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词条 MILAN
释义

  1. Background

  2. Variants

  3. Combat use

     Afghanistan  Chadian–Libyan conflict   Syria   Gulf War  Iraq 

  4. Operators

     Current operators  Former operators 

  5. Gallery

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

{{about||the Italian city|Milan|other uses|Milan (disambiguation)}}{{Infobox weapon
|is_missile=yes
|image=MILAN-IWM PR 27-IMG 6500-gradient.jpg
|image_size=300
|caption=MILAN missile launcher, on display at the Parachute Regiment and Airborne Forces Museum in the Imperial War Museum in Duxford.
|name=MILAN
|type=Anti-tank missile
|origin=France / West Germany
|wars=South African Border War
Chadian-Libyan conflict
Toyota War
Western Sahara War[1]
Lebanese Civil War
Iran–Iraq War
Falklands War
Gulf War
2003 invasion of Iraq
Iraq War
Opération Licorne[2]
Libyan Civil War
Northern Mali Conflict[3]
Operation Sangaris[4]
Syrian Civil War
Iraqi Civil War
2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
|era=Cold War, modern
|launch_platform=Individual, vehicle
|target=Vehicle, fortification
|manufacturer=MBDA, MKEK (under license)
|design_date=1970s
|production_date=1972
|service=1972–present
|used_by=See operators
|spec_type=MILAN 3
|diameter=0.115 m
|wingspan=0.26 m
|length=1.2 m
|weight=16.4 kg [5]
|speed=200 m/s
|vehicle_range=200–2,000 m;
3,000 m (MILAN ER)
|ceiling=
|filling=Single or tandem HEAT
|detonation=contact
|engine=solid-fuel rocket
|steering=Jet deflector
|guidance=SACLOS wire
|variants=See variants
|unit_cost=£7,500 (1984)[6]
|number=350,000 missiles, 10,000 launchers
}}

MILAN ({{lang-fr|Missile d'infanterie léger antichar}}; {{lang-en|Light anti-tank infantry missile}}, milan is French for kite) is a European anti-tank guided missile. Design of the MILAN started in 1962, it was ready for trials in 1971, and was accepted for service in 1972. It is a wire guided SACLOS (semi-automatic command to line-of-sight) missile, which means the sight of the launch unit has to be aimed at the target to guide the missile. The MILAN can be equipped with a MIRA or MILIS thermal sight to give it night-firing ability.

Background

MILAN is a product of Euromissile, a Franco-West German missile development program dating back to the 1960s. The system entered service in 1972 as a second generation anti-tank weapon and soon became a standard anti-tank weapon throughout NATO, in use by most of the alliance's individual armies.[7]

Consisting of two main components, the launcher and the missile, the MILAN system utilizes a semi-automatic command to line of sight (SACLOS) command guidance system. It tracks the missile either by a tail-mounted infrared lamp or an electronic-flash lamp, depending on the model. Because it is guided by wire by an operator, the missile cannot be affected by radio jamming or flares. However, drawbacks include its short range, the exposure of the operator, problems with overland powerlines, and a vulnerability to infrared jammers such as Shtora that can prevent the automatic tracking of the missile's IR tail light.{{cn|date=March 2018}}

The MILAN 2 variant, which entered service with the French, German and British armies in 1984, utilizes an improved 115 mm HEAT warhead. The MILAN 3 entered service with the French army in 1995 and features a new-generation localizer that makes the system more difficult to jam electronically.[8]

Variants

  • MILAN 1: Single, main shaped charge warhead (1972), calibre 103 mm
  • MILAN 2: Single, main shaped charge warhead, with standoff probe to increase penetration (1984) – see photo to right, calibre 115 mm
  • MILAN 2T: Single main shaped charge, with smaller shape charge warhead at end of standoff probe to defeat reactive armour (1993)
  • MILAN 3: Tandem, shaped charge warheads (1996) and electronic beacon
  • MILAN ER: Extended range (3,000 m) and improved penetration

The later MILAN models have tandem HEAT warheads. This was done to keep pace with developments in Soviet armour technology – Soviet tanks began to appear with explosive reactive armour, which could defeat earlier ATGMs. The smaller precursor HEAT warhead penetrates and detonates the ERA tiles, paving the way for the main HEAT warhead to penetrate the armour behind.

Combat use

Afghanistan

MILAN missile systems were among the numerous weapons sent to the Mujahideen in Afghanistan in the 1980s by the United States to combat Soviet troops.[9] The MILAN had a devastating effect on Soviet armor, having a similar effect on tanks and armored personnel carriers as Stinger missiles had had on Soviet helicopters.[10] In 2010, French troops accidentally killed four Afghan civilians in Kapisa Province using a MILAN system during a firefight.[11]

Chadian–Libyan conflict

MILAN missiles provided by the French government saw common usage during the war between Chad and Libya where they were used by Chadian forces. Often mounted on Toyota pickup trucks, the missiles successfully engaged Libyan armor in the Aouzou Strip including T-55 tanks on many occasions.[12]

Syria

In 1977, Syria ordered about 200 launchers and 4,000 missiles, which were delivered in 1978-1979. They were used by the Syrians during the Lebanese Civil War.[13] The missiles were in service during the Syrian Civil War, being for instance fielded by the Republican Guard.[13] The Syrian rebels captured some in depots, as did ISIL. The Kurdish YPG also fired Milans supplied by the international coalition.[14]

Gulf War

MILAN was used by both coalition and Iraqi forces during the Persian Gulf War, with one MILAN launcher operated by French forces having destroyed seven T-55 tanks.[15]

Iraq

Iraq operated MILAN missiles supplied by the French government during the 1980s. Those missiles were used by Iraqi forces during both Gulf Wars.

In 2015, Germany supplied the Peshmerga with 30 MILAN launchers and over 500 missiles.[16][17] Those missiles were mostly used against ISIS forces, but on 20 October during the 2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, Kurdish forces destroyed an Iraqi M1 Abrams tank and several Humvees using the MILANs.[18][19]

Operators

Current operators

  • {{flag|Afghanistan}} – Afghan National Army and Talibans[20]
  • {{flag|Armenia}} – Armed Forces of Armenia[21]
  • {{flag|Belgium}} – Belgian Army: Infantry weapon; replaced by Spike-LR in 2014[22]
  • {{BOT}}[23] - Botswana Defence Force[24]
  • {{flag|Brazil}} – Brazilian Army[23]
  • {{flag|Burundi}} (reported)[23]
  • {{CAM}} - 25 systems[23]
  • {{CHA}} – Chadian Ground Forces: used on light vehicles[25][26]
  • {{flag|Croatia}} (reported)[23]
  • {{CYP}} – Cypriot National Guard[23] 45 launchers
  • {{EST}} – Estonian Defence Forces[23]
  • {{EGY}}[23] – Egyptian Army: Mounted on light vehicles. 220 units are used.
  • {{FRA}} – French Army: Infantry and vehicle-mounted weapon. Will be replaced by Missile Moyenne Portée (MMP) from 2017.[27]
  • {{GAB}} - 4 systems[23]
  • {{GER}} – Bundeswehr: Mounted primarily on Marder and TPz Fuchs fighting vehicles; to be replaced by EUROSPIKE.
  • {{GRE}} – Hellenic Army[23] 400 Launchers
  • {{IND}} – Indian Army: Infantry and vehicle-mounted weapon. Around 30,000 built under license by Bharat Dynamics. The Indian Army has also spent close to US$120 million on 4,100 new MILAN-2T ATGMs.[28]
  • {{flag|Indonesia}}[23]
  • {{IRQ}} – Iraqi Army: One reportedly hit a British Challenger 2 MBT during the early stages of Operation Telic along with multiple rocket-propelled grenades. The tank survived the attack.
    • {{Flag| Kurdistan}} – Peshmerga: 30 launchers and 500 missiles, delivery in two portions was announced on August 31, 2014 by German Bundeswehr. These are 1980s Milan 2 replaced by later models but still in storage.[29][30] Used by the Kurds to stop ISIL vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices (VBIEDs).[31]
  • {{ITA}} – Italian Army: Infantry weapon. Built under license by Oto Melara{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}; Total of 714 launchers with 17,163 missile delivered in 1990. 807 MILAN 2T ordered in 2004 and delivered in 2005 (SIPRI).[32]
  • {{flag|Jordan}} - used on YPR 765 vehicles[23]
  • {{KEN}}[23] – Kenyan Army: Infantry weapon.
  • {{LBN}} – Lebanese Army[23]
  • {{LBY}} – Libyan National Army : 3,000 MILAN-3 exported between 2008 and 2011[33]
  • {{MKD}} – Army of the Republic of Macedonia[23]
  • {{MRT}} – Mauritanian Army[23]
  • {{MEX}}[23] – Mexican Army (Ejército Mexicano): Mounted primarily on Panhard VBL scout cars; at least 16 launchers and several hundred missiles are available.
  • {{MAR}} – Royal Moroccan Army
  • {{flag|Oman}}[23]
  • {{POR}}[23] – Portuguese Army; Portuguese Marines
  • {{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK).svg}} PKK : As per the Der Spiegel, PKK acquired the MILAN anti tank missiles [34]
  • {{RSA}} – South African Army: 375 missiles.[35][36][37][38][39]
  • {{QAT}}[23]
  • {{SEN}} - 4 systems[23]
  • {{ESP}}[23] – Spanish Army: Upgraded to MILAN 2/2T.
  • {{flag|Singapore}}: 30 systems[23]
  • {{SYR}}[23] – Syrian Army
    • {{flagicon|Syria|1932}} Free Syrian Army: Some captured.[40]
    • {{flagicon image|People's Protection Units Flag.svg}} YPG[14]
    • {{flag|Islamic State}}[14]
  • {{TUN}} – Tunisian Armed Forces: 120 missiles.[35]
  • {{TUR}} – Turkish Army[23]
  • {{UAE}}[23]
  • {{URU}} – Uruguayan Army[23]
  • {{YEM}} – Yemeni security forces

Former operators

  • {{flag|Australia}} – Australian Army: Was used by infantry and mounted on vehicles. The Australian Army withdrew the MILAN from service in the early 1990s. The ADF now fields the FGM-148 Javelin system.
  • {{IRL}} – Irish Army: Infantry weapon; replaced by the FGM-148 Javelin.
  • {{SGP}} – Singapore Army: Replaced by the Israeli Spike.
  • {{flag|Somalia}} - importated in 1978-1979[41]
  • {{flagicon image|Flag of UNITA.svg}} UNITA: 150 missiles.[35]
  • {{flag|United Kingdom}} – British Army; Royal Marines – While primarily an infantry weapon, it was also used in the FV120 Spartan MCT turret. Over 50,000 missiles were purchased for use in the British Armed Forces. The MILAN was deployed against Argentine bunkers in the Falklands conflict[42] and later against T-55s during the Persian Gulf War.[43] It was replaced by the FGM-148 Javelin in mid-2005. Previously made under license by British Aerospace Dynamics.[44]

Gallery

See also

  • Missile Moyenne Portée
  • ERYX
  • HOT (missile)
  • BGM-71 TOW
  • HJ-8

References

Notes
1. ^{{cite news|first=Roland |last=Delcour|title=À Ras-el-Khanfra, les efforts du Polisario pour rompre le mur de sécurité entourant le " Sahara utile " ont échoué|date=19 January 1982|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1982/01/19/a-ras-el-khanfra-les-efforts-du-polisario-pour-rompre-le-mur-de-securite-entourant-le-sahara-utile-ont-echoue_3108017_1819218.html|language=fr|newspaper=Le Monde}}
2. ^{{cite news|language=fr|title= Soldats tués à Bouaké : la France a laissé faire |work=Libération|date= 3 July 2006|first= Thomas|last= Hofnung |url=http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/2006/07/03/soldats-tues-a-bouake-la-france-a-laisse-faire_44887}}
3. ^{{cite magazine|title=Infantry units fires during OP Serval|first=Thibault |last=Capdeville|pages=55-58|url=http://www.emd.terre.defense.gouv.fr/img/emd/fantassin/2014_n32_fantassins.pdf|magazine=Fantassins |issue=32|date=Spring 2014}}
4. ^{{cite news|language=fr|url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20140506-rca-violent-accrochage-entre-sangaris-rebelles-boguila/ |title=RCA: violent accrochage entre Sangaris et des rebelles à Boguila|work=Radio France Internationale}}
5. ^{{cite web |title=Milan |url=https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/milan.htm |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}
6. ^{{cite web|last1=Pattie|first1=Geoffrey|title=Weapons and Equipment (Costs)|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1984/jul/10/weapons-and-equipment-costs#S6CV0063P0_19840710_CWA_48|website=millbanksystems|publisher=millbanksystems|accessdate=21 May 2016}}
7. ^{{cite web |author=ARG |title=MILAN Anti-Tank Guided Missile |website=Military-Today.com |url=http://www.military-today.com/missiles/milan.htm |access-date=2018-03-10}}
8. ^{{cite web |last=Pike |first=John |title=Milan |website=GlobalSecurity.org |date=2018-03-09 |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/milan.htm |access-date=2018-03-10}}
9. ^{{cite book|author=Bobi Pirseyedi|title=The Small Arms Problem in Central Asia: Features and Implications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtZqsUyjD6IC&pg=PA17|year=2000|publisher=United Nations Publications UNIDIR|isbn=978-92-9045-134-1|pages=17–}}
10. ^{{cite book|author1=Jack Devine|author2=Vernon Loeb|title=Good Hunting: An American Spymaster's Story|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3Z_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|date=3 June 2014|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-0-374-13032-9|pages=103–}}
11. ^{{cite web |title=French army claims responsibility for four civilian deaths in Afghanistan |publisher=France 24 |date=2010-04-29 |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20100429-afghanistan-french-army-admits-accidentally-killed-four-afghan-civilians |access-date=2018-03-10}}
12. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/16/opinion/topics-of-the-times-toyotas-and-tanks.html|title=TOPICS OF THE TIMES; Toyotas and Tanks|publisher=|newspaper=The New York Times|date=1987-08-16}}
13. ^{{cite news|title=La 104ème brigade de la Garde républicaine syrienne, troupe d'élite et étendard du régime de Damas|url=http://www.francesoir.fr/politique-monde/la-104eme-brigade-de-la-garde-republicaine-troupe-elite-regime-damas-combats-alep-ghouta-deir-ezzor-bachar-al-assad-issam-zahreddine-etat-islamique-arm%C3%A9e-syrienne-artillerie-druze-daech-forces-speciales|date=20 March 2017|language=fr|work=France-Soir}}
14. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|title=Comment l'Etat islamique a récupéré des lance-missiles Milan français|language=fr|newspaper=France Soir|date=7 December 2018|url=http://www.francesoir.fr/en-coop-matteo-puxton/comment-etat-islamique-recupere-des-lance-missiles-milan-francais|trans-title=How ISIS got French Milan missiles}}
15. ^Jayhawk! the VII Corps in the Persian Gulf War. Stephen Alan Bourque, United States. Dept. of the Army.
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/130420152|title=Germany sends more MILAN rockets to thwart ISIS suicide bombers|publisher=}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/kampf-gegen-is-mehr-deutsche-waffen-fuer-kurden/11340368.html|title=Kampf gegen IS: Mehr deutsche Waffen für Kurden|publisher=}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.rt.com/news/407356-iraq-kurdistan-battle-government-peshmerga/|title=Iraqi forces clash with Kurds moving closer to regional capital Erbil (VIDEO)|publisher=}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://lostarmour.info/iraq/item.php?id=16603|title=Lostarmour ID - 16603, M1A1M Abrams, Erbil|website=lostarmour.info}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.opex360.com/2008/10/23/afghanistan-des-missiles-milan-aux-mains-des-insurges/|title=Afghanistan : Des missiles Milan aux mains des insurgés|publisher=}}
21. ^{{cite news|title=Armenia purchases France-Germany co-produced anti-tank missile systems|url=http://en.apa.az/xeber_armenia_purchases_france-germany_co-prod_195599.html|accessdate=18 July 2013|newspaper=Apa.az|date=1 July 2013}}
22. ^Belgium selects Spike missile to replace Milan – Armyrecognition.com, January 3, 2013
23. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 {{cite web|title=Future Artillery Systems: 2016 Market Report|author=|url=http://www.ceptm.iue.edu.ar/pdf/futureAMarketReport.pdf|location=Tidworth|publisher=Defence IQ|date=2016|accessdate=21 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122000524/http://www.ceptm.iue.edu.ar/pdf/futureAMarketReport.pdf|archivedate=5 August 2016}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=29364:botswana&catid=119:african-militaries&Itemid=255|title=Botswana - defenceWeb|first=Guy|last=Martin|website=www.defenceweb.co.za}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.fr/story/36251/libye-retour-cavalerie-toyota|title=Libye: le retour de la "cavalerie Toyota"|date=30 March 2011|publisher=}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.la-croix.com/Actualite/Monde/Au-Tchad-l-argent-du-petrole-finance-surtout-les-armes-_EP_-2012-01-30-763451|title=Au Tchad, l'argent du pétrole finance surtout les armes|last=La-Croix.com|date=30 January 2012|website=La Croix}}
27. ^France Orders Anti-Tank Missile from MBDA – Defensenews.com, 5 December 2013
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports-4183|title=Not Found|website=www.india-defence.com}}
29. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.bmvg.de/resource/resource/MzEzNTM4MmUzMzMyMmUzMTM1MzMyZTM2MzEzMDMwMzAzMDMwMzAzMDY4N2E2OTcyNmEzNjMwN2EyMDIwMjAyMDIw/2014-08-31%20Papier_Unterst%C3%BCtzung_E5_final.pdf|title=Unterstützung der Regierung der Autonomen Region Irakisch-Kurdistan bei der Versorgung der Flüchtlinge und beim Kampf gegen den Islamischen Staat im Nordirak (PDF)|date=31 August 2014|work=German Bundeswehr|language=German|accessdate=1 September 2014}}
30. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/irak-deutschland-schickt-kurden-panzerabwehrraketen-a-989117.html|title=Irak: Deutschland schickt Kurden Panzerabwehrraketen|date=31 August 2014|work=Spiegel Online|language=German|accessdate=31 August 2014}}
31. ^French, American Weapons Take Toll on ISIS in Ground Combat - Military.com, 16 November 2015
32. ^{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423064933/http://www.revestito.it/?id1=101&idaux=101&wiki=Forze_armate_mondiali_dal_secondo_dopoguerra_al_XXI_secolo/Italia:_esercito_3|title=Nasce " Revestito " a Messina. Una Rivista on line per tutti. Per tutti coloro che non tollerano più demagogia, privilegio, mistificazioni di poteri grossi o piccoli, che hanno messo alle strette l´umanità, la libertà, e soprattutto la dignità. Revestito ha significato ambivalente: non occorre che sia messo a nudo il re ,per evento eccezionale, affinchè la natura delle cose in qualche misura si disveli. La trasparenza dovrebbe essere alla base di ogni consorzio civile e di ogni Stato di diritto che tale pretenda definirsi.|date=23 April 2014|publisher=}}
33. ^{{cite book|url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2015/eng/Small-Arms-Survey-2015-Highlights-EN.pdf|chapter-url= http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2015/eng/Small-Arms-Survey-2015-Chapter-04-EN.pdf|chapter=Trade Update: After the ‘Arab Spring’|title=Small Arms Survey 2015: weapons and the world|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|author=Small Arms Survey|ref={{harvid|Small Arms Survey 2015}}|page=102}}
34. ^{{cite news|title=Kampf gegen IS-Miliz: Ausrüstung der Bundeswehr möglicherweise in die Hände der PKK gelangt|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/bundeswehr-waffen-moeglicherweise-in-haende-der-pkk-gelangt-a-1018355.html|accessdate=2015-02-14|publisher=Der Spiegel}}
35. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |title=Trade Registers |publisher=Armstrade.sipri.org |date= |accessdate=2013-06-20}}
36. ^{{cite web| url=http://mysite.mweb.co.za/residents/balowe/SADF%20Arms%20Purchases.htm |title=SADF Arms Purchases |author=B A Lowe |date=4 January 2009 |accessdate=15 December 2016 |quote =75 MILAN launchers ordered in 1973 and delivered in 1974}}
37. ^{{cite thesis |first=Victor |last=Moukambi |date=December 2008 |title=RELATIONS BETWEEN SOUTH AFRICA AND FRANCE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MILITARY MATTERS, 1960-1990 |degree=Doctoral dissertation |publisher=Military Science, Stellenbosch University |location=Stellenbosch |page=116 |url=http://scholar.sun.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10019.1/1228/moukambi_relations_2008.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y|accessdate=28 April 2017 |quote= In December 1973, it was reported that [Pretoria] signed a contract.. for the supply of 50 Matra 550 air-to-air missiles ..[and] a contract over the supply of 1500 Milan missiles. Source: French Defence Ministry; Historical Archives, Paris, Box No. 14 S 295, Monthly report of the French Military Attaché in South Africa, Imports from France, November 1973. Report of the French Military Attaché in South Africa, November 1973. }}
38. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=452 |title=SANDF Army, SOF "operationalising" MILAN |author=Leon Engelbrecht |date=8 October 2008 |accessdate=15 December 2016 |quote =The launchers were received in 1974, but were placed in storage in 1996. SA employed the MILAN in combat in southern Angola in the 1980s. Under Project Kingfisher, 30 launchers were upgraded to Milan ADT-ER status and 300 missiles were acquired for R167.4 million.}}
39. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=452 |title=SA Army stocks up on Milan 3 |author=Leon Engelbrecht |date=24 May 2011 |accessdate=15 December 2016 |quote =The SANDF has ordered an undisclosed further number of Milan missiles..The R57 990 630.80 purchase order was awarded to Euromissile [sic] last week. It takes the known value of Project Kingfisher – according to the Armscor Bulletin System (ABS) – to R271 076 483.37...The Kingfisher contract was placed on December 20, 2006, and initially escaped media notice. In March 2009 the military ordered a further 13 Milan ADT firing posts and four simulators under a contract worth €10.7 million (about R129.3 million at then exchange rates, but R81.5 million on the ABS. }}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.armyrecognition.com/august_2013_defense_industry_military_army_news_uk/syrian_rebels_captured_ammunition_depot_with_milan_konkurs_anti-tank_missiles_and_rockets_0508132.html|title= Syrian rebels captured ammunition depot with Milan / Konkurs anti-tank missiles and rockets|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810035217/http://www.armyrecognition.com/august_2013_defense_industry_military_army_news_uk/syrian_rebels_captured_ammunition_depot_with_milan_konkurs_anti-tank_missiles_and_rockets_0508132.html |archive-date=2013-08-10 |website=Armyrecognition.com|date=5 August 2013}}
41. ^{{cite book|url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2012.html|chapter-url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2012/eng/Small-Arms-Survey-2012-Chapter-10-EN.pdf|chapter=Surveying the Battlefield: Illicit Arms In Afghanistan, Iraq, and Somalia|title=Small Arms Survey 2012: Moving Targets|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|author=Small Arms Survey|pages=339–340|isbn= 978-0-521-19714-4}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://britains-smallwars.com/Falklands/b-weapons.htm#milan |title=British Land Weapons and Vehicles |website=www.britains-smallwars.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051202093233/http://www.britains-smallwars.com/Falklands/b-weapons.htm |archive-date=2005-12-02 }}
43. ^Zaloga (2004), p. 36.
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.armedforces.co.uk/army/listings/l0040.html|title=British Army - The Infantry - Milan 2 - Armed Forces - a5a14|website=www.armedforces.co.uk}}

External links

{{commons|MILAN (Anti-tank weapon)|MILAN}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055736/http://www.mbda-systems.com/mbda/site/FO/scripts/siteFO_contenu.php?lang=EN&noeu_id=169 Technical data sheet on the website of MBDA]
  • GlobalSecurity.org
  • Information about The British Army's Milan 2
Video link
  • {{Youtube|zmRfe09g9JM|British army training video of MILAN}}
{{Current French infantry weapons}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Milan}}

5 : Anti-tank missiles of France|Anti-tank missiles of Germany|Anti-tank missiles of the Cold War|Cold War weapons of Germany|France–Germany relations
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