| 词条 | Study Club fire |
| 释义 |
| title = Study Club fire | image = | caption = | time = | duration = | date = {{Start date|1929|9|20}} | venue = Study Nightclub | location = Detroit, Michigan | coordinates = {{coord|42|20|25.2|N|83|03|06.9|W|type:event_region:US-MI|display=title,inline}} | type = Fire | cause =Unknown | participants = | outcome = | reported deaths = 22 | reported injuries = 55 | reported missing = | reported property damage = | arrests = | suspects = | accused = | convicted = | charges = | trial = | verdict = | convictions = | sentence = }} The Study Club fire killed 22 people and injured over 50[1] in a Detroit, Michigan dance hall on September 20, 1929.[2] The club was located in the old theater district, at 65 East Vernor Highway, in Detroit.[3][4] Until the fire, the Study Club operated as a speakeasy nightclub, where alcohol was being illegally sold during Prohibition. The fire is a historic case study of disasters in nightclubs, specifically dealing with hazards of flammable materials. ProhibitionThe Study night club was not a typical nightclub by modern standards. It consisted of three floors of varied usage and was constructed from a three story retrofitted mansion. The first floor was a kitchen, and the second floor was a restaurant and dance floor. During the 1920s and early 1930s, Prohibition banned the sale, transportation, and distribution of alcohol in the US. The Study Club was widely known to serve alcohol illegally.[5] The Study Club operated under the principle that everything was fixed (which implied law enforcement non- interference with the selling of alcohol). Police officers were indeed consistent club patrons and allowed the club to operate in illegal premises.[5] FireThe fire occurred Friday September 20, 1929.[3] The official cause of the fire was not determined.[6] It is assumed the fire was caused by a discarded cigarette in the stairwell, which was lined with flammable draperies and decorations, that led to the second floor. The owner of the building believed the fire to be the result of a bomb.[7] The stairwell was the only means of egress for the second floor patrons. Over 20 people [2] were killed and nearly 50 injured.[1] Some patrons managed to find their way to the roof and escaped by jumping from the building. Most of these only suffered broken bones.[1] Bandleader Al Handler helped get several people out a second-floor window, then followed.[3] Others seeking safety fled to dressing rooms in the building and were found there after the fire. It was reported by survivors that some patrons thought the fire was part of the dancing act.[7] Most windows were blocked with boards and were inaccessible even to fire fighters. The majority of those who died were in their 30s. Most deaths were attributed to suffocation and asphyxiation from toxic fumes emitted from the burning debris, rather than the actual heat from the flames.[1] After the fire the building's interior was completely destroyed while the exterior appeared undamaged apart from broken windows. The fire escape along the side of the structure was apparently inaccessible and proved useless to trapped patrons.[1] Some estimates reported financial losses to be over US$35,000.[7] AftermathWith several more severe fires subsequent to this, the Study nightclub fire has largely gone unreported in peer assessed literature, with the exception that it serves to illustrate fires caused by flammable materials such as decorations.[6] The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) considers the fire and loss of life significant in its list of historic fires.[2] {{Portalbar|Metro Detroit|Fire|1920s}}References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news |title= 16 killed |author= Associated Press |newspaper= The Free Lance Star |date= September 20, 1929 |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19290919&id=laIwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=s4oDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6686,4748238}} {{Nightclub fires}}2. ^1 2 {{cite web |url= http://www.nfpa.org/itemDetail.asp?categoryID=1352&itemID=30955&URL=Research/Fire%20statistics/Key%20dates%20in%20fire%20history&cookie%5Ftest=1 |title= Key Dates in Fire History |author= John Hall |year= 2003 |work= NFPA archives |publisher= NFPA |accessdate= 7 April 2010 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110609042115/http://www.nfpa.org/itemDetail.asp?categoryID=1352&itemID=30955&URL=Research%2FFire%20statistics%2FKey%20dates%20in%20fire%20history&cookie_test=1 |archivedate= 9 June 2011 |df= }} 3. ^1 2 {{cite news |title= 18 dead in night club fire |author= |newspaper= Montreal Gazette |date= September 21, 1929 |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eHItAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SIwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6131,3693322&dq=night-club+fire&hl=en}} 4. ^{{cite news |newspaper = Detroit News |title=130 Years of Flames and Heroics |url=http://multimedia.detnews.com/pix/photogalleries/historygallery/rvm_firedep/index7.html}} 5. ^1 {{cite news |title= Study Club raided by fire|author= unidentified |newspaper= Spokane Daily Chronicle |date= September 21, 1929 |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19290921&id=MaMpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u_QDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5399,4718365 }} 6. ^1 {{cite book |title= Fire safety aspects of polymeric materials volume 7 |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 1971 |publisher= national academy of sciences |location= Washington |isbn= 0-87762-224-8 |page= |pages= |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=e0IrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA122&dq=Fire+safety+aspects+of+polymeric+materials+detroit+1929&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1970&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1980&as_brr=0&ei=bPq-S5-sKZLKlQSGy4H6Aw&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate=9 April 2010}} 7. ^1 2 {{cite news |title= Fire destroys night club |author= Stu Beitler (transcriber) |newspaper= Jefferson City Post Tribune Missouri |date= September 20, 1929 |url= http://www3.gendisasters.com/michigan/7305/detroit-mi-fire-destroys-night-club-sep-1929}} 9 : Nightclub fires|1929 in Michigan|History of Detroit|1929 fires|Fires in Michigan|Building fires in the United States|Fire disasters involving barricaded escape routes|September 1929 events|1929 disasters in the United States |
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