“Anguilla”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Anguilla ({{IPAc-en|æ|n|ˈ|ɡ|w|ɪ|l|ə}} {{respell|ann|GWIL|ə}}) is a British overseas territory in the Caribbean.^[4] It is one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles, lying east of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and directly north of Saint Martin. The territory consists of the main island of Anguilla, approximately {{convert|16|mi|km}} long by {{convert|3|mi|km}} wide at its widest point, together with a number of much smaller islands and cays with no permanent population. The island's capital is The Valley. The total land area of the territory is {{convert|35|mi2|km2}},^[5] with a population of approximately {{UN_Population|Anguilla}} ({{UN_Population|Year}} estimate).

Anguilla has become a popular tax haven, having no capital gains, estate, profit, sales, or corporate taxes. In April 2011, faced with a mounting deficit, it introduced a 3% "Interim Stabilisation Levy", Anguilla's first form of income tax. Anguilla also has a 0.75% property tax.^[6]

Name

The name Anguilla is from the Italian {{lang|it|anguilla}} meaning "eel" (in turn from the Latin anguilla, diminutive of anguis, snake) in reference to the island's shape.{{sfnp|Martin|1839}} It is believed by most sources to have been named by Christopher Columbus.{{sfnp|Law|1999}} For similar reasons, it was also known as Snake or Snake Island.{{sfnp|Martin|1839}}{{sfnp|EB|1878}}{{sfnp|EB|1911}}

History

Anguilla was first settled by Indigenous Amerindian peoples who migrated from South America. The earliest Native American artefacts found on Anguilla have been dated to around 1300 {{sc|bc}}; remains of settlements date from {{sc|ad}} 600.^[7] The Arawak name for the island seems to have been Malliouhana. The date of European colonisation is uncertain: some sources claim that Columbus sighted the island during his second voyage in 1493, while others state that the island's first European explorer was the French Huguenot nobleman and merchant mariner René Goulaine de Laudonnière in 1564.^[8] The Dutch West India Company established a fort on the island in 1631. The Dutch withdrew after the destruction of the fort by Spanish forces in 1633.^[9]

Traditional accounts state that Anguilla was first colonized by English settlers from Saint Kitts beginning in 1650.{{sfnp|Martin|1839}}^[10] In this early colonial period, however, Anguilla sometimes served as a place of refuge and recent scholarship focused on Anguilla has placed greater significance on other Europeans and creoles migrating from St. Christopher,^[11] Barbados, Nevis and Antigua. The French temporarily took over the island in 1666 but returned it to English control under the terms of the Treaty of Breda the next year. A Major John Scott who visited in September 1667, wrote of leaving the island "in good condition" and noted that in July 1668, "200 or 300 people fled thither in time of war".^[12]

It is likely that some of these early Europeans brought enslaved Africans with them. Historians confirm that African slaves lived in the region in the early 17th century. For example, Africans from Senegal lived in St. Christopher in 1626. By 1672 a slave depot existed on the island of Nevis, serving the Leeward Islands. While the time of African arrival in Anguilla is difficult to place precisely, archival evidence indicates a substantial African presence of at least 100 enslaved people by 1683. These seem to have come from Central Africa as well as West Africa.^[13]

Attempts by the French to capture the island during the War of Austrian Succession (1745) and the Napoleonic Wars (1796) ended in failure.^[8]

During the early colonial period, Anguilla was administered by the British through Antigua; in 1825, it was placed under the administrative control of nearby Saint Kitts.^[8] In 1967, Britain granted Saint Kitts and Nevis full internal autonomy. Anguilla was also incorporated into the new unified dependency, named Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla, against the wishes of many Anguillians. This led to two Anguillian Revolutions in 1967 and 1969 headed by Atlin Harrigan^[14] and Ronald Webster. The island briefly operated as the independent "Republic of Anguilla". The goal of the revolution was not independence per se, but rather independence from Saint Kitts and Nevis and a return to being a British colony. British authority was fully restored in July 1971; in 1980, Anguilla was finally allowed to secede from Saint Kitts and Nevis and become a separate British Crown colony (now a British overseas territory).^[4]

Governance

Political system

Anguilla is an internally self-governing overseas territory of the United Kingdom. Its politics take place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic dependency, whereby the Chief Minister is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system.

The United Nations Committee on Decolonization includes Anguilla on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories. The territory's constitution is Anguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982 (amended 1990). Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the House of Assembly. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. {{clear left}}

Defence

As a dependency of the UK, the UK is responsible for Anguilla's military defence, although there are no active garrisons or armed forces present. Anguilla has a small marine police force, comprising around 32 personnel, which operates one VT Halmatic M160-class 52-foot fast patrol boat.

Population

Demographics

The majority of residents (90.08%) are black, the descendants of slaves transported from Africa. Minorities include whites at 3.74% and people of mixed race at 4.65% (figures from 2001 census).

72% of the population is Anguillian while 28% is non-Anguillian (2001 census). Of the non-Anguillian population, many are citizens of the United States, United Kingdom, St Kitts & Nevis, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica and Nigeria.

2006 and 2007 saw an influx of large numbers of Chinese, Indian and Mexican workers, brought in as labour for major tourist developments due to the local population not being large enough to support the labour requirements.

Religion

Christian churches did not have a consistent or strong presence during the initial period of English colonisation. Spiritual and religious practices of Europeans and Africans tended to reflect their regional origins. As early as 1813, Christian ministers formally ministered to enslaved Africans and promoted literacy among converts.^[15] The Wesleyan (Methodist) Missionary Society of England built churches and schools in 1817.^[16]

According to the 2001 census, Christianity is Anguilla's predominant religion, with 29 percent of the population practising Anglicanism. Another 23.9 percent are Methodist. Other churches on the island include Seventh-day Adventist, Baptist, Roman Catholic (served by the Diocese of Saint John's–Basseterre, with see at Saint John on Antigua and Barbuda) and a community of Jehovah's Witnesses (0.7%).^[17] Between 1992 and 2001 the number of followers of the Church of God and Pentecostals increased considerably. There are at least 15 churches on the island. Although a minority on the island, it is an important location to followers of Rastafarian religion—Anguilla is the birthplace of Robert Athlyi Rogers, author of the Holy Piby which has had a strong influence on Rastafarian beliefs. Various other religions are practised as well. More recently, a Muslim cultural centre has opened on the island.^[17]

Languages

Today most people in Anguilla speak a British-influenced variety of standard English. Other languages are also spoken on the island, including varieties of Spanish, Chinese and the languages of other immigrants. However, the most common language other than Standard English is the island's own English-lexifier Creole language (not to be confused with Antillean Creole ('French Creole'), spoken in French islands such as Martinique and Guadeloupe). It is referred to locally by terms such as "dialect" (pronounced "dialek"), Anguilla Talk or "Anguillian". It has its main roots in early varieties of English and West African languages, and is similar to the dialects spoken in English-speaking islands throughout the Eastern Caribbean, in terms of its structural features and to the extent of being considered one single language.^[18]

Linguists who are interested in the origins of Anguillian and other Caribbean Creoles point out that some of its grammatical features can be traced to African languages while others can be traced to European languages. Three areas have been identified as significant for the identification of the linguistic origins of those forced migrants who arrived before 1710: the Gold Coast, the Slave Coast and the Windward Coast.^[19]

Sociohistorical information from Anguilla's archives suggest that Africans and Europeans formed two distinct, but perhaps overlapping speech communities in the early phases of the island's colonisation. "Anguillian" is believed to have emerged as the language of the masses as time passed, slavery was abolished and locals began to see themselves as "belonging" to Anguillian society.^[13]

Education

There are six government primary schools, one government secondary school (Albena Lake Hodge Comprehensive School), and two private schools.^[20] There is a single library, the Edison L. Hughes Education & Library Complex of the Anguilla Public Library.^[21] A branch of the Saint James School of Medicine was established in 2011 in Anguilla.^[22] It is a private, for-profit medical school headquartered in Park Ridge, Illinois.^[23]

Culture

The Anguilla National Trust (ANT) was established in 1988 and opened its offices in 1993 charged with the responsibility of preserving the heritage of the island, including its cultural heritage. The Trust has programmes encouraging Anguillian writers and the preservation of the island's history. In 2015, Where I See The Sun – Contemporary Poetry in Anguilla A New Anthology by Lasana M. Sekou was published by House of Nehesi Publishers.^[25] Among the forty three poets in the collection are Rita Celestine-Carty, Bankie Banx, John T. Harrigan, Patricia J. Adams, Fabian Fahie, Dr. Oluwakemi Linda Banks, and Reuel Ben Lewi.^[26]

The island's cultural history begins with the Taino Native Americans. Artifacts have been found around the island, telling of life before European settlers arrived by the Arawak and Carib peoples.^[27]

As throughout the Caribbean, holidays are a cultural fixture. Anguilla's most important holidays are of historic as much as cultural importance – particularly the anniversary of the emancipation (previously August Monday in the Park), celebrated as the Summer Festival. British festivities, such as the Queen's Birthday, are also celebrated.

Cuisine

Anguillian cuisine is influenced by native Caribbean, African, Spanish, French and English cuisines.^[28] Seafood is abundant, including prawns, shrimp, crab, spiny lobster, conch, mahi-mahi, red snapper, marlin and grouper.^[28] Salt cod is a staple food eaten on its own and used in stews, casseroles and soups.^[28] Livestock is limited due to the small size of the island and people there use poultry, pork, goat and mutton, along with imported beef.^[28] Goat is the most commonly eaten meat, used in a variety of dishes.^[28]

A significant amount of the island's produce is imported due to limited land suitable for agriculture production; much of the soil is sandy and infertile.^[28] Among the agriculture produced in Anguilla includes tomatoes, peppers, limes and other citrus fruits, onion, garlic, squash, pigeon peas and callaloo. Starch staple foods include imported rice and other foods that are imported or locally grown, including yams,^[29] sweet potatoes^[29] and breadfruit.^[28]

Due to its internationally recognised culinary community, the island has enjoyed a reputation as "the culinary capital of the Caribbean". This reputation was reinforced with the publication of the (WE) Are Anguilla Cookbook, a guide to the cuisine of Anguilla featuring emerging and established local chefs, who share both their signature dishes and personal anecdotes regarding the island's epicurean culture. A publishing contract was secured by The Britto Agency, which had conceived the idea for the book itself.

Music

The island's burgeoning musical community made history with the recording of Sounds of Anguilla (Volume 1), the first album ever composed solely of artists from a single Caribbean island representing multiple musical genres: pop, reggae, hip-hop, soca music and R&B. The album, featuring Anguillian musicians such as Bankie Banx, Amalia Watty, True Intentions and Gerswin Lake and The Parables, was released on iTunes in June 2015.

Sports

There are regular sailing regattas on national holidays, such as Carnival, which are contested by locally built and designed boats. These boats have names and have sponsors that print their logo on their sails.

As in many other former British colonies, cricket is also a popular sport. Anguilla is the home of Omari Banks, who played for the West Indies Cricket Team, while Cardigan Connor played first-class cricket for English county side Hampshire and was 'chef de mission' (team manager) for Anguilla's Commonwealth Games team in 2002.

Rugby union is represented in Anguilla by the Anguilla Eels RFC, who were formed in April 2006.^[30] The Eels have been finalists in the St. Martin tournament in November 2006 and semi-finalists in 2007, 2008, 2009 and Champions in 2010. The Eels were formed in 2006 by Scottish club national second row Martin Welsh, Club Sponsor and President of the AERFC Ms. Jacquie Ruan, and Canadian standout Scrumhalf Mark Harris (Toronto Scottish RFC).

Anguilla is the birthplace of sprinter Zharnel Hughes who has represented Great Britain since 2015, and England at the 2018 Commonwealth Games. He won the 100 metres at the 2018 European Athletics Championships, the 4 x 100 metres at the same championships, and the 4 x 100 metres for England at the 2018 Commonwealth Games.

Shara Proctor, British Long Jump Silver Medalist in World Championships in Beijing first represented Anguilla in the event until 2010 when she began to represent Great Britain and England. Under the Anguillian Flag she achieved several medals in the NACAC games.

Keith Connor, triple jumper, is also an Anguillian. He represented Great Britain and England and achieved several international titles including Commonwealth and European Games gold medals and an Olympic bronze medal. Keith later became Head Coach of Australia Athletics.

Chesney Hughes, is a West Indian cricketer who plays for Derbyshire. He was born in Anguilla. Having signed for the side in June 2009, and holding a British passport, Hughes made his List A debut for the side during the 2009 Pro40 League against Warwickshire.

Natural history

Wildlife

Anguilla has habitat for the Cuban tree frogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis).^[31] The red-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria) is a species of tortoise found here, it somehow came from South America.^[27] Hurricanes led to over-water dispersal for the green iguanas (Iguana iguana) to colonise Anguilla.^[32] All three animals are introduced.^[27]

Five species of bats are known in the literature from Anguilla – the threatened insular single leaf bat (Monophyllus plethodon), the Antillean fruit-eating bat (Brachyphylla cavernarum), the Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis), the Mexican funnel-eared bat (Natalus stramineus), and the velvety free-tailed bat (Molossus molossus).^[33]

Geography and geology

Anguilla is a flat, low-lying island of coral and limestone in the Caribbean Sea, east of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. It is directly north of Saint Martin, separated from that island by the Anguilla Channel. The soil is generally thin and poor, supporting scrub, tropical and forest vegetation.

Anguilla is noted for its spectacular and ecologically important coral reefs and beaches. Apart from the main island of Anguilla itself, the territory includes a number of other smaller islands and cays, mostly tiny and uninhabited. Some of these are:

Geology

Anguilla has a volcanic origin^[34] and has been submerged repeatedly from climate change.^[27]

Climate

Temperature

Northeastern trade winds keep this tropical island relatively cool and dry. Average annual temperature is {{convert|80|°F|°C|abbr=on}}.^[5] July–October is its hottest period, December–February, its coolest.

Rainfall

Rainfall averages {{convert|35|in|mm}} annually,^[5] although the figures vary from season to season and year to year. The island is subject to both sudden tropical storms and hurricanes, which occur in the period from July to November. The island suffered damage in 1995 from Hurricane Luis and severe flooding 5–20 feet from Hurricane Lenny.

Economy

Anguilla's thin arid soil being largely unsuitable for agriculture, the island has few land-based natural resources. Its main industries are tourism, offshore incorporation and management, offshore banking, captive insurance and fishing.

Anguilla's currency is the East Caribbean dollar, though the US dollar is also widely accepted. The exchange rate is fixed to the US dollar at US$1 = EC$2.70.

The economy, and especially the tourism sector, suffered a setback in late 1995 due to the effects of Hurricane Luis in September. Hotels were hit particularly hard but a recovery occurred the following year. Another economic setback occurred during the aftermath of Hurricane Lenny in 2000.^[35] Before the 2008 worldwide crisis the economy of Anguilla was growing strongly, especially the tourism sector which was driving major new developments in partnerships with multi-national companies.

Anguilla's financial system comprises 7 banks,^[36] 2 money services businesses, more than 40 company managers, more than 50 insurers, 12 brokers, more than 250 captive intermediaries, more than 50 mutual funds and 8 trust companies.^[37]

Anguilla's tourism industry received a major boost when it was selected to host the World Travel Awards in December 2014. Known as "the Oscars of the travel industry", the awards ceremony was held at the CuisinArt Resort and Spa and was hosted by Vivica A. Fox. Anguilla was voted the World's Leading Luxury Island Destination from a short list of top-tier candidates such as St. Barts, Maldives and Mauritius.^[38]

Anguilla aims to obtain 15% of its energy from solar power to become less reliant on expensive imported diesel. The Climate & Development Knowledge Network is helping the government gather the information it needs to change the territory's legislation, so it can integrate renewables into its grid. Barbados has also made good progress in switching to renewables, but many other Small Island Developing States are still at the early stages of planning how to integrate renewable energy into their grids. "For a small island we're very far ahead," said Beth Barry, Coordinator of the Anguilla Renewable Energy Office. "We've got an Energy Policy and a draft Climate Change policy and have been focussing efforts on the question of sustainable energy supply for several years now. As a result, we have a lot of information we can share with other islands."^[39]

Transportation

Air

Anguilla is served by Clayton J. Lloyd International Airport (prior to 4 July 2010 known as Wallblake Airport). The primary runway at the airport is {{convert|5462|ft|m}} in length and can accommodate moderate-sized aircraft. Services connect to various other Caribbean islands via regional carrier LIAT, local charter airlines and others. Although there are no direct scheduled flights to or from continental America or Europe, Tradewind Aviation and Cape Air provide scheduled air service to San Juan, Puerto Rico. The airport can handle large narrow-body jets such as the Boeing 727, Boeing 737 and Boeing 757.

Road

Aside from taxis, there is no public transport on the island. Cars drive on the left.

Boat

There are regular ferries from Saint Martin to Anguilla. It is a 20-minute crossing from Marigot, St. Martin to Blowing Point, Anguilla. Ferries commence service from 7:00 am. There is also a charter service, from Blowing Point, Anguilla to Princess Juliana Airport to make travel easier. This way of travel is the most common method of transport between Anguilla and St. Martin or St. Maarten.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.ai/national_song.php |title=National Song of Anguilla |work=Official Website of the Government of Anguilla |accessdate=10 July 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723001234/http://www.gov.ai/national_song.php |archivedate=23 July 2011 |deadurl=no}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/av.html|work=The World Factbook|title=Anguilla|accessdate=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315223554/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/av.html|archive-date=15 March 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Anguilla |title=UN Data |accessdate=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230131850/http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Anguilla |archive-date=30 December 2016 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
4. ^¹{{cite web|title=Introduction ::Anguilla|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/av.html|access-date=31 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031083838/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/av.html|archive-date=31 October 2009|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
5. ^¹²{{cite web|title=Anguilla Facts|url=http://www.gov.ai/anguillafacts.php|publisher=Government of Anguilla|accessdate=1 January 2013|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6H3E5vDeq?url=http://www.gov.ai/anguillafacts.php|archive-date=1 June 2013|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
6. ^{{cite web |publisher= KPMG |website= kpmg.com |url= http://www.kpmg.com/global/en/issuesandinsights/articlespublications/taxation-international-executives/anguilla/pages/default.aspx |title= Tax TIES: Anguilla – Overview and introduction |accessdate= 1 April 2011 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180928164218/https://www.kpmg.com/global/en/issuesandinsights/articlespublications/taxation-international-executives/anguilla/pages/default.aspx |archivedate= 2018-09-28}}
7. ^Caribbean Islands, Sarah Cameron (Footprint Travel Guides), p. 466 ([https://books.google.com/?id=G74-rZzX64cC Google Books])
8. ^¹²{{citation |contribution=Anguilla's History |contribution-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813051037/http://gov.ai/elections/anguillahistory.htm |publisher=Government of Anguilla |title=The Anguilla House of Assembly Elections |year=2007 |accessdate=9 June 2015 }}.
9. ^Source: Atlas of Mutual Heritage {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004331/http://www.atlasofmutualheritage.nl/nl/Anguilla.1009p |date=29 January 2018 }}.
10. ^{{Cite book|title=A Historical Geography of the British Colonies: The West Indies|author=Charles Prestwood Lucas|page=143|isbn=978-1-4590-0868-7|publisher=General Books LLC|year=2009}}
11. ^Cooper, V.O. 1998. St. Kitts: The Launching Pad for Leeward Islands Creoles. In St. Kitts and the Atlantic Creoles, the Texts of Samuel Augustus Mathews in Perspective, P. Baker and A. Bruyn (eds.). London: University of Westminster Press.
12. ^British Colonial and State Papers 1661–1668, 16 November 1667 and 9 July 1668.
13. ^¹Walicek, Don E. 2009. "The Founder Principle and Anguilla's Homestead Society," Gradual Creolization: Studies Celebrating Jacques Arends, ed. by M. van den Berg, H. Cardoso, and R. Selbach. (Creole Language Library Series 34), Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 349–372.
14. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.gov.ai/documents/budget/Budget_2009.pdf |title=Budget Address 2009, "Strengthening the Collective: We are the Solution" |access-date=22 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020162301/http://www.gov.ai/documents/budget/Budget_2009.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2016 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
15. ^Walicek, Don E. 2011. "Christianity, Literacy, and Creolization in Nineteenth-Century Anguilla." In Anansi's Defiant Webs, Contact, Continuity, Convergence, and Complexity in the Language, Literatures and Cultures of the Greater Caribbean, ed. by N. Faraclas, R. Severing, et al. Willemstad: University of Curaçao and Fundashon pa Planifikashon di Idioma, pp. 181–189.
16. ^Hodge, S. Wilfred (2003). Bethel- the road – and due west. In Wilbert Forker (Ed.), Born in slavery: A story of Methodism in Anguilla and its influence in the Caribbean (pp. 20–29). Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press.
17. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://gov.ai/statistics/census/Demography%20&%20Culture%20tables.htm|title=Persons by Religion, Census 1992 and 2001 (Table 14)|publisher=Statistics Department of Anguilla|accessdate=16 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124150450/http://gov.ai/statistics/census/Demography%20%26%20Culture%20tables.htm|archive-date=24 November 2007|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=aig|title=Antigua and Barbuda Creole English|work=Ethnologue|access-date=11 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019010527/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=aig|archive-date=19 October 2012|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
19. ^Singler, John. 1993. African influence upon Afro-American language varieties: A consideration of sociohistorical factors. In Africanisms in Afro-American language varieties, S. Mufwene and n. Condon (eds.), 235–253. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
20. ^"Schools {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215045309/http://www.gov.ai/schools.php |date=15 December 2017 }}." Government of Anguilla. Retrieved on December 7, 2017.
21. ^"The Edison L. Hughes Education & Library Complex {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120024636/http://www.gov.ai/library.php |date=20 November 2017 }}." Government of Anguilla. Retrieved on December 7, 2017.
22. ^{{cite news|title=Saint James Medical School Officially Opened|url=http://www.festival.ai/article/view/10024/1/135|work=The Anguillian|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331160505/http://www.festival.ai/article/view/10024/1/135|archivedate=31 March 2012 }}
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://bonaire.sjsm.org/md-program |title=Saint James School of Medicine's top MD Program |publisher=Bonaire.sjsm.org |date=7 January 2014 |accessdate=9 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617080228/http://bonaire.sjsm.org/md-program/ |archive-date=17 June 2014 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.open.uwi.edu/anguilla|title=The Open Campus in Anguilla - Open Campus|website=www.open.uwi.edu|access-date=11 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142512/http://www.open.uwi.edu/anguilla|archive-date=12 June 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://theanguillian.com/2015/05/where-i-see-the-sun-anthology-available-in-anguilla/|title="WHERE I SEE THE SUN" ANTHOLOGY AVAILABLE IN ANGUILLA|access-date=22 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622072500/http://theanguillian.com/2015/05/where-i-see-the-sun-anthology-available-in-anguilla/|archive-date=22 June 2015|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
26. ^{{Cite web |url=http://soualiganewsday.com/local/soualiga-newsday-features/item/3890-think-and-know-where-i-see-the-sun-%E2%80%93-contemporary-poetry-in-anguilla.html |title=Think and Know: Where I See The Sun – Contemporary Poetry in Anguilla |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407200910/http://soualiganewsday.com/local/soualiga-newsday-features/item/3890-think-and-know-where-i-see-the-sun-%E2%80%93-contemporary-poetry-in-anguilla.html |archive-date=7 April 2016 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
27. ^¹²³{{cite book|last1=Hailey|first1=Adrian|last2=Wilson|first2=Byron|last3=Horrocks|first3=Julia|title=Conservation of Caribbean Island Herpetofaunas Volume 2: Regional Accounts of the West Indies|date=7 April 2011|isbn=9004194088|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNdbVSDfF6oC&dq=Anguilla+antilles|accessdate=12 June 2016}}
28. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶Robinson, Peg. "Foods That Are Important in Anguilla." {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224035840/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/foods-important-anguilla-20339.html |date=24 December 2011 }} USA Today Travel {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717012905/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/ |date=17 July 2011 }}. Retrieved July 2011.
29. ^¹Higgins, Michelle. (28 January 2007. "For Foodies: Anguilla." {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813021644/http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/travel/28anguilla.html |date=13 August 2011 }} The New York Times – Travel {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717043729/http://travel.nytimes.com/ |date=17 July 2011 }}. Retrieved July 2011.
30. ^Rugby in Anguilla! {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521021347/http://www.news.ai/gl//article.php?story=20060425160749670 |date=21 May 2018 }}, Anguilla News
31. ^{{cite journal|last1=Townsend|first1=JH|last2=Eaton|first2=JM|last3=Parmlee|first3=JS|title=Cuban treefrogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) in Anguilla, Lesser Antilles|journal=Caribbean Journal of Science|year=2000|volume=36|issue=3/4|pages=326–328|url=http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20033211831.html;jsessionid=E4BE84E976B8937676555FCD4A38C4FB|accessdate=12 June 2016|issn=0008-6452}}
32. ^{{cite journal|last1=Censky|first1=Ellen J.|last2=Hodge|first2=Karim|last3=Dudley|first3=Judy|title=Over-water dispersal of lizards due to hurricanes|journal=Nature|year=1998|volume=395|issue=556|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v395/n6702/abs/395556a0.html|accessdate=12 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929154300/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v395/n6702/abs/395556a0.html|archive-date=29 September 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
33. ^{{cite journal|last1=Genoways|first1=Hugh H.|last2=Phillips|first2=Carleton J.|last3=Pedersen|first3=Scott C.|last4=Gordon|first4=Linda|title=Bats of Anguilla, Northern Lesser Antilles|journal=Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech|date=24 Oct 2007|volume=270|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/museummammalogy/104/|accessdate=12 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530045943/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/museummammalogy/104/|archive-date=30 May 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
34. ^{{cite journal|last1=CHRISTMAN|first1=ROBERT A.|title=GEOLOGY OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW, ST. MARTIN, AND ANGUILLA, LESSER ANTILLES|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin|date=1953|volume=64|issue=1|pages=85|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1953)64[85:GOSBSM]2.0.CO;2}}
35. ^{{Cite book|title=South America, Central America and the Caribbean 2003|publisher=Routledge|page=52|year=2002|isbn=978-1-85743-138-4|edition=11}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=https://thebanks.eu/banks-by-country/Anguilla|title=List of Banks in Anguilla|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507123233/https://thebanks.eu/banks-by-country/Anguilla|archive-date=7 May 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fsc.org.ai/market.shtml|title=Market Participants|publisher=|access-date=3 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006114801/http://www.fsc.org.ai/market.shtml|archive-date=6 October 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
38. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/17/vivica-a-fox-world-leading-luxury-island-destination_n_6342824.html|title=Vivica A. Fox Brings Hollywood Glam To The 'World's Leading Luxury Island Destination'|date=17 December 2014|work=HuffPost|access-date=17 October 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929050415/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/17/vivica-a-fox-world-leading-luxury-island-destination_n_6342824.html|archive-date=29 September 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
39. ^Fry, Carolyn. 28 June 2012. Anguilla moves towards cleaner energy {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729101506/http://cdkn.org/2012/06/interview-with-beth-barry-on-anguilla-renewable-energy/ |date=29 July 2012 }}