| 词条 | Substantial disruption |
| 释义 |
The substantial disruption test is a criterion set forth by the United States Supreme Court, in the leading case of Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 393 U.S. 503 (1969).{{sfn | Alexander | Alexander | 2011 | p=409 |ps=: In Tinker, the Supreme Court established the “material and substantial disruption” test to protect the freedom of speech and expression in public schools. Here, the Court made it clear that school authorities are not permitted to deny a student ...}} The test is used to determine whether an act by a U.S. public school official (State actor) has abridged a student's constitutionally protected First Amendment rights of free speech. The test, as set forth in the Tinker opinion, asks the question: Did the speech or expression of the student "materially and substantially interfere with the requirements of appropriate discipline in the operation of the school?" NotesReferences
| last = Alexander | first = K. | last2 = Alexander | first2 = M.D. | title = American Public School Law | publisher = Cengage Learning | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-495-91049-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=irnJsfcrOd0C&pg=PA409 | ref = harv | access-date = 30 September 2018 }}
1 : American legal terminology |
| 随便看 |
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