| 词条 | Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes |
| 释义 |
| honorific-prefix = His Excellency General of Division | image=Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes.jpg | order=President of the Republic of Guatemala | term_start=2 March 1958 | term_end=31 March 1963 | signature=Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes firma.jpg | predecessor=Guillermo Flores Avendaño | successor=Enrique Peralta Azurdia | birth_date={{birth-date|17 October 1895}} | birth_place=Retalhuleu, Guatemala | death_date={{death-date and age|27 October 1982|17 October 1895}} | death_place=Guatemala City, Guatemala | spouse= Maria Teresa Laparra (1901–1988) | party= | occupation= }} General José Miguel Ramón Ydígoras Fuentes (17 October 1895 – 27 October 1982) was the conservative President of Guatemala from 1958 to March 1963.{{sfn|Gordon|1971|p=131}}{{sfn|May|1999|pp=72-73}} He was also the main challenger to Jacobo Árbenz during the 1950 presidential election.{{sfn|Gordon|1971|p=131}} He had previous served as the governor of the province of San Marcos.[1] Early life and military careerYdígoras Fuentes was born on a coffee plantation, in Pueblo Nuevo in the Guatemalan department of Retalhuleu, on 17 October 1895.[1][2] He retained a great fondness for coffee as an adult, claiming to drink 10 cups of it in a day, and describing it as a "patriotic vice", referring to Guatemala's high coffee production.[2] He enrolled in Guatemala's military academy, and graduated at the top of his class.[2] He was commissioned in the Guatemalan infantry in 1915. He was posted to the Guatemalan embassy in Washington, D.C., in 1918, and to the Paris embassy in 1919.[1] In the same year he represented Guatemala at the Paris Peace Conference. He subsequently held various posts in the military academy,[2] before becoming a governor of the province of San Marcos in 1922.[1] Ydígoras was appointed a general in 1937.[1] He served as governor under the government of dictator Jorge Ubico until 1939, when Ubico appointed him director of roads.[1][3] After Ubico was overthrown in the October revolution, Ydígoras was sent first to Washington, D.C., and then London, in diplomatic exile.[2] During the government of Juan José Arévalo, Ydígoras was linked to several of the 25 attempted coups during 1945-51.[4] He returned to Guatemala in 1950.[2] In the 1950 Guatemalan presidential election, Ydígoras was the main opponent of Árbenz.{{sfn|Gleijeses|1991|pp=73-84}} The elections were broadly free and fair, except that women who could not read were still disenfranchised.{{sfn|Gleijeses|1991|pp=73–84}} Although Ydígoras had the support of landowners, he lacked popular support, and did not have the backing of major political parties as Árbenz did. Árbenz eventually won the election with 258,987 votes to 72,796 for Ydígoras, out of a total of 404,739.{{sfn|Gleijeses|1991|pp=73–84}} The United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) considered Ydígoras as a candidate to lead the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état, because he had support among the Guatemalan opposition.{{sfn|Immerman|1982|pp=141–142}} However, he was rejected for his role in the Jorge Ubico regime, as well as his European visage, which was unlikely to appeal to the mostly mixed-race mestizo population. Carlos Castillo Armas was chosen instead.{{sfn|Immerman|1982|pp=141–142}} Ydígoras later claimed that in 1953, he had been introduced to two CIA agents by Walter Turnbull, an official of the United Fruit Company, and offered support to overthrow Árbenz. Ydígoras said he refused their terms, which included favoring the United Fruit Company, abolishing the railway worker's union, and establishing a dictatorship similar to that of Ubico.{{sfn|Gordon|1971|p=131}} Ydígoras later agreed to help Castillo Armas in his own coup attempt, a fact which came to the attention of the Árbenz government before it fell.{{sfn|Gordon|1971|p=143}} After Castillo Armas took power following the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'etat, Ydígoras was made ambassador to Colombia.[2] Election as PresidentCarlos Castillo Armas was assassinated in 1957, and elections were held immediately afterwards by a military junta.{{sfn|Gordon|1971|p=152}} These elections were so fraudulent that popular outcry forced a fresh ballot.{{sfn|Gordon|1971|p=152}} Another election was held in 1958, in which Ydígoras was elected.{{sfn|Gordon|1971|p=152}} His administration saw continual corruption scandals.{{sfn|Gordon|1971|p=152}} There was significant social turmoil following his election, and demonstrations and protests against the government and against electoral fraud were common during his administration.{{sfn|May|1999|pp=70-71}} These protests eventually grew into the Guerilla group MR-13.{{sfn|May|1999|pp=70-71}} In July 1958 a senior CIA Chief described Ydígoras as, "known to be a moody, almost schizophrenic individual" who "regularly disregards the advice of his Cabinet and other close associates".[5] The beginning of the leftist insurgency led to Ydígoras being accused of being "soft on communism" by other figures within the army.{{sfn|May|1999|pp=72-73}} During his presidency, Ydígoras allowed the CIA to train the Cuban exile force that would be used in the failed 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion.[2] Several coups were attempted against him in the early 1960s, but they all failed,{{sfn|May|1999|pp=72-73}} including one rebellion by the air force in 1962.[2] In 1963, Ydígoras's defense minister Colonel Enrique Peralta Azurdia eventually toppled Ydígoras. Peralta claimed that the entire government had been infiltrated by communists, abrogated the constitution, and took over as the head of state.{{sfn|May|1999|pp=72-73}} Peralta's coup had the backing of several opposition parties, who wished to end the possibility that former left-of-center civilian president Juan José Arévalo would return to Guatemala and run as a candidate in the upcoming elections.[6] Later lifeLater in his life, Ydígoras was bitter about the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion. In exile in El Salvador in 1974, he stated that he had been made a scapegoat for the failure, and that the US was responsible for his overthrow.[2] Ydígoras died of a cerebral hemorrhage in October 1982, in a military hospital in Guatemala City, at the age of 86. He was survived by his wife and two children.[2][1] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book|last1=Lentz|first1=Harris M.|title=Heads of States and Governments Since 1945|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-26490-2|page=344|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6HKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA342}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite news |last1=Bird |first1=David |title=General Ydigoras of Guatemala, Bay of Pigs Figure, is Dead at 86|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/08/obituaries/general-ydigoras-of-guatemala-bay-of-pigs-figure-is-dead-at-86.html |accessdate=9 January 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=8 October 1982}} 3. ^{{cite book|title=The time of freedom: campesino workers in Guatemala's October Revolution|first=Cindy|last=Forster|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8229-4162-0 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AUl_WnHQd1sC|page=167}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=The blood of Guatemala: a history of race and nation|last=Grandin|first=Greg|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-8223-2495-9|page=206}} 5. ^{{citation |last=King |first=J. C. |date=25 July 1958 |title=Subject: S. S. Springfjord |series=Memorandum for: Office of the General Council |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |url=http://www.foia.cia.gov/browse_docs.asp?doc_no=0000919942 |page=1 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027150934/http://www.foia.cia.gov/browse_docs.asp?doc_no=0000919942 |archivedate=27 October 2012 }} The two-page memorandum is stamped: "CIA Historical Review Program, Release as Sanitized, 2003" 6. ^{{cite book |first=Daniel M. |last=Corstange |chapter=Guatemala: The Party System from 1963 to 2000 |editor-first=Kenneth |editor-last=Janda |title=Political Parties: A Cross-National Survey |location=New York |publisher=The Free Press |page=not cited |chapterurl=http://www.janda.org/ICPP/ICPP2000/Countries/4-CentralAmerica/44-Guatemala/Guatemala63-00.html|isbn=0029161207 }} Sources{{refbegin|30em}}
8 : 1895 births|1982 deaths|People from Retalhuleu Department|Presidents of Guatemala|Leaders ousted by a coup|National Democratic Reconciliation Party politicians|Guatemalan Revolution|International Olympic Committee members |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。