“Mid vowel”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Mid vowel

释义

Vowels
Languages

A mid vowel (or a true-mid vowel) is any in a class of vowel sounds used in some spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned midway between an open vowel and a close vowel.

Other names for a mid vowel are lowered close-mid vowel and raised open-mid vowel, though the former phrase may also be used to describe a vowel that is as low as open-mid; likewise, the latter phrase may also be used to describe a vowel that is as high as close-mid.

Vowels

The only mid vowel with a dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is the mid central vowel with ambiguous rounding {{IPA|[ə]}}.

The IPA divides the vowel space into thirds, with the close-mid vowels such as {{IPA|[e]}} or {{IPA|[o]}} and the open-mid vowels such as {{IPA|[ɛ]}} or {{IPA|[ɔ]}} equidistant in formant space between open {{IPA|[a]}} or {{IPA|[ɒ]}} and close {{IPA|[i]}} or {{IPA|[u]}}. Thus a true mid front unrounded vowel can be transcribed as either a lowered {{angbr|{{IPA|e̞}}}} (with a lowering diacritic) or as a raised {{angbr|{{IPA|ɛ̝}}}} (with a raising diacritic). Typical truly mid vowels are thus:

mid front unrounded vowel {{IPA|[e̞]}} or {{IPA|[ɛ̝]}} (commonly written {{angbr|{{IPA|e}}}} as if it were close-mid)
mid front rounded vowel {{IPA|[ø̞]}} or {{IPA|[œ̝]}} (commonly written {{angbr|{{IPA|ø}}}} as if it were close-mid)
mid central unrounded vowel {{IPA|[ɘ̞]}} or {{IPA|[ɜ̝]}} (most commonly written {{angbr|{{IPA|ə}}}})
mid central protruded vowel {{IPA|[ɵ̞]}} or {{IPA|[ɞ̝]}} (most commonly written {{angbr|{{IPA|ɵ}}}} as if it were close-mid)
mid central compressed vowel {{IPA|[əᵝ]}}
mid back unrounded vowel {{IPA|[ɤ̞]}} or {{IPA|[ʌ̝]}} (commonly written {{angbr|{{IPA|ɤ}}}} as if it were close-mid)
mid back rounded vowel {{IPA|[o̞]}} or {{IPA|[ɔ̝]}} (commonly written {{angbr|{{IPA|o}}}} as if it were close-mid)

Languages

Few languages contrast all three heights of mid vowel, because it is rare for a language to distinguish more than four heights of true front or back vowels. One, the Amstetten dialect of Austro-Bavarian, contrasts four heights of front unrounded, front rounded, and back vowels in addition to having an open central vowel. These have been transcribed with the available IPA symbols {{IPA|/i e ɛ æ/}}, {{IPA|/y ø œ ɶ/}}, {{IPA|/u o ɔ ɑ/}}, and {{IPA|/a/}}.

Amstetten Bavarian (transcription)
Close	i}}	y}}	u}}
Close-mid	e}}	ø}}	o}}
Open-mid	ɛ}}	œ}}	ɔ}}
Near open	æ}}	ɶ̝}}	ɑ̝}}
Open	a}}

However, the vowels transcribed {{IPA|/æ ɶ ɑ/}} are one-third the distance between open {{IPA|/a/}} and close {{IPA|/i y u/}}, precisely the IPA definition of open-mid vowels {{IPA|[ɛ œ ɔ]}}. Thus Amstetten Bavarian may be an example of a language that contrasts mid vowels with both open-mid and close-mid vowels.

Amstetten Bavarian (transcription)
Close	i}}	y}}	u}}
Close-mid	e}}	ø}}	o}}
Mid	e̞}}	ø̞}}	o̞}}
Open-mid	ɛ}}	œ}}	ɔ}}
Open	a}}

The Kensiu language spoken in Malaysia and Thailand is highly unusual in that it phonemically contrasts true-mid vowels with close-mid and open-mid vowels without differences in other parameters such as backness or roundedness.

Kensiu oral vowels
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i	ɯ	u
Near-close	ɪ
Close-mid	e̝	ɚ	o̝
Mid	e	ə	o
Open-mid	ɛ	ʌ	ɔ
Open	a
Diphthongs	ie}}

Kensiu nasal vowels
	Front	Central	Back
Close	ĩ	ɯ̃	ũ
Near-close	ɪ̃
Close-mid	ẽ̝	õ̝
Mid	ẽ	õ
Open-mid	ɛ̃	ʌ̃	ɔ̃
Open	ã
Diphthongs	ĩẽ

1 : Vowels by height

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