| 词条 | Subi Reef |
| 释义 |
| plural = | name = Subi Reef | image name = Subi Reef, Spratly Islands.png | image caption = Landsat 7 Image (April 2000) | image size = | pushpin map = South China Sea | native name = | archipelago = Spratly Islands | native name link = | other_names = Zhubi Reef {{zh|c=渚碧礁|p=Zhǔbì Jiāo}} {{lang-tl|Zamora}} {{lang-vi|đá Xu Bi}} | location = South China Sea | coordinates = {{coord|10.9133|N|114.062|E|source:kolossus-zhwiki|display=inline,title}} | country claim = People's Republic of China | country 1 claim = Philippines | country 2 claim = Republic of China (Taiwan) | country 3 claim = Vietnam | country = People's Republic of China | country admin divisions title = | country admin divisions = }} Subi Reef, also known as Zhubi Reef ({{zh|c=渚碧礁|p=Zhǔbì Jiāo}}; {{lang-tl|Zamora}}; {{lang-vi|đá Xu Bi}}) is a reef in the Spratly Islands of the South China Sea located {{convert|26|km|abbr=on}} southwest of Philippine-occupied Thitu Island. It is occupied by China, and claimed by Taiwan, Vietnam, and the Philippines. It currently falls under the de facto jurisdiction of Nansha islands, Sansha city, Hainan province, China. Topography and featuresThe atoll measures {{convert|5.7|km|mi}} along its longer southwest-northeast axis, and is up to {{convert|3.5|km|mi}} wide. Its total area including the lagoon and rim of the reef measures {{convert|16|sqkm|sqmi}}, and the lagoon is up to {{convert|22|m|ft}} deep.[1] Naturally above water only at low tide, the reef surrounds a lagoon. The People's Republic of China has constructed a 4-story building, a weather observation station with doppler weather radar, wharfs, and a helipad in the area. A buoyed channel guides ships to the inner lagoon which is {{convert|3.7|km|mi}} in diameter.[2][3][4][5] On 12 July 2016, the tribunal of the Permanent Court of Arbitration confirmed that Subi Reef is, or in their natural condition was, exposed at low tide and submerged at high tide and are, accordingly low-tide elevations that do not generate entitlement to a territorial sea, exclusive economic zone or continental shelf.[6] Legal issuesAs the Subi Reef is under the water, it is considered by the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) as "sea bed" in "international waters". Although the PRC had ratified a limited UNCLOS III not allowing innocent passage of war ships,[7] according to the UNCLOS III, features built on the sea bed cannot have territorial waters.[7] Environmental issuesThe PRC has ratified UNCLOS III;[7] the convention establishes general obligations for safeguarding the marine environment and protecting freedom of scientific research on the high seas, and also creates an innovative legal regime for controlling mineral resource exploitation in deep seabed areas beyond national jurisdiction, through an International Seabed Authority and the Common heritage of mankind principle.[8] Territorial disputesThe reef is occupied and controlled by China (PRC), with a 2014 estimate of 200 troops stationed there,[9] and claimed by Taiwan (ROC), the Philippines, and Vietnam. In July 2012, a large fleet of 30 Chinese fishing vessels arrived at the reef from Hainan.[10][11] In April 2015, a Philippine Navy aircraft patrolling near the reef received "aggressive action" from a Chinese ship.[12] Also in 2015, the USS Lassen sailed within 12 nautical miles (which if applicable is the territorial waters limit of the reef), prompting the Chinese Foreign Ministry to call the action a "provocation" and vowed to keep building up in the South China Sea. As per the US Navy, this was a routine "freedom of navigation" exercise. Similar exercises are performed routinely about 12-28 times per year.[13][14] During 2014, the PRC started reclaiming land at Subi Reef, and by the end of 2015 had developed it into an island of {{convert|3.95|sqkm|sqmi}}, with a military base, a large harbour, and an airstrip of about {{convert|3000|m|ft}}.[15][16] In November 2015, two U.S. B-52 strategic bombers flew in airspace near the area. They were contacted by Chinese ground control, but were allowed to continue their mission undeterred.[17] In April 2016 a new lighthouse 55 metres high commenced operations.[18] A civilian test flight to the new airport was conducted by a passenger jet of Hainan Airlines on July 13, 2016.[19] See also
References1. ^Atoll Area, Depth and Rainfall: Zhubi 2. ^{{cite news |last=Anda |first=Redempto |title=Government told of China buildup 2 months ago |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/44553 |accessdate=29 October 2013 |newspaper=Philippine Inquirer |date=17 July 2012}} 3. ^{{cite news |last=Jingya |first=Mei |title=China installed radar on Zhubi Reef：Philippine media |url=http://english.sina.com/china/2012/0718/487613.html |accessdate=29 October 2013 |newspaper=Sina English News |date=19 July 2012}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Digital Gazetteer of the Spratly Islands |url=http://www.southchinasea.org/macand/gazetteer.htm |publisher=www.southchinasea.org |accessdate=2008-03-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717152713/http://www.southchinasea.org/macand/gazetteer.htm |archivedate=July 17, 2007 }} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.qq.com/a/20120725/000453.htm |title=高清：菲律宾称中国将在南沙渚碧礁建机场 |author= |date= |website=qq.com |publisher=Tencent QQ |access-date=August 9, 2016 |quote=Chinese language page with a collection of 10 photos of the reef and Thitu (Pagasa) Island dated 25 July 2012. Pictures 1,3,4&6 show the buildings on the reef; 5 shows a lighthouse, 7-10 show Pagasa}} . 6. ^{{cite web |title=Award |date=12 July 2016 |publisher=Permanent Court of Arbitration |url=https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Award.pdf}} p.174 7. ^1 2 {{cite web |url= https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_declarations.htm |title= UNCLOS. Declarations upon ratification}} 8. ^Jennifer Frakes, The Common Heritage of Mankind Principle and the Deep Seabed, Outer Space, and Antarctica: Will Developed and Developing Nations Reach a Compromise? Wisconsin International Law Journal. 2003; 21:409 9. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/06/13/14/china-reclaiming-land-5-reefs |title= China reclaiming land in 5 reefs? |author= DJ Sta. Ana |date=June 13, 2014 |accessdate= September 11, 2014 |work= www.abs-cbnnews.com}} 10. ^{{cite news |last=Cunfu |first=Wang |title=Fishing vessels arrive at Zhubi Reef of south China Sea |url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2012-07/18/c_131723838.htm |accessdate=29 October 2013 |newspaper=Xinhua |date=18 July 2012}} 11. ^{{cite news |title=Fishing vessels arrive at Zhubi Reef of south China Sea |url=http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/722026.shtml |accessdate=29 October 2013 |newspaper=Global Times China}} 12. ^{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=18 April 2015 |title=Philippine military says Chinese ship took aggressive action |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/philippines/philippine-military-says-chinese-ship-took-aggressive-action-1.1498036 |newspaper=Gulf News |location=United Arab Emeritus |access-date=5 April 2015 }} 13. ^{{Cite news|title = Beijing Calls U.S. Warship’s Route in South China Sea a ‘Provocation’|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/28/world/asia/south-china-sea-uss-lassen-spratly-islands.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 2015-10-27|access-date = 2015-10-27|issn = 0362-4331|first = Jane|last = Perlez}} 14. ^{{Cite web|title = A U.S. Naval Signal in the South China Sea|url = http://www.cfr.org/china/us-naval-signal-south-china-sea/p37185|website = Council on Foreign Relations|accessdate = 2015-11-02}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://amti.csis.org/new-imagery-release/|title=Potential New Runway Presents New Headaches|author=Gregory Poling|publisher=Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative|accessdate=2015-10-30}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://amti.csis.org/subi-reef-tracker/|title=Subi reef tracker|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies|accessdate=2016-03-05|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515054025/http://amti.csis.org/subi-reef-tracker/|archivedate=2016-05-15|df=}} 17. ^http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/us-bombers-flew-near-chinese-built-island-in-south-china-sea-pentagon/ar-BBmWhOg?li=AAa0dzB 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://thediplomat.com/2016/04/china-starts-operating-new-south-china-sea-lighthouse-on-subi-reef/|title=China Unveils New South China Sea Lighthouse on Subi Reef|author=Prashanth Parameswaran|publisher=The Diplomat|date=2016-04-06|accessdate=2016-04-24}} 19. ^{{cite news | title = China conducts test flights on two new airports on Nansha Islands | url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2016-07/13/c_135510656_2.htm | accessdate= 2016-07-14 | newspaper= Xinhua}} External links
9 : Reefs of China|Reefs of the Philippines|Reefs of Taiwan|Reefs of Vietnam|Reefs of the Spratly Islands|Landforms of Khanh Hoa Province|Artificial islands|Disputed reefs|Coastal fortifications |
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