Council. 2006. {{ISBN|0-9778498-0-5}}. 5 : Rivers of West Virginia|Tributaries of the Ohio River|Rivers of Doddridge County, West Virginia|Rivers of Pleasants County, West Virginia|Rivers of Tyler County, West Virginia |
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