词条 | Mikoyan MiG-31 | |||||||||||||||||
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The Mikoyan MiG-31 ({{lang-ru|Микоян МиГ-31}}; NATO reporting name: Foxhound) is a supersonic interceptor aircraft developed for use by the Soviet Air Forces. The aircraft was designed by the Mikoyan design bureau as a replacement for the earlier MiG-25 "Foxbat"; the MiG-31 is based on and shares design elements with the MiG-25.[2] The MiG-31 has the distinction of being one of the fastest combat jets in the world.[2] It continues to be operated by the Russian Air Force and the Kazakhstan Air Force following the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Russian Defence Ministry expects the MiG-31 to remain in service until 2030 or later.[3] DevelopmentOriginsThe MiG-25 underwent substantial design sacrifices in order to achieve high speed, altitude and rate of climb. However, it lacked maneuverability at interception speeds and was difficult to fly at low altitudes. The MiG-25's speed was limited to Mach 2.83, but it could reach a maximum speed of Mach 3.2 or more with the risk of engine damage.[5][4] Development of the MiG-25's replacement began with the Ye-155MP ({{lang-ru|Е-155МП}}) prototype which first flew on 16 September 1975.[5] Although it bore a superficial resemblance to the MiG-25, it had a longer fuselage to accommodate the radar operator's cockpit and was in many respects a new design. An important development was the MiG-31's advanced radar, capable of both look-up and look-down/shoot-down engagement, as well as multiple target tracking. This gave the Soviet Union an interceptor with the capability to engage the most likely Western intruders (low flying cruise missiles and bombers) at long range.[6] The MiG-31 replaced the Tu-128 as the Soviet Union's dedicated long-range interceptor,[7] with far more advanced sensors and weapons,[8] while its range is almost double that of the MiG-25. Like its MiG-25 predecessor, the introduction of the MiG-31 was surrounded by early speculation and misinformation concerning its design and abilities. The West learned of the new interceptor from Lieutenant Viktor Belenko, a pilot who defected to Japan in 1976 with his MiG-25P.[9] Belenko described an upcoming "Super Foxbat" with two seats and an ability to intercept cruise missiles. According to his testimony, the new interceptor was to have air intakes similar to the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23, which the MiG-31 does not have, at least in production variants.[10] Into productionSerial production of the MiG-31 began in 1979.[11][12] The MiG-31 is able to maintain combat effectiveness despite the potential use of active and passive radar jammers and thermal decoys by adversaries. A group of four MiG-31 interceptors is able to control an area of air space across a total length of {{convert|800|to|900|km|mi}};[6][13] its radar possessing a maximum detection range of {{convert|200|km|mi|sigfig=2}} in distance (radius) and the typical width of detection along the front of {{convert|225|km|mi|sigfig=2}}.[14] The MiG-31 was designed to fulfill the following mission objectives:[1]
MiG-31 production ended in 1994.[15] The first production batch of 519 MiG-31s including 349 "baseline models" was produced at the Sokol plant between 1976 and 1988. The second batch of 101 MiG-31DZs was produced from 1989 to 1991. The final batch of 69 MiG-31B aircraft was produced between 1990 and 1994. From the final batch 50 were retained by the Kazakhstan Air Force after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Of the "baseline models", 40 airframes were upgraded to MiG-31BS standard.[1] Upgrades and replacementSome upgrade programs have found their way into the MiG-31 fleet, like the MiG-31BM multirole version with upgraded avionics, new multimode radar, hands-on-throttle-and-stick (HOTAS) controls, liquid crystal (LCD) color multi-function displays (MFDs), ability to carry the R-77 missile and various Russian air-to-ground missiles (AGMs) such as the Kh-31 anti-radiation missile (ARM), a new and more powerful computer, and digital data links. A project to upgrade the Russian MiG-31 fleet to the MiG-31BM standard began in 2010;[16] 100 aircraft are to be upgraded to MiG-31BM standard by 2020.[17][18] Russian Federation Defence Ministry chief Colonel Yuri Balyko has claimed that the upgrade will increase the combat effectiveness of the aircraft several times over.[19] 18 MIG-31BMs were delivered in 2014.[20] The Russian military will receive more than 130 upgraded MiG-31BMs, and the first 24 aircraft have already been delivered, Russian Deputy Defense Minister Yuri Borisov told reporters on 9 April 2015.[21] Russia plans to start development of a replacement for the MiG-31 by 2019. The aircraft will be called PAK-DP (ПАК ДП, Перспективный авиационный комплекс дальнего перехвата – Prospective Air Complex for Long-Range Interception).[22] Development of the new aircraft, designated MiG-41, began in April 2013. Such development is favored over restarting MiG-31 production.[23] In March 2014, Russian test pilot Anatoly Kvochur said that work began on a Mach 4 capable MiG-41 based on the MiG-31.[24][25] Later reports said that development of the MiG-31 replacement is to begin in 2017, with the first aircraft to be delivered in 2020, and the replacement entering service in 2025.[26] DesignOverviewLike the MiG-25, the MiG-31 is a large twin-engine aircraft with side-mounted air intake ramps, a shoulder-mounted wing with an aspect ratio of 2.94, and twin vertical tailfins. Unlike the MiG-25, it has two seats, with the rear occupied by a dedicated weapon systems officer.[27] The MiG-31 is limited to five g when travelling at supersonic speeds.[5] While flying under combat weight, its wing loading is marginal and its thrust-to-weight ratio is favorable. The MiG-31 is not designed for close combat or rapid turning.[28] The wings and airframe of the MiG-31 are stronger than those of the MiG-25, permitting supersonic flight at low altitudes. Like the MiG-25, its flight surfaces are built primarily of nickel-steel alloy, enabling the aircraft to tolerate kinetic heating at airspeeds approaching Mach 3. The MiG-31 airframe comprises 49% arc-welded nickel steel, 33% light metal alloy, 16% titanium and 2% composites.[29] Its D30-F6 jet engines, each rated at 152 kN thrust, allow a maximum speed of Mach 1.23 at low altitude. High-altitude speed is temperature-redlined to Mach 2.83 – the thrust-to-drag ratio is sufficient for speeds in excess of Mach 3, but such speeds pose unacceptable hazards to engine and airframe life in routine use.[28] Electronics suiteThe MiG-31 was among the first aircraft with a phased array radar, and one of two aircraft in the world capable of independently firing long-range air-to-air missiles as of 2013.[30][31][32][33][34] The MiG-31 was the world's first operational fighter with a passive electronically scanned array radar (PESA), the Zaslon S-800. Its maximum range against fighter-sized targets is approximately 200 km, and it can track up to 10 targets and simultaneously attack four of them with its Vympel R-33 missiles. The radar is matched with an infra-red search and track (IRST) system in a retractable undernose fairing.[28] The MiG-31 was equipped with RK-RLDN and APD-518[35] digital secure datalinks. The RK-RLDN datalink is for communication with ground control centers. The APD-518 datalink enables a flight of four MiG-31 to automatically exchange radar-generated data within 200 km from each other. It also enables other aircraft with less sophisticated avionics,[36] such as MiG-23,25,29/Su-15,27[14] to be directed to targets spotted by MiG-31 (a maximum of four (long-range) for each MiG-31 aircraft). The A-50 AEW aircraft and MiG-31 can automatically exchange aerial and terrestrial radar target designation,[37] as well as air defense.[38] The MiG-31 is equipped with ECM of radar and infrared ranges,[48] and is capable of performing combat tasks. The flight-navigation equipment of the MiG-31 includes a complex of automatic control system SAU-155МP and sighting-navigation complex KN-25 with two inertial systems and IP-1-72A with digital computer, electronic long range navigation system Radical NP (312) or A-331, electronic system of the long-range navigation A-723. Distant radio navigation is carried out by means of two systems: Chayka (similar to the system of Loran) and «Route» (similar to the system of Omega).{{clarify|date=February 2014}} Similarly to the complex S-300 missile system,[39] aircraft group with APD-518 can: share data obtained by various radars from different directions (active or passive scanning of radiation) and summarize the data. The target can be detected passively (through noise posed to protect themselves / active search radar (target)) and (or) actively simultaneously from many different directions (active search radar of MiG-31). Every aircraft with the APD-518 will have the exact data, even if it is not involved in the search.[11][35][52]
RadarsAdopted in 1981 RP-31 N007 backstop (Russian: Zaslon).[40]
Variant differencesThe basic differences between other versions and the MiG-31BM are:[44]
CockpitThe aircraft is a two-seater with the rear seat occupant controlling the radar. Although cockpit controls are duplicated across cockpits, it is normal for the aircraft to be flown only from the front seat. The pilot flies the aircraft by means of a centre stick and left hand throttles. The rear cockpit has only two small vision ports on the sides of the canopy. The presence of the WSO (weapon systems operator) in the rear cockpit improves aircraft effectiveness since the WSO is entirely dedicated to radar operations and weapons deployment, thus decreasing the workload of the pilot and increasing efficiency. Both cockpits are fitted with zero/zero ejection seats which allow the crew to eject at any altitude and airspeed.[28] ArmamentThe MiG-31's main armament is four R-33 air-to-air missiles (NATO codename AA-9 'Amos') carried under the belly.
Operational historySerial production of the MiG-31 began in 1979.[11][65] The MiG-31 entered operational service with the Soviet Air Defence Forces (PVO) in 1981.[66] It was the world's first aircraft with a phased array radar, and is one of only two aircraft in the world capable of independently firing long-range air-to-air missiles as of 2013.[30][31][32] (The other is the Iranian Air Force F-14 Tomcat which uses a domestic version of the long-range AIM-54 Phoenix called the Fakour-90.[33][34]) The MiG-31BM has a detection range of 282 km for a target with a radar cross-section of 5 square meters. With the designation Ye-266, a re-engined Ye-155[67][68] set new world records.[69] It reached an absolute maximum altitude of {{convert|37,650|m|ft|abbr=off}} in 1977,[70] and set a time to height record of {{convert|35,000|m|ft|abbr=off}} in 4 minutes, 11.78 seconds, both of which were set by the famous MiG test pilot Alexander Fedotov. Pyotr Ostapenko,[71] his deputy, set a time to height record to {{convert|30,000|m|ft|abbr=on}} in 3 minutes and 9.8 seconds in 1975.[72][73]{{clarify |date=July 2017 |reason = Is that really for MiG-31? Same sentence about exactly same records and for same year appears in article for MiG-25.}} ExportSyria ordered eight MiG-31E aircraft in 2007 for the Syrian Air Force.[74][75] The order was suspended in May 2009 reportedly either due to Israeli pressure or lack of Syrian funds.[76] On 15 August 2015, Turkish news media reported that six MiG-31s had been delivered to the Syrian Arab Air Force,[77][78] but Russia denied making MiG-31 deliveries to Syria.[79]Variants
Operators
Former operators
Notable accidentsOn 4 April 1984, a MiG-31 crashed while on a test flight, killing Mikoyan chief test pilot and Hero of the Soviet Union, Aleksandr Vasilyevich Fedotov and his navigator V. Zaitsev.{{fact|date=November 2018}} Specifications (MiG-31){{Aircraft specifications
|cruise speed main= Mach 2.35 |cruise speed alt=2,500 km/h, 1,550 mph |range main=3,000 km |range alt=1,860 mi, 1,620 nmi |range more=with 4 x R-33E and 2 drop tanks; 5,400 km (3,360 mi; 2,920 nmi) with 4 x R-33E and 2 drop tanks with one aerial refueling[108] |combat radius main=1,450 km |combat radius alt=900 mi, 780 nmi |combat radius more=at Mach 0.8 and at an altitude of 10,000 m (33,000 ft); 720 km (450 mi; 390 nmi) at Mach 2.35 and at an altitude of 18,000 m (59,000 ft)[109] |ceiling main=25,000+ m |ceiling alt=82,000+ ft [110] |climb rate main=208 m/s |climb rate alt=41,000 ft/min |loading main=665 kg/m² |loading alt=136 lb/ft² |thrust/weight=0.85 |more performance=*Maximum g-load: 5 g
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}} ReferencesNotes1. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last1=Mladenov |first1=Alexander |title=The Foxhound's New Tricks |journal=Air International |date=July 2015 |volume=19 |issue=1|page=28}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://rt.com/news/210935-norway-f16-mig31-interception/ |title=Flight fright: Russian MiG-31 jet pulls midair maneuver on Norwegian F-16 (VIDEO) |work= rt.com}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/russias-modernized-soviet-era-mig-31-fighters-to-fly-for-50-years/518895.html|title=Russia's Modernized Soviet-Era MiG-31 Fighters to Fly for 50 Years|date=April 9, 2015|publisher=The Moscow Times}} 4. ^Gunston and Spick 1983, pp. 132–133. 5. ^Eden 2004, p. 323. 6. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://topwar.ru/21381-mig-31-luchshiy-istrebitel-perehvatchik-mira.html|title=МиГ-31 – лучший истребитель-перехватчик мира|work=topwar.ru|accessdate=6 April 2015|lang=ru}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.airbase.ru/sb/russia/mikoyan/mig/31/index-t.htm|title=МиГ-31|author=|date=|website=www.airbase.ru|accessdate=29 December 2018|lang=ru}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russias-super-sized-tu-128-fighter-the-supersonic-b-52-19972|title=Russia's Super-Sized Tu-128 Fighter: The Supersonic B-52 Killer|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=1 April 2017|website=The National Interest|accessdate=2 February 2019}} 9. ^{{cite journal|last1=Eyster, II|first1=James P.|title=The Defection of Viktor Belenko: The Use of International Law to Justify Political Decisions|journal=Fordham International Law Journal|date=1977|volume=1|issue=1|url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=ilj|accessdate=30 October 2015|publisher=The Berkeley Electronic Press (bepress)}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=MiG-31 Foxhound|url=http://www.globalaircraft.org/planes/mig-31_foxhound.pl|website=Global Aircraft|publisher=The Global Aircraft Organization|accessdate=30 October 2015}} 11. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.arms-expo.ru/news/armed_forces/mig_31_moderniziruetsya_i_prosluzhit_v_vvs_rossii_eshche_okolo_15_let/?sphrase_id=2636609|title=МиГ-31 модернизируется и прослужит в ВВС России еще около 15 лет|work=arms-expo.ru|accessdate=6 April 2015}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://tass.ru/politika/1369019|title=Рогозин: истребитель МиГ-31 модернизируется и прослужит еще 15 лет в ВВС России|publisher=}} 13. ^1 http://aviationweek.com/site-files/aviationweek.com/files/uploads/2014/10/1991-%20MiG-31%20At%20Le%20Bourget.pdf 14. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.arms-expo.ru/049049056052124051050056051%2Ehtml |accessdate=19 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214070309/http://www.arms-expo.ru/049049056052124051050056051.html |archivedate=14 December 2013|title=МиГ-31, (Foxhound), сверхзвуковой истребитель|lang=ru}} 15. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopaedia-russia.ru/article.php?id=599|title=МиГ-31|work=encyclopaedia-russia.ru|accessdate=6 April 2015}} 16. ^Skrynnikov, R. "Defense: Russian air force completing MiG-31BM modernization program." RIA Novosti, 13 August 2010. Retrieved: 17 August 2010. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816041955/http://en.rian.ru/mlitary_news/20100813/160190708.html |date=16 August 2010 }} 17. ^Ankov, Vitaliy. "Russia to modernize 60 MiG-31 interceptors by 2020." RIA Novosti, 2 January 2012. Retrieved: 25 November 2012. 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2014/1127/165026811/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / Минобороны России и Объединенная авиастроительная корпорация заключили контракт на модернизацию самолетов МиГ-31|date=27 November 2014|work=armstrade.org|accessdate=6 April 2015}} 19. ^"MiG-31 Upgrade Will Quadruple Its Effectiveness – Expert." royfc.com. Retrieved: 24 January 2011. 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://itar-tass.com/armiya-i-opk/1660936|title=ТАСС: Армия и ОПК – Шойгу: оснащенность Российской армии современным оружием и техникой за год выросла на 7%|work=ТАСС|accessdate=6 April 2015}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2015/0409/152528676/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / Первые 24 модернизированных истребителя-перехватчика МиГ-31БМ поступили на вооружение ВС РФ|website=www.armstrade.org}} 22. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/article/53633/russia-to-launch-mig-31-replacement-programme-before-end-of-decade |title=Russia to launch MiG-31 replacement programme before end of decade|last=Jennings|first=Gareth|access-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072342/http://www.janes.com/article/53633/russia-to-launch-mig-31-replacement-programme-before-end-of-decade |archive-date=4 March 2016 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 23. ^"Russia to Field MiG-31 Replacement by 2020". RIA Novosti, 11 April 2013. 24. ^"The Russian Armed Forces are working on the Mig-41, a new supersonic fighter based on the Mig-31 Foxhound." theaviationist.com 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.migflug.com/jetflights/mig-41-a-new-mach-4-fighter.html|title=MiG-41 – Mikoyan is developing a new, faster Mach 4+ interceptor. » MiGFlug.com Blog|website=www.migflug.com}} 26. ^"Russia to Start Developing Replacement for MiG-31 in 2017". RIA Novosti, 11 August 2014. 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://theaviationist.com/2013/12/11/sr-71-vs-mig-31/|title=How the Mig-31 repelled the SR-71 Blackbird from Soviet skies|work=theaviationist.com|accessdate=6 April 2015}} 28. ^1 2 3 4 5 Dawes, Alan. "Mikoyan's Long-Legged Hunting Dog." Air International, December 2002, pp. 396–401. 29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.aircraftinformation.info/art_mig31.htm |title=The MiG-31 Foxhound: One of the World's Greatest Interceptors|accessdate=8 August 2016}} 30. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://ria.ru/incidents/20131214/984063920.html |title=Истребитель-перехватчик МиГ-31. Летно-технические характеристики |work=РИА Новости |accessdate=6 April 2015}} 31. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://fun-space.ru/aviacziya/2149-mig-31|title=МиГ-31 – FUN-SPACE.ru|first=Super|last=User|website=fun-space.ru}} 32. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.paralay.com/mig31m.html|title=МиГ-31|work=paralay.com|accessdate=6 April 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222125931/http://paralay.com/mig31m.html|archivedate=22 February 2015|df=dmy-all}} 33. ^1 {{cite web |last1=Cenciotti |first1=David |title=Iranian F-14 Tomcat’s "new" indigenous air-to-air missile is actually an (improved?) AIM-54 Phoenix replica |url=http://theaviationist.com/2013/09/26/farouk-missile/ |website=The Aviationist |publisher=David Cenciotti |date=26 September 2013 |accessdate=24 September 2015}} 34. ^1 {{cite web |last1=Nassirkhani |first1=Major Farhad |title=The first and only country to receive F-14 Tomcat was, The Nirouyeh Havaiyeh Shahanshahiye Iran, or Imperial Iranian Air Force |url=http://www.iiaf.net/aircraft/jetfighters/F14/f14.html |website=ImperialIranianAirForce.net |publisher=Fred Nassirkhani |location= Rancho Santa Margarita, CA |accessdate=24 September 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033338/http://www.iiaf.net/aircraft/jetfighters/F14/f14.html |archivedate=24 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }} 35. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.airwar.ru/enc/fighter/mig31.html|title=МиГ МиГ-31|work=airwar.ru|accessdate=6 April 2015}} 36. ^http://испытатели.рф/russia/mikoyan/mig/31/bm/mig31bm.htm {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420112113/http://xn--80akhcovnjb1g.xn--p1ai/russia/mikoyan/mig/31/bm/mig31bm.htm |date=20 April 2017 }} 37. ^{{cite web|url=http://vpk-news.ru/articles/15752|title=МиГ-31: реальность и перспективы|work=vpk-news.ru|accessdate=6 April 2015}} 38. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://rg.ru/2014/02/03/mig-site.html|title=Как работает перехватчик МиГ-31|website=Российская газета}} 39. ^{{cite web|url=http://3mv.ru/publ/aviacija_nato_protiv_sirijskikh_s_300/1-1-0-16489|title=Авиация НАТО против сирийских С-300|work=3mv.ru|accessdate=6 April 2015}} 40. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.milrus.com/vvs/mig31/text.shtml|title=Статья. 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Retrieved: 22 July 2008. 105. ^Wilson 2000, p. 103. 106. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/mig-31/ |title=MiG-31 Foxhound Interceptor Aircraft |author= |date= |website=airforce-technology.com |accessdate=29 December 2018}} 107. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.deagel.com/Combat-Aircraft/Mig-31_a000358001.aspx |title=Mig-31 |author= |date= |website= deagel.com |accessdate=29 December 2018}} 108. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.migavia.ru/index.php/en/production/mig-31e-fighter?limit=1&start=2 |title=MiG-31E fighter |first=Super |last=User |website= migavia.ru}} 109. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.roe.ru/cataloque/air_craft/aircraft_16-19.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308124035/http://www.roe.ru/cataloque/air_craft/aircraft_16-19.pdf|archivedate=2012-03-08|title=Wayback Machine|author=|date=8 March 2012|website=web.archive.org|accessdate=29 December 2018}} 110. ^{{cite web|url=http://csef.ru/en/oborona-i-bezopasnost/423/boj-v-blizhnem-kosmose-na-kakih-vysotah-sposoben-voevat-rossijskij-mig-31-7462|title=The combat in middle space: at what altitude are able to fight the Russian MiG-31|author=|date=|website=csef.ru|accessdate=29 December 2018}} Bibliography{{refbegin}}
External links{{Commons|Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-31}}
5 : Mikoyan aircraft|Soviet fighter aircraft 1970–1979|Twinjets|Shoulder-wing aircraft|Aircraft first flown in 1975 |
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