| 词条 | Sugar Loaf Islands | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Sugar Loaf Islands | local_name = Ngā Motu (Māori) | image_name = Sugarloaf Islands.jpg | image_caption = Motumahanga and Moturoa | locator_map = | map_caption = | nickname = | location = near Port Taranaki | coordinates = {{coord|39|2|58|S|174|1|40|E|type:isle_scale:1000_region:NZ|display=inline,title}} | archipelago = | total_islands = | major_islands = | area_km2 = | length_km = | width_km = | highest_mount = | elevation_m = | population = 0 | population_as_of = | density_km2 = | ethnic_groups = | country = New Zealand | additional_info = }} The Sugar Loaf Islands (often Sugarloaf Islands) ({{lang-mi|Ngā Motu, "the islands"}}) are a collection of five small uninhabited islands and several sea stacks near Port Taranaki, Taranaki, New Zealand. The largest island, Moturoa Island, covers approximately {{convert|1.4|ha|acre}}. Motumahanga is the island furthest from shore, at approximately {{convert|1.5|km|mi|abbr=off}}. The Sugar Loaf Islands Marine Protected Area (SLIMPA) was established in 1991 to protect the area from oil exploration. This strengthened the protection that had been in place since the formation of a marine park in 1986. The island group was named in 1770 by James Cook. IslandsThe Sugar Loaf Islands can be divided into inner and outer island groups.[1] The inner islands comprise Mataora (Round Rock), Pararaki (Seagull Rock) and Motuotamatea (Snapper Rock). Mataora connects to the mainland at low tides, as does Motuotamatea on very low spring tides. Pararaki is separated from Mataora by a 20 meter wide channel. The outer islands comprise Motumahanga (Saddleback Island) and Moturoa. Several small rock outcrops are included in the island group. Waikaranga (Seal Rocks), and Tokatapu are several hundred meters offshore. Close to Moturoa lie Whareumu (Lion Rock),a vegetated stack and two barren rocks, and Tokomapuna (Barrett Reef).
Marine protected areaIn 1986, an area encompassing the Sugar Loaf Islands was protected as a marine park. Concern over oil exploration led to strengthening of the protection, through the enacting of the Sugar Loaf Islands Marine Park Act in 1991. An area of {{convert|752.5|ha|acres}}, including {{convert|5.3|ha|acres}} of land, encompassing the islands and surrounding seabed and ocean spanning from Port Taranaki in the north to Herekawa Stream in the south, was protected from commercial, recreational fishing and mining. The act deemed Moturoa Island, Motumahanga, Waikaranga, and Whareumu as sanctuary areas (requiring a permit for entry), with the remaining area a conservation park.[2][3] Reef heron, Little blue penguin, New Zealand Fur Seal, and Orca are monitored species.[4] The islands are on migration routes for oceanic birds and cetaceans (whales and dolphins).[5] In 2008, the 1404 ha Tapuae Marine Reserve was established adjacent to the Sugar Loaf Island Marine Protected Area (SLIMPA). GeologyThe Sugar Loaf Islands, along with onshore pinnacles such as Paritutu ({{convert|153|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}), represent the oldest volcanic activity on the Taranaki peninsula. Dating between 1.7[6] and 1.74[7] million years of age, the islands are believed to be the remains of a ring fracture or feeders to eroded volcanic vents,[6] and are composed of a porphyritic hornblende andesite.[7] Volcanic activity in Taranaki subsequently shifted to Kaitake (580,000 years ago), then migrated southeast to Pouakai (230,000 years ago) and the current centre of activity, Taranaki (last erupted in 1755).[8] The Sugar Loaf Islands are the type locality of taranakite,[9] a phosphate mineral that forms from the reaction of bird guano with the aluminous rocks comprising the islands. This was the first new mineral species to be discovered in New Zealand.[10] See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.trc.govt.nz/environment/biodiversity/pdfs/kne5.pdf|title=Key Native Ecosystems: Inventory of sites with indigenous biodiversity values |date=May 2006|publisher=Taranaki Regional Council|pages=228|accessdate=2009-01-28}} 2. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/consol_act/slimpaa1991355.pdf|title=Sugar Loaf Islands Marine Protected Area Act 1991|accessdate=2009-01-28}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/marine-and-coastal/marine-protected-areas/marine-parks/nga-motu-sugar-loaf-islands/|title=Ngā Motu/Sugar Loaf Islands|publisher=Department of Conservation|accessdate=2009-01-28}} 4. ^http://www.seasense.org.nz/index.php?page=four-endangered-species 5. ^http://www.seasense.org.nz/index.php?page=experiencing-marine-reserves 6. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Price|first=R. C|author2=R. B. Stewart |author3=J. D. Woodhead |author4=I. E. M. Smith |year=1999|title=Petrogenesis of High-K Arc Magmas: Evidence from Egmont Volcano, North Island, New Zealand|journal=Journal of Petrology|volume=40|issue=1|pages=167–197|url=http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/petroj/online/Volume_40/Issue_01/pdf/egc007_gml.pdf|doi=10.1093/petrology/40.1.167}} 7. ^{{cite journal|last=Hutton|first=Colin Osborne|year=1944|title=Some Igneous Rocks from the New Plymouth Area|journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand|volume=74|pages=125–153|url=http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_74/rsnz_74_02_001620.html}} 8. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Locke|first=Corinne A.|author2=John Cassidy |year=1997|title=Egmont Volcano, New Zealand: three-dimensional structure and its implications for evolution |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research|volume=76|issue=1–2|pages=149–161|doi=10.1016/S0377-0273(96)00074-1|bibcode = 1997JVGR...76..149L }} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mindat.org/min-3890.html|title=Taranakite|publisher=mindat.org|accessdate=2009-01-29}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/Geology/RockAndMineralNames/3/en|title=Rock and mineral names|last=Nathan|first=Simon|date=2007-11-21|publisher=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|accessdate=2009-01-28}} External links
9 : Uninhabited islands of New Zealand|Marine reserves of New Zealand|Volcanoes of New Zealand|Volcanic plugs of New Zealand|Pleistocene volcanoes|Stacks of New Zealand|New Plymouth|Landforms of Taranaki|Volcanic islands |
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