| 词条 | Sundays River Formation |
| 释义 |
| name = Sundays River Formation | image = Sundays River Formation.jpg | caption = Sandstone layer overlying siltstone/mudstone | type = Geological formation | age = Valanginian-Hauterivian ~{{fossilrange|139|131}} | period = Hauterivian | prilithology = Sandstone, claystone | otherlithology = Siltstone, mudstone | namedfor = Sundays River | namedby = | region = Eastern & Western Cape | country = {{flag|South Africa}} | coordinates = {{coord|33.6|S|25.6|E|display=inline,title}} | paleocoordinates = {{coord|45.1|S|11.5|W|display=inline}} | unitof = Uitenhage Group | subunits = | underlies = Algoa Group | overlies = Kirkwood Formation | thickness = Up to {{Convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}} | extent = | area = | map = Uitenhage Group Algoa Gamtoos map.png | map_caption = Map showing extent of the Sundays River Formation in the Algoa Basin }}The Sundays River Formation is a geological formation found in the Eastern and Western Cape provinces in South Africa. It is the second youngest of the four formations found within the Uitenhage Group of the Algoa Basin, its type locality, and the only location where outcrops have been located. The Sundays River has been measured at a maximum thickness of {{convert|2000|m|ft}}.[1] GeologyThe Sundays River Formation overlies the Kirkwood Formation which it grades laterally into in certain areas, meaning that they correlate in age in some localities.[2][3] The sedimentary rock of the Sundays River comprises mainly fine to medium grained grey sandstones which often contain shell fragments, siltstones, and mudstones. The sandstone layers are frequently cemented with calcite layers. These were deposited in a shallow marine environment which likely included estuarine and lagoonal settings.[4][5] PaleontologyThe Sundays River is highly fossiliferous and a variety of fossil flora and fauna have been discovered. Invertebrate shells from ammonites, bivalves, and microfossils such as species of forams and ostracods[6] are commonly found cemented within the calcite layers in the sandstone deposits.[7][8][9] Trace fossils of gastropod tracks which are infilled with siltstone are also frequently found.[10][11] Some vertebrate fossils have been found, most notably a near-complete skeleton of a marine plesiosaur, Leptocleidus capensis.[12] However, very little study has been done on the plesiosaur specimen discovered here. Plant remains[13] and non-diagnostic vertebrate fossils have also been recovered.[14] {{Portal|Earth sciences|Paleontology|Dinosaurs||}} References1. ^{{Cite journal|last=Shone|first=R.W.|date=2006-01-01|title=Onshore post-Karoo Mesozoic deposits|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284594629_Onshore_post-Karoo_Mesozoic_deposits|journal=The Geology of South Africa|pages=541–552}} 2. ^{{Cite journal|last=Shone|first=R.W.|date=2006-01-01|title=Onshore post-Karoo Mesozoic deposits|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284594629_Onshore_post-Karoo_Mesozoic_deposits|journal=The Geology of South Africa|pages=541–552}} 3. ^{{Cite journal|last=McLachlan|first=I.R.|last2=McMillan|first2=I.K.|date=1979-01-01|title=Microfaunal biostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy and history of Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits on the coastal margin of South Africa.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280824976_Microfaunal_biostratigraphy_chronostratigraphy_and_history_of_Mesozoic_and_Cenozoic_deposits_on_the_coastal_margin_of_South_Africa|journal=Geological Society of South Africa, Special Publication|volume=6|pages=161–181}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|date=1997-01-01|title=Chapter 13 Late Mesozoic Sedimentary Basins Off the South Coast of South Africa|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1874599797800160|journal=Sedimentary Basins of the World|language=en|volume=3|pages=319–376|doi=10.1016/S1874-5997(97)80016-0|issn=1874-5997}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Muir|first=R.A.|last2=Bordy|first2=E.M.|last3=Reddering|first3=J.S.V.|last4=Viljoen|first4=J.H.A.|date=2017-06-01|title=Lithostratigraphy of the Kirkwood Formation (Uitenhage Group), including the Bethelsdorp, Colchester and Swartkops Members, South Africa|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gssa/sajg/article-abstract/120/2/281/521294/lithostratigraphy-of-the-kirkwood-formation?redirectedFrom=fulltext|journal=South African Journal of Geology|language=en|volume=120|issue=2|doi=10.25131/gssajg.120.2.281|issn=1012-0750}} 6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Brenner|first=P|last2=HJ|first2=Oertli|date=1976-01-01|title=Lower Cretaceous Ostracodes (Valanginian to Hauterivian) from the Sundays River Formation, Algoa Basin, South Africa|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281179925_Lower_Cretaceous_Ostracodes_Valanginian_to_Hauterivian_from_the_Sundays_River_Formation_Algoa_Basin_South_Africa|journal=Bulletin Centre Recherches Pau-SNPA|volume=10|pages=471–533}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Brenner|first=P.W. McLachlan, I.R., McMillan, I.K. &|date=1976-09-01|title=Micropalaeontological study of the Cretaceous beds at Mbotyi and Mngazana, Transkei, South Africa|url=https://journals.co.za/content/sajg/79/3/AJA10120750_2825|journal=South African Journal of Geology|language=en|volume=79|issue=3|issn=1012-0750}} 8. ^{{Cite journal|last=Shone|first=R.W.|date=2006-01-01|title=Onshore post-Karoo Mesozoic deposits|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284594629_Onshore_post-Karoo_Mesozoic_deposits|journal=The Geology of South Africa|pages=541–552}} 9. ^{{Cite journal|last=McMillan|first=I.K.|date=2003-01-01|title=The Foraminifera of the Late Valanginian to Hauterivian (Early Cretaceous) Sundays River Formation of the Algoa Basin, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292770856_The_Foraminifera_of_the_Late_Valanginian_to_Hauterivian_Early_Cretaceous_Sundays_River_Formation_of_the_Algoa_Basin_Eastern_Cape_Province_South_Africa|journal=Annals of the South African Museum|volume=106|pages=1–274}} 10. ^{{Cite journal|last=Shone|first=R.W.|date=2006-01-01|title=Onshore post-Karoo Mesozoic deposits|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284594629_Onshore_post-Karoo_Mesozoic_deposits|journal=The Geology of South Africa|pages=541–552}} 11. ^{{Cite journal|date=1997-01-01|title=Chapter 13 Late Mesozoic Sedimentary Basins Off the South Coast of South Africa|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1874599797800160|journal=Sedimentary Basins of the World|language=en|volume=3|pages=319–376|doi=10.1016/S1874-5997(97)80016-0|issn=1874-5997}} 12. ^{{Cite journal|last=Andrews|first=C.W.|date=2018-04-26|title=Description of a new plesiosaur (Plesiosaurus capensis, sp. nov.) from the Uitenhage Beds of Cape Colony|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284255099_Description_of_a_new_plesiosaur_Plesiosaurus_capensis_sp_nov_from_the_Uitenhage_Beds_of_Cape_Colony|journal=Annals of the South African Museum|volume=7|pages=309–322}} 13. ^{{Cite journal|last=Bamford|first=Marion|date=1986-01-01|title=Aspects of the palaeoflora of the Kirkwood and Sundays River Formations, Algoa Basin, South Africa|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/35640573_Aspects_of_the_palaeoflora_of_the_Kirkwood_and_Sundays_River_Formations_Algoa_Basin_South_Africa}} 14. ^{{Cite journal|date=1997-01-01|title=Chapter 13 Late Mesozoic Sedimentary Basins Off the South Coast of South Africa|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1874599797800160|journal=Sedimentary Basins of the World|language=en|volume=3|pages=319–376|doi=10.1016/S1874-5997(97)80016-0|issn=1874-5997}} 14 : Geologic formations of South Africa|Cretaceous System of Africa|Cretaceous South Africa|Early Cretaceous Africa|Hauterivian Stage|Valanginian Stage|Sandstone formations|Shale formations|Siltstone formations|Mudstone formations|Shallow marine deposits|Paleontology in South Africa|Geography of the Eastern Cape|Geography of the Western Cape |
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