“Midland Railway”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Midland Railway (MR) was a railway company in the United Kingdom from 1844^[1] to 1922, when it became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway.^[2] It had a large network of lines managed from its headquarters in Derby. It became the third-largest railway undertaking in the British Isles (after the Great Western Railway and the London and North Western Railway).^[3]

Origins

The Midland Railway originated from 1832 in Leicestershire / Nottinghamshire, with the purpose of serving the needs of local coal owners.^[1]

The company was formed on 10 May 1844 by the merger of the Midland Counties Railway, the North Midland Railway, and the Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway, the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway joined two years later.^[2] These met at the Tri-Junct station at Derby, where the MR established its locomotive and later its carriage and wagon works.

Leading it were George Hudson from the North Midland, dynamic but unscrupulous, and John Ellis from the Midland Counties, a careful businessman of impeccable integrity. James Allport from the Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway found a place elsewhere in Hudson's empire with the York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway, though he later returned.^[6]

The MR was in a commanding position having its Derby headquarters at the junctions of the two main routes from London to Scotland, by its connections to the London and Birmingham Railway in the south, and from York via the York and North Midland Railway in the north. {{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

Consolidation

Almost immediately it took over the Sheffield and Rotherham Railway and the Erewash Valley Line in 1845, the latter giving access to the Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire coalfields. It absorbed the Mansfield and Pinxton Railway in 1847, building the Erewash Valley Line from the latter between Chesterfield and Trent Junction at Long Eaton, completed to Chesterfield in 1862, giving access to the coalfields that became its major source of income. Passengers from Sheffield continued to use Rotherham Masborough until a direct route was completed in 1870.

Meanwhile, it extended its influence in the Leicestershire coalfields, by buying the Leicester and Swannington Railway in 1846,^[3]{{page needed|date=May 2018}} and extending it to Burton in 1849.

The South-West

After the merger, London trains were carried on the shorter Midland Counties route. The former Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway was left with the traffic to Birmingham and Bristol, an important seaport. The original 1839 line from Derby had run to Hampton-in-Arden: the Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway had built a terminus at Lawley Street in 1842, and on 1 May 1851 the MR started to run into Curzon Street.^[4]

The line south was the Birmingham and Bristol Railway, which reached Curzon Street via Camp Hill. These two lines had been formed by the merger of the standard gauge Birmingham and Gloucester Railway and the broad gauge Bristol and Gloucester Railway.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

They met at Gloucester via a short loop of the Cheltenham and Great Western Union Railway. The change of gauge at Gloucester meant that everything had to be transferred between trains, creating chaos, and the C&GWU was owned by the Great Western Railway, which wished to extend its network by taking over the Bristol to Birmingham route. While the two parties were bickering over the price, the MR's John Ellis overheard two directors of the Birmingham and Bristol Railway on a London train discussing the business, and pledged that the MR would match anything the Great Western would offer.^[5]{{page needed|date=May 2018}}

Since it would have brought broad gauge into Curzon Street with the possibility of extending it to the Mersey, it was something that the other standard gauge lines wished to avoid, and they pledged to assist the MR with any losses it might incur.^[5]{{page needed|date=May 2018}} In the event all that was necessary was for the later LNWR to share Birmingham New Street with the Midland when it was opened in 1854, and Lawley Street became a goods depot.^[6]

Eastern competition

The MR controlled all the traffic to the North East and Scotland from London. The LNWR was progressing slowly through the Lake District, and there was pressure for a direct line from London to York. Permission had been gained for the Northern and Eastern Railway to run through Peterborough and Lincoln but it had barely reached Cambridge.

Two obvious extensions of the Midland Counties line were from Nottingham to Lincoln and from Leicester to Peterborough. They had not been proceeded with, but Hudson saw that they would make ideal "stoppers": if the cities concerned were provided with a rail service, it would make it more difficult to justify another line. They were approved while the bill for the direct line was still before Parliament, forming the present day Lincoln Branch and the Syston to Peterborough Line.

The Leeds and Bradford Railway had been approved in 1844. By 1850 it was losing money but a number of railways offered to buy it. Hudson made an offer more or less on his own account and the line gave the MR an exit to the north, which became the start of the Settle and Carlisle line, and it gave the MR a much more convenient station at Leeds Wellington.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

In spite of the objections of Hudson, for the MR and others, the "London and York Railway" (later the Great Northern Railway) led by Edmund Denison persisted, and the bill passed through Parliament in 1846.^[7]

The Battle of Nottingham

In 1851 the Ambergate, Nottingham, Boston and Eastern Junction Railway completed its line from Grantham as far as Colwick, from where a branch led to the MR Nottingham station. The Great Northern Railway by then passed through Grantham and both railway companies paid court to the fledgling line. Meanwhile, Nottingham had woken up to its branch line status and was keen to expand. The MR made a takeover offer only to discover that a shareholder of the GN had already gathered a quantity of Ambergate shares. An attempt to amalgamate the line with the GN was foiled by Ellis, who managed to obtain an Order in Chancery preventing the GN from running into Nottingham. However, in 1851 it opened a new service to the north that included Nottingham.^[8]{{page needed|date=May 2018}}

In 1852 an ANB&EJR train arrived in Nottingham with a GN locomotive at its head. When it uncoupled and went to run round the train, it found its way blocked by a MR engine while another blocked its retreat.^[9] The engine was shepherded to a nearby shed and the tracks were lifted. This episode became known as the "Battle of Nottingham" and, with the action moved to the courtroom, it was seven months before the locomotive was released.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

The Euston Square Confederacy

The London and Birmingham Railway and its successor the London and North Western Railway had been under pressure from two directions. Firstly the Great Western Railway had been foiled in its attempt to enter Birmingham by the Midland, but it still had designs on Manchester. At the same time the LNWR was under threat from the GN's attempts to enter Manchester by the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

To London

King's Cross 1857 – 1868

In 1850 the MR, though much more secure, was still a provincial line. Ellis realised that if it were to fend off its competitors it must expand outwards. The first step, in 1853, was to appoint James Allport as General Manager and the next was to shake off the dependence on the LNWR to London.

Although a bill for a line from Hitchin into King's Cross jointly with the GN, was passed in 1847 it had not been proceeded with.

The bill was resubmitted in 1853 with the support of the people of Bedford, whose branch to the LNWR was slow and unreliable, and with the knowledge of the Northamptonshire iron deposits.

The Leicester and Hitchin Railway ran from Wigston to Market Harborough, through Desborough, Kettering, Wellingborough and Bedford, then on the Bedford to Hitchin Line, joining the GN at Hitchin for King's Cross. The line began its life in a proposition presented for the shareholders by George Hudson on 2 May 1842 as: "To vest £600,000 in the South Midland Railway Company in their line from Wigston to Hitchin."{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} a full decade before realisation. The delay was partly due to the withdrawal of GN's interest in the competing scheme, the Bedford and Leicester Railway, after Midland purchased the Leicester and Swannington Railway and the Ashby Canal and Tramway,^[10] which were to have been the feeder lines. With the competition thwarted there was less rush to have this line as well as its branch lines to Huntingdon (from Kettering) and Northampton (from Bedford) finished. Both these branches were subsequently built by independent companies.

While this took some of the pressure off the route through Rugby, the GNR insisted that passengers for London alight at Hitchin, buying tickets in the short time available, to catch a GNR train to finish their journey. James Allport arranged a seven-year deal with the GN to run into King's Cross for a guaranteed £20,000 a year ({{Inflation|UK|20000|1857|r=-4|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}),{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}. Through services to London were introduced in February 1858.^[11] The construction of the Leicester and Hitchen railway cost £1,750,000^[12] ({{Inflation|UK|1750000|1858|r=-4|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}).{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}

St. Pancras 1868

By 1860 the MR was in a much better position and was able to approach new ventures aggressively. Its carriage of coal and iron – and beer from Burton-on-Trent – had increased by three times and passenger numbers were rising, as they were on the GN. Since GN trains took precedence on its own lines, MR passengers were becoming more and more delayed. Finally in 1862 the decision was taken for the MR to have its own terminus in the Capital, as befitted a national railway.

The new line deviated at Bedford, through a gap in the Chiltern Hills at Luton, reaching London by curving around Hampstead Heath to a point between King's Cross and Euston. The line from Bedford to Moorgate opened for passenger services on 13 July 1868^[14] with services into St Pancras station starting on 1 October 1868.^[15]

The construction of the London Extension railway cost £9,000,000^[12] ({{Inflation|UK|9000000|1868|r=-4|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}).{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}

To Manchester

From the 1820s proposals for lines from London and the East Midlands had been proposed, and they had considered using the Cromford and High Peak Railway to reach Manchester (See Derby station). {{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

Finally the MR joined with the Manchester and Birmingham Railway (M&BR), which was also looking for a route to London from Manchester, in a proposal for a line from Ambergate. The Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway, it received the Royal Assent in 1846, in spite of opposition from the Sheffield, Ashton-Under-Lyne and Manchester Railway. It was completed as far as Rowsley a few miles north of Matlock in 1849. However the M&BR had become part of the LNWR in 1846, thus instead of being a partner it had an interest in thwarting the Midland.

In 1863 the MR reached Buxton, just as the LNWR arrived from the other direction by the Stockport, Disley and Whaley Bridge Railway. In 1867 the MR began an alternative line through Wirksworth (now the Ecclesbourne Valley Railway), to avoid the problem of the Ambergate line. The section from Wirksworth to Rowsley, which would have involved some tricky engineering, was not completed because the MR gained control of the original line in 1871, but access to Manchester was still blocked at Buxton. At length an agreement was made with the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway (MS&LR) to share lines from a branch at Millers Dale and running almost alongside the LNWR, in what became known as the Sheffield and Midland Railway Companies' Committee.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

Continuing friction with the LNWR caused the MR to join the MS&LR and the GN in the Cheshire Lines Committee, which also gave scope for wider expansion into Lancashire and Cheshire, and finally a new station at Manchester Central.^[17]

In the meantime Sheffield had at last gained a main-line station. Following representations by the council in 1867 the MR promised to build a through line within two years. To the MR's surprise, the Sheffield councillors then backed an improbable speculation called the Sheffield, Chesterfield, Bakewell, Ashbourne, Stafford and Uttoxeter Railway. This was unsurprisingly rejected by Parliament and the Midland built its "New Road" into a station at Pond Street. {{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

Among the last of the major lines built by the MR was a connection between Sheffield and Manchester, by a branch at Dore to Chinley, opened in 1894 through the Totley and Cowburn Tunnels, now the Hope Valley Line.

To Scotland

In the 1870s a dispute with the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) over access rights to the LNWR line to Scotland caused the MR to construct the Settle and Carlisle line,^[18] the highest main line in England, to secure access to Scotland.

The dispute with the LNWR was settled before the Settle and Carlisle was built, but Parliament refused to allow the MR to withdraw from the project. The MR was also under pressure from Scottish railway companies, which were eagerly awaiting the Midland traffic reaching Carlisle as it would allow them to challenge the Caledonian Railway's dominance on the West Coast traffic to Glasgow and Edinburgh. The Glasgow and South Western Railway had its own route from Carlisle to Glasgow via Dumfries and Kilmarnock, whilst the North British Railway had built the Waverley Line through the Scottish Borders from Carlisle to Edinburgh. The MR was obliged to go ahead and the Settle to Carlisle opened in 1876.^[18]

Later history

The Nottingham and Melton Line of the Midland Railway opened for goods traffic on 1 December 1879^[19] and for passenger traffic on 1 March 1880.^[20]

By the middle of the decade investment had been paid for; passenger travel was increasing, with new comfortable trains; and the mainstay of the line – goods, particularly minerals – was increasing dramatically.

Allport retired in 1880, to be succeeded by John Noble and then by George Turner. By the new century the quantity of goods, particularly coal, was clogging the network. The passenger service was acquiring a reputation for lateness. Lord Farrar reorganised the expresses, but by 1905 the whole system was so overloaded that no one was able to predict when many of the trains would reach their destinations. At this point Sir Guy Granet took over as General Manager. He introduced a centralised traffic control system, and the locomotive power classifications that became the model for those used by British Railways.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

The MR acquired other lines, including the Belfast and Northern Counties Railway in 1903 and the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway in 1912. It had running rights on some lines, and it developed lines in partnership with other railways, being involved in more 'Joint' lines than any other. In partnership with the GN it owned the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway to provide connections from the Midlands to East Anglia, the UK's biggest joint railway. The MR provided motive power for the Somerset & Dorset Joint Railway, and was a one-third partner in the Cheshire Lines Committee.

In 1913 the company achieved a total revenue of £15,129,136 ({{Inflation|UK|15129136|1913|r=-4|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}){{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} with working expenses of £9,416,981^[21] ({{Inflation|UK|9416981|1913|r=-4|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}).{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}

Acquisitions

Accidents and incidents

Ships

Grouping

In 1914 all the railways were taken under the control of the Railway Executive Committee.^[40]

The MR had not recovered from this when the Government passed the Railways Act 1921, by which it was compulsorily merged with the LNWR, the Lancashire and Yorkshire, the Caledonian, the Glasgow and South Western Railway and minor lines such as the Furness and the North Staffordshire to form the London Midland and Scottish Railway on 1 January 1923.^[41]

Chief posts in the Midland Railway

Chairmen

General Managers

Locomotive Superintendents and Chief Mechanical Engineers

Resident Engineers

Solicitors

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book|last=Edward Walford|first=|title=Old and New London: Volume 5|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol5/pp368-373|year=1878|publisher=Cassell, Petter and Galpin| via=British History Online|pages=368–373|chapter=28. Agar Town, and the Midland Railway}}
2. ^{{cite book| last1=Christiansen| first1=Rex| title=A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain, Volume 7 The West Midlands| date=1983| publisher=David St John Thomas David & Charles| isbn=0-946537-00-3| page=53}}
3. ^{{cite book |last=Twells |first=H.N. |title=A Pictorial Record of the Leicester and Burton Branch Railway |year=1985 |publisher=Trent Valley Publications |location=Burton-upon-Trent |isbn=0-948131-04-7}}
4. ^{{cite news |author= |title=Midland Railway. Removal of the Passenger Station at Birmingham |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000196/18510428/033/0003 |newspaper=Aris’s Birmingham Gazette| date=28 April 1851 |access-date=12 July 2016 |via = British Newspaper Archive |subscription=yes }}
5. ^¹{{cite book| last=Vaughan| first=A.| year=1997| title=Railwaymen, Politics and Money| location=London| publisher=John Murray}}
6. ^{{cite book |last=Pinton |first=B |date=2005 |title=Birmingham-Derby: Portrait of a Famous Route |url= |location= |publisher=Runpast Publishing |page= |isbn=}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/DisplayCatalogueDetails.asp?CATID=11211&CATLN=3&FullDetails=True&j=1 |website=The National Archives| title=Great Northern Railway Company: Records |year=1845 |accessdate=26 December 2010}}
8. ^{{cite book| last=Anderson| first=P.H.| year=1985| edition=2nd| title=Forgotten Railways Vol 2: The East Midlands| location=Newton Abbot| publisher=David and Charles}}
9. ^{{cite news |author= |title=Capture of a Railway Engine |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001286/18520809/014/0002 |newspaper=Bell’s Weekly Messenger |location=British Newspaper Archive |date=9 August 1852 |access-date=12 July 2016 |via = British Newspaper Archive |subscription=yes }}
10. ^{{Cite book |first=Charles |last=Hadfield |title=The Canals of the East Midlands |publisher=David and Charles |year=1970 |isbn=0-7153-4871-X |ref=harv}}
11. ^{{cite book| last1=Davies| first1=R.| last2=Grant| first2=M.D.| year=1984| title=Forgotten Railways: Chilterns and Cotswolds| location=Newton Abbot, Devon| publisher=David St John Thomas| isbn=0-946537-07-0| pages=110-111}}
12. ^¹²{{cite book |last=Barnes |first=E.G. |date=1969 |title=The Rise of the Midland Railway 1844–1874 |publisher=Augustus M. Kelley| location=New York |page=308 |isbn=}}
13. ^{{cite book| chapter=Local and Personal Acts| title=The Sessional Papers Printed by Order of The House of the Lords Or Presented by Royal Command in the Session 1863| year=1863| url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=T-ZbAAAAQAAJ&dq=Midland%20Railway%20London%20Extension%20act%20%201863&pg=PA119#v=onepage&q=%22Midland%20Railway%22&f=false| page=119| via=Google Books}}
14. ^{{cite news |author= |title=The New Midland Line between Bedford and London |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000250/18680713/026/0004 |newspaper=Sheffield Daily Telegraph |location=England |date=13 July 1868 |access-date=28 July 2017 |via=British Newspaper Archive |subscription=yes }}
15. ^{{cite news |author= |title=Opening of the new Midland terminus in London |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/19031112/071/0005 |newspaper=Leicester Journal |location=England |date=9 October 1868 |access-date=29 July 2017 |via=British Newspaper Archive |subscription=yes }}
16. ^http://www.familygrowsontrees.com/research/railways.html{{Dead link|date=August 2016}}
17. ^{{cite book |last=Casserley |first=H.C. |title=Britain's Joint Lines |date=April 1968 |publisher=Ian Allan |location=Shepperton |isbn=0-7110-0024-7 |chapter=Cheshire Lines Committee |pages=68–80 |ref=Casserley}}
18. ^¹{{cite book|last1=Wolmar|first1=Christian|title=Fire and Steam|date=2008|publisher=Atlantic Books|isbn=978-1-84354-630-6|page=}}
19. ^{{cite news |author= |title=A new line of railway |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000289/18791201/015/0003 |newspaper=Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette |location=England |date=1 December 1879 |access-date=23 September 2017 |via=British Newspaper Archive |subscription=yes }}
20. ^{{cite news |author= |title=Midland Railway Opening of the Kettering and Manton Line |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001901/18800227/058/0009 |newspaper=Rutland Echo and Leicestershire Advertiser |location=England |date=27 February 1880 |access-date=23 September 2017 |via=British Newspaper Archive |subscription=yes }}
21. ^{{cite news |author= |title=Midland Railway. |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000687/19140221/251/0014 |newspaper=Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer |location=British Newspaper Archive |date=21 February 1914 |access-date=1 August 2016 |via = British Newspaper Archive |subscription=yes }}
22. ^{{cite book |last=Binns |first=Donald |date=1995 |title=The Skipton-Colne Railway and The Barnoldswick Branch |url= |location= |publisher=Trackside Publications, Skipton, N. Yorkshire |page= |isbn=1900095009}}
23. ^{{Cite book|last1=Markham|first1=C.A.|title=The Iron Roads of Northamptonshire|year=1970|origyear=1904|publisher=Pilgrim Publications|location=Wilbarston|ref=harv}}
24. ^{{Cite book| publisher = Line One Press| location = Cheltenham| isbn = 0-907036-10-4| last = Maggs| first = C| title = The Birmingham Gloucester Line| year = 1986}}
25. ^{{cite book | last = Maggs| first = Colin G. | title = The Bristol and Gloucester Railway and the Avon and Gloucestershire Railway (Oakwood Library of Railway History)| publisher = Oakwood Press |edition=2nd |year=1992 |origyear=1969 | location = Headington| isbn = 0-85361-435-0 |id=OL26 |ref=harv }}
26. ^{{cite news |author= |title=Burton and Ashby Light Railway |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000327/19060703/007/0002 |newspaper=Derby Daily Telegraph |location=England |date=3 July 1906 |access-date=9 February 2016 |via = British Newspaper Archive |subscription=yes }}
27. ^{{cite book |last= Hadfield|first= Charles |title= The Canals of the East Midlands|origyear= |edition= 2nd|year= 1970|publisher= David & Charles|isbn= 0-7153-4871-X}}
28. ^{{cite book| first=J |last=Vanags| title=The Mansfield and Pinxton railway| year=2001| publisher=Old Mansfield Society| location=Mansfield| isbn=0-9517948-5-X|ref=harv }}
29. ^{{cite book| first=Mike |last=Oakley| title=Gloucestershire Railway Stations| year=2003| publisher=Dovecote Press| location=Wimborne| isbn= 1-904349-24-2|ref=harv }}
30. ^Kingscott, G., (2006) Lost Railways of Leicestershire and Rutland, Newbury: Countryside Books
31. ^¹{{Cite book |last=Christiansen |first=Rex|title=A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain Volume 7 |year=1983 |isbn=0-946537-00-3}}
32. ^¹{{cite book |first=Christian H. |last=Hewison |title=Locomotive Boiler Explosions |publisher=David & Charles |location=Newton Abbot |year=1983 |isbn= 0 7153 8305 1 |pages=35–36}}
33. ^¹²³⁴{{cite book |last=Hall |first=Stanley |title=The Railway Detectives |year=1990 |publisher=Ian Allan |location=London |isbn=0 7110 1929 0 |pages=26, 50–52, 66 }}
34. ^¹{{cite book |last=Earnshaw |first=Alan |title=Trains in Trouble: Vol. 7 |year=1991 |publisher=Atlantic Books |location=Penryn |isbn=0-906899-50-8 |pages=4–5, 9 }}
35. ^{{cite book |last=Earnshaw |first=Alan |title=Trains in Trouble: Vol. 6 |year=1990 |publisher=Atlantic Books |location=Penryn |isbn=0-906899-37-0 |page=6 }}
36. ^{{cite book |last=Spence |first=Jeoffry |title=Victorian & Edwardian Railways from old photographs |year=1975 |publisher=Batsford |location=London |isbn=0 7134 3044 3 |page=76}}
37. ^{{cite book |last=Trevena |first=Arthur |title=Trains in Trouble: Vol. 2. |year=1981 |publisher=Atlantic Books |location=Redruth |isbn=0-906899-03-6 |pages=19–20}}
38. ^{{cite book |last=Earnshaw |first=Alan |title=Trains in Trouble: Vol. 8 |year=1993 |publisher=Atlantic Books |location=Penryn |isbn=0-906899-52-4 |page=4 }}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/LMS_MR.html |title=Midland Railway |publisher=Simplon Postcards|accessdate=15 December 2009}}
40. ^{{cite book |last= Doyle |first=Peter |date=2012 |title=First World War Britain |url= |location= |publisher=Shire Publications Ltd |page=58 |isbn=978-0-74781-098-8}}
41. ^¹{{Cite book | last = Whitehouse | first = Patrick | last2 = Thomas | first2= David St John | title = LMS 150 : The London Midland & Scottish Railway A century and a half of progress | publisher = David & Charles | year = 2002 | location = Newton Abbot | isbn = 0-7153-1378-9 | ref = harv }}
42. ^{{cite book |last=Bilson |first=P |date=1996 |title=Derby and the Midland Railway |url= |location= |publisher=Breedon Books, Derby |page= |isbn=1-85983-021-8}}
43. ^¹²{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Allport, Sir James Joseph|ref=harv}}
44. ^¹E. G. Barnes (1969). The Midland main line 1875–1922, London : George Allen and Unwin, {{ISBN|0-04-385049-9}}, pp. 223–224
45. ^National Archive RAIL 491, accessed on 21 February 2014 via ancestry.co.uk UK, Railway Employment Records, 1833–1956 for Samuel Waite Johnson
46. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30598 |title=Barlow, William Henry (1812–1902) |accessdate=24 December 2010 |last= Chrimes |first=Mike |year=2008 |work= Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi= 10.1093/ref:odnb/30598 |ref=harv |subscription=yes }}
47. ^{{Cite web|url=http://uudb.org/articles/samuelcarter.html|title=Samuel Carter|website=Dictionary of Unitarian and Universalist Biography|dead-url=|access-date=20 March 2018}}