“Suicide attempt”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A suicide attempt is an attempt where a person tries to commit suicide but survives.^[1] It may be referred to as a failed suicide attempt or nonfatal suicide attempt, but the latter terms are subject to debate among researchers.^[2] Suicide attempts include parasuicide such as self-harm where there is no actual intention of killing oneself.

Epidemiology

In the U.S., the NIMH reports there are 11 nonfatal suicide attempts for every suicide death.^[3] The American Association of Suicidology reports higher numbers, stating that there are 25 suicide attempts for every suicide completion.^[4] By these numbers, approximately 92–95% of suicide attempts end in survival.

In the United States, ratio of suicide attempts to suicide death is about 25:1 in youths, compared to about 4:1 in elderly.^[5] Compared to adolecents in developed countries, suicide attempt is more common among adolescents in developing countries where the 12-month prevalence of suicide attempt was reported as 17%.^[6]

In contrast to suicide mortality, rates of nonfatal self harm are consistently higher among females.^[7]

Parasuicide and self-injury

Without commonly agreed-upon operational definitions, some suicidology researchers regard many suicide attempts as parasuicide or self harm behavior, rather than "true" suicide attempts, as in lacking suicidal intent.

Methods

Some suicide methods have higher rates of lethality than others. The use of firearms results in death 90% of the time. Wrist-slashing has a much lower lethality rate, comparatively. 75% of all suicide attempts are by drug overdose, a method that is often thwarted because the drug is nonlethal, or is used at a nonlethal dosage. These people survive 97% of the time.^[8]

Repetition

A nonfatal suicide attempt is the strongest known clinical predictor of eventual suicide.^[9] Suicide risk among self-harm patients is hundreds of times higher than in the general population.^[10] It is often estimated that about 10–15% of attempters eventually die by suicide.^[11] The mortality risk is highest during the first months and years after the attempt: almost 1% of individuals who attempt suicide are successful in ending their lives if the attempt is repeated within one year.^[12] A recent meta-analytic evidence suggests that the association between suicide attempt and suicidal death may not be as strong as it was thought before.^[13]

Outcomes

Suicide attempts can result in serious and permanent injuries and/or disabilities. 700,000 (or more) Americans survive a suicide attempt each year. People who attempt either hanging or charcoal grill carbon monoxide poisoning and survive can face permanent brain damage due to cerebral anoxia. People who take a drug overdose and survive can face severe organ damage (e.g., liver failure). Individuals who jump from a bridge and survive may face irreversible damage to multiple organs, as well as the spine and brain.

While a majority sustain injuries that allow them to be released following emergency room treatment, a significant minority—about 116,000—are hospitalized, of whom 110,000 are eventually discharged alive. Their average hospital stay is 79 days. Some 89,000, 17% of these people, are permanently disabled, restricted in their ability to work.^[14]

Criminalization of attempted suicide

Historically in the Christian church, people who attempted suicide were excommunicated because of the religiously polarizing nature of the topic.^[15] While previously criminally punishable, attempted suicide is no longer in most Western countries. It remains a criminal offense in most Islamic countries.^[15] In the late 19th century in Great Britain, attempted suicide was deemed to be equivalent to attempted murder and could be punished by hanging{{cn|date=January 2018}}. In the United States, suicide is not illegal and almost no country in Europe currently considers attempted suicide to be a crime.^[16] In some cases of completed suicide, the person’s property can be seized by the government and bills for treatment of the corpse can be sent to the person’s survivors or living family members.

In Singapore, a person who attempts to commit suicide can be imprisoned for up to one year.^[17]

In India, attempted suicide was an offense punishable under the following Section 309 of the Indian Penal Code until December 2014, when it was repealed:^[18]^[19]

In Japan it is illegal to attempt suicide but not punishable.{{cn|date=June 2018}} In Cyprus, the only European country where it is illegal, attempted suicide constitutes a misdemeanour.{{cn|date=June 2018}}

In Maryland, it is an open question as to whether suicide is illegal. In 2018, a Maryland man was convicted of attempted suicide.^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book|author=Danuta Wasserman|title=Suicide: An unnecessary death|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0191026843|year=2016|page=63|accessdate=September 27, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qPIyCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT63}}
2. ^{{cite book|authors=Rory C. O'Connor, Jane Pirkis|title=The International Handbook of Suicide Prevention|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1118903230|year=2016|pages=13–14|accessdate=September 27, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzQWDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}
3. ^Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS): https://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars
4. ^USA suicide 2006 Official final data: JL McIntosh for the American Association of Suicidology 2009. Many figures there taken from Reducing suicide: a national imperative, Goldsmith SK, Pellmar TC, Kleinman AM, Bunney WE, editors.
5. ^{{cite web|title=Suicide Statistics — AFSP|url=https://afsp.org/about-suicide/suicide-statistics/|website=American Foundation for Suicide Prevention|accessdate=3 September 2016}}
6. ^{{cite journal |last=Uddin|first=R |last2=Burton |first2=NW |last3=Maple |first3=M |last4=Khan |first4=SR |last5=Khan |first5=A |date=2019 |title=Suicidal ideation, suicide planning, and suicide attempts among adolescents in 59 low-income and middle-income countries: a population-based study |journal=The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=223–233 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352464218304036 |doi=10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30403-6 |pmid=30878117}}
7. ^Nock et al. (2008). Suicide and suicide behavior. Epidemiologic Reviews, 30, 133–154. {{doi|10.1093/epirev/mxn002}}
8. ^{{citation|url=http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_index.php?idx=119&d=1&w=5&e=28649|title=Guns and Suicide|author=Schwartz, Allan N.|date=Apr 12, 2007}}
9. ^Harris EC, Barraclough B: Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders: a meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 170:205–228
10. ^Owens D, Horrocks J, House A: Fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 181:193–199
11. ^Suominen et al. (2004). Completed Suicide After a Suicide Attempt: A 37-Year Follow-Up Study. Am J Psychiatry, 161, 563–564.
12. ^Hawton K, Catalan J. Attempted suicide: a practical guide to its nature and management, 2nd ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1987.
13. ^{{cite journal |last=Ribeiro |first=JD |last2=Franklin |first2=JC |last3=Fox |first3=KR |last4=Bentley |first4=KH |last5=Kleiman |first5=EM |last6=Chang |first6=BP |last7=Nock |first7=MK | date=2016 |title=Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors as risk factors for future suicide ideation, attempts, and death: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=225-236 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/selfinjurious-thoughts-and-behaviors-as-risk-factors-for-future-suicide-ideation-attempts-and-death-a-metaanalysis-of-longitudinal-studies/B035CF0E2B6FC95ECB523171CF704D21 |doi=10.1017/S0033291715001804 |pmid=26370729}}
14. ^{{cite book|author=Stone, Geo|title=Suicide and Attempted Suicide|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=978-0-7867-0940-3|date=September 1, 2001}}
15. ^{{cite journal|last=Aggarwal|first=N|title=Rethinking suicide bombing.|journal=Crisis|year=2009|volume=30|issue=2|pages=94–7|pmid=19525169|doi=10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94}}
16. ^¹{{cite book|last=McLaughlin|first=Columba|title=Suicide-related behaviour understanding, caring and therapeutic responses|year=2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Chichester, England|isbn=978-0-470-51241-8|page=24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2FJRbekdC8C&pg=PA24}}
17. ^Singapore Penal Code(Cap 224, Rev Ed 2008), s 309
18. ^{{Cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Government-decriminalizes-attempt-to-commit-suicide-removes-section-309/articleshow/45452253.cms | title=Government decriminalizes attempt to commit suicide, removes section 309 - Times of India ►}}
19. ^{{Cite web | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/govt-decides-to-repeal-section-309-from-ipc-attempt-to-suicide-no-longer-a-crime_1512479.html | title=Govt decides to repeal Section 309 from IPC; attempt to suicide no longer a crime| date=2014-12-10}}
20. ^http://lawcommissionofindia.nic.in/reports/report210.pdf
21. ^{{Cite journal | doi=10.1258/msl.2012.011107|pmid = 22528562| title=Mental health workers' views on the criminalization of suicidal behaviour in Uganda| journal=Medicine, Science and the Law| volume=52| issue=3| pages=148–151| year=2012| last1=Hjelmeland| first1=Heidi| last2=Kinyanda| first2=Eugene| last3=Knizek| first3=Birthe Loa}}
22. ^{{Cite journal | pmid = 24197485| year = 2014| author1 = Hjelmeland| first1 = H| title = The law criminalizing attempted suicide in Ghana: The views of clinical psychologists, emergency ward nurses, and police officers| journal = Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention| volume = 35| issue = 2| pages = 132–36| last2 = Osafo| first2 = J| last3 = Akotia| first3 = C. S.| last4 = Knizek| first4 = B. L.| doi = 10.1027/0227-5910/a000235}}
23. ^{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.ijlp.2015.08.032 |pmid = 26375452| title=The legal status of suicide: a global review| journal=International Journal of Law and Psychiatry| volume=44| pages=54-74| year=2016| last1=Mishara| first1=BL| last2=Weisstub| first2=DN}}
24. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/crime/bs-md-suicide-criminal-charge-20180222-story.html | title=Attempting suicide is not a crime under Maryland law. But an Eastern Shore man was convicted of it}}
25. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.myeasternshoremd.com/stardem/news/local_news/rare-attempted-suicide-charge-goes-through-caroline-court/article_3e8f7813-a2c6-555c-a8cd-7876e09013e3.html | title=Rare attempted suicide charge goes through Caroline court}}
26. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5441037/Mentally-ill-Maryland-man-convicted-attempted-suicide.html | title='Mentally ill' Maryland man convicted of attempted suicide| date=2018-02-27}}
27. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.stardem.com/opinion/columns/attempted-suicide-likely-not-a-crime/article_5cc4e7d0-ffbf-5cce-8eb4-bb7a503141ab.html | title=Attempted suicide likely not a crime}}