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词条 Military of Honduras
释义

  1. History

     Pre-1979  1980s  1990s  2000s  2009  Human rights violations during 2009 

  2. Army

  3. Air Force

  4. Navy

  5. Military-civilian relations and leadership

  6. Equipment

     Hand guns  Sub machine guns  Rifles  Sniper rifles  Machine guns  Rocket launchers  Medium artillery  Vehicles and artillery 

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. External links

{{Infobox national military
|country = Honduras
|name = Armed Forces of Honduras
|native_name = Fuerzas Armadas de Honduras
|image =
|caption =
|image2 =
|caption2 =
|founded = 1825
|current_form =
|disbanded =
|branches = Honduran Army
Honduran Air Force

|headquarters =
|flying_hours =
|commander-in-chief = Juan Orlando Hernández
|commander-in-chief_title= Commander-in-Chief
|minister =
|minister_title =
|commander = René Orlando Ponce Fonseca
|commander_title = Chief of the Armed Forces
|age = 18 for voluntary 2-3 year service
|conscription =
|manpower_data =
|manpower_age = 16-49
|available = 1,868,940[1]
|available_f = 1,825,770 (2008 est.)
|fit = 1,397,938
|fit_f = 1,402,398 (2009 est.)
|reaching = 92,638
|reaching_f = 88,993 (2009 est.)
|active = 52,225[2]
|ranked =
|reserve =
|deployed =
|amount = $201,000,000[3]
|percent_GDP = 1.1% as of 2012[3]
|domestic_suppliers =
|foreign_suppliers ={{US}}
{{UK}}
{{BEL}}
{{COL}}
{{BRA}}
{{RUS}}
{{UKR}}
|imports =
|exports =
|history =
|ranks = Military ranks of Honduras
}}

The Armed Forces of Honduras ({{lang-es|Fuerzas Armadas de Honduras}}), consists of the Honduran Army, Honduran Navy and Honduran Air Force.

History

Pre-1979

During the twentieth century, Honduran military leaders frequently became presidents, either through elections or by coups d'état. General Tiburcio Carías Andino was elected in 1932, he later on called a constituent assembly that allowed him to be reelected, and his rule became more authoritarian until an election in 1948.

During the following decades, the military of Honduras carried out several coups d'état, starting in October 1955. General Oswaldo López Arellano carried out the next coup in October 1963 and a second in December 1972, followed by coups in 1975 by Juan Alberto Melgar Castro and in 1978 by Policarpo Paz García.

1980s

Events during the 1980s in El Salvador and Nicaragua led Honduras — with US assistance — to expand its armed forces considerably, laying particular emphasis on its air force, which came to include a squadron of US-provided F-5s.

The military unit Battalion 316 carried out political assassinations and the torture of suspected political opponents of the government during this same period. Battalion members received training and support from the United States Central Intelligence Agency, in Honduras, at U.S. military bases[4] and in Chile during the presidency of the dictator Augusto Pinochet.[5] Amnesty International estimated that at least 184 people "disappeared" from 1980 to 1992 in Honduras, most likely due to actions of the Honduran military.[6]

1990s

The resolution of the civil wars in El Salvador and Nicaragua, and across-the-board budget cuts made in all ministries, has brought reduced funding for the Honduran armed forces. The abolition of the draft has created staffing gaps in the now all-volunteer armed forces. The military is now far below its authorized strength, and further reductions are expected. In January 1999, the Constitution was amended to abolish the position of military commander-in-chief of the armed forces, thus codifying civilian authority over the military.

2000s

Since 2002, soldiers have been involved in crime prevention and law enforcement, patrolling the streets of the major cities alongside the national police.

2009

{{main|2009 Honduran constitutional crisis}}

On 28 June 2009, in the context of a constitutional crisis, the military, acting on orders of the Supreme Court of Justice, arrested the president, Manuel Zelaya after which they forcibly removed elected President Zelaya from Honduras. See the article 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis regarding claims regarding legitimacy and illegitimacy of the event, and events preceding and following the removal of Zelaya from Honduras.

The military's chief lawyer, Colonel Herberth Bayardo Inestroza Membreño, made public statements regarding the removal of Zelaya. On June 30, he showed a detention order, apparently signed June 26 by a Supreme Court judge, which ordered the armed forces to detain the president.[7] Colonel Inestroza later stated that deporting Zelaya did not comply with the court order: "In the moment that we took him out of the country, in the way that he was taken out, there is a crime. Because of the circumstances of the moment this crime occurred, there is going to be a justification and cause for acquittal that will protect us."[8] He said the decision was taken by the military leadership "in order to avoid bloodshed".[9]

Human rights violations during 2009

{{main|Human rights in Honduras#Roberto Micheletti de facto presidency}}

Following the 2009 ouster of the president, the Honduran military together with other government security forces were allegedly responsible for thousands of allegedly arbitrary detentions[10] and for several forced disappearances and extrajudicial executions of opponents to the de facto government, including members of the Democratic Unification Party. However, evidence about these actions has yet to be provided and there has been some questioning in local media about the actual perpetrators, suggesting that they could actually be related to disputes within the leftists organizations themselves.[11][12][13][14][15][16]

Army

{{Expand section|How large is the army, how is it structured, where are army bases located.|date=July 2015}}

Land Bases

  • 101 Brigada in Choluteca
  • 105 Brigada in San Pedro Sula
  • 110 Brigada in Danli
  • 115 Brigada in Juticalpa
  • 120 Brigada in Santa Rosa de Copan

Air Force

{{main|Honduras Air Force}}

The FAH operates from four air bases located at:

  • Hernan Acosta Mejia Air Base at Tegucigalpa
  • Soto Cano Air Base at Comayagua,[17]
  • Armando Escalon Espinal Air Base at San Pedro Sula
  • Hector Caraccioli Moncada at La Ceiba.

With the exception of Soto Cano Air Base, all other air bases operate as dual civil and military aviation facilities.

Additionally, three air stations are located at:

  • Catacamas
  • Alto Aguán (bomb range)
  • Puerto Lempira airstrips serve as forward operations locations-FOL.

Also a radar station operates at:

  • La Mole peak.

Navy

The navy is a small force dealing with coastal and riverine security.

The navy has 31 patrol boats and landing craft.[18]

ClassOriginTypeVersionsIn serviceFleet
Sa'ar 62-class offshore patrol vessel ((62 meters) 204 foot type) {{ISR}} Ocean Patrol Vessel 1 Delivery programed by Israel Shipyard on 2019
Guaymuras class (105 foot Swift type) {{USA}} Patrol boat 3 FNH 101 Guaymuras
FNH 102 Honduras W/O
FNH 103 Hibueras W/O
Yojoa (Hollyhock class) {{USA}} Coastal buoy tender 1 FNH 252 Yojoa - ex-US Coast Guard Walnut W/O Broke in half during Hurricane Mitch
Punta Caxinas (149 foot Lantana type) {{USA}} Coastal transport 1 FNH-1491
Choluteca Class (65 foot Swift type) {{USA}} Coastal patrol craft 5 FNH 651 Nacaome
FNH 652 Goascoran
FNH 653 Petula
FNH 654 Ulua
FNH 655 Choluteca
Piraña class Napco {{USA}} Riverine ops boat 8
Boston Whaler Guardián Class {{USA}} Riverine ops boat 10
Tegucigalpa Class (107 foot Lantana type) {{USA}} Patrol boat 3 FNH-1071 Tegucigalpa [19]
FNH-1072 Copán
FNH-1073 Unknown name
Chamelecán Class (85 foot Dabur type) {{ISR}} Patrol boat 1 FNH-8501
WARUNTA Class (73 foot LCM-8) {{USA}} Landing craft 3 FNH-7301 Warunta
FNH-7302 Rio Coco
FNH-7303 Unknown name
{{USA}} LCU 1
{{USA}} Small River Patrol Boat 15
Golfo de Tribuga-class landing craft {{COL}} Short Range Logistic Support Ship BAL-C 1 FNH 1611 Gracias a Dios[20][21][22]
Damen Stan Patrol Boat (140 foot 4207) {{NLD}} Coastal Patrol Vessel 4207 2 FNH 1401 Lempira - FNH 1402 Morazan
Damen Stan Interceptor 1102 (36 foot) {{NLD}} Interceptor Boat 1102 6
Eduardoño Patrullero 320 (32 foot) {{COL}} Interceptor Boat 25 FNH 3201 - 3225
Boston Whaler Interceptors (20 foot) {{USA}} Interceptor Boat 10 Unknown identification
Multi Mission Interceptor MMI35 (35 foot) {{COL}} Interceptor Boat 2[23]

The Honduran navy has 4 naval bases:

  • Base Naval Puerto Cortés - main repair and logistics base on the Caribbean Sea
  • Base Naval Puerto Castilla - main operating base of patrol boats on the Caribbean Sea
  • Base Naval Amapala - main operating base of coastal patrol craft on the north end of the island and only base on the Pacific Ocean side of Honduras
  • Base Naval Caratasca - new base to deal with drug trafficking

Additionally, the Honduran navy has the following unit and schools:

  • 1st. Marine Infantry Battalion - only marine unit located at La Ceiba
  • Honduras Naval Academy - Trains officers for the Honduras Navy at La Ceiba
  • Naval Training Center - NCO and Sailor training facility

Military-civilian relations and leadership

According to a statement in July 2009 by a legal counsel of the Honduras military, Colonel Herberth Bayardo Inestroza, part of the elite Honduran military generals were opposed to President Manuel Zelaya, whom the military had removed from Honduras via a military Coup d'état, because of his left-wing politics. Inestroza stated, "It would be difficult for us [the military], with our training, to have a relationship with a leftist government. That's impossible."[8]

The current head of the armed forces is Carlos Antonio Cuéllar, graduate of the General Francisco Morazan Military Academy and the School of the Americas. In January 2011, the General Rene Arnoldo Osorio Canales former head of the Presidential Honor Guard, was appointed Commander.

As of 2012 the Honduran Military has the highest military expenditures of all Central America.

Equipment

Hand guns

  • Colt 1911
  • Browning Hi-Power
  • SIG Sauer P226
  • Beretta 92FS
  • Beretta 93R
  • CZ 75

Sub machine guns

  • Mini Uzi
  • Heckler & Koch MP5
  • SR-3 Vikhr

Rifles

  • M1 Garand
  • M1 carbine
  • M14 rifle
  • FN FAL
  • IMI Galil
  • M16 rifle[26] M16A1, M16A2, M16A3 and M16A4. M16A1 Light Machine Gun (also M16A1 Light Machine Gun with M16A2 handguards).
  • M4 carbine M4 Carbine, Colt M4A1, Colt M4 (original 1993 version), M4 (Colt Model 933), Colt M4 (M16A2 sights burst and full auto)
  • Beretta AR70/90
  • IMI Tavor TAR-21
  • IWI X95 (Israel)
  • Galil ACE ACE 21 and ACE 22
  • CAR-15 carbine XM177, GAU-5/A (Colt Model 610), XM177E1 (Colt Model 609), XM177E2 (Colt Model 629), Colt Model 653 (M16A1 Carbine), Colt Model 654 (M16A1 Carbine), Colt Model 654 (M16A1 Carbine), Colt Model 727 (M16A2 carbine), Colt Model 733 (M16A2 Commando), Colt Model 723 "M16A2 Carbine", XM177-E2 (Colt Model 629), Model 933, Colt Model 629, Colt 9mm SMG DOE (Model 633).

Sniper rifles

  • Remington 700
  • M40 rifle
  • M21
  • M110 SASS Used by Honduras Army Special Forces

Machine guns

  • FN Minimi
  • FN MAG
  • M60 Machine gun M60, M60D.
  • M2 Machine gun
  • Stoner 63

Rocket launchers

  • 120x Carl Gustav recoilless rifle[26]
  • 80x M40 recoilless rifle[24]
  • M72 LAW[24]
  • M203
  • RPG-2
  • RPG-7
  • Heckler & Koch HK69A1 Used by Honduran Army Special Forces.
  • Mk 19 grenade launcher Used by Honduran Army since 2013, donated by the United States for anti-narcotics operations.

Medium artillery

  • 60mm mortar
  • 400x 81mm M1\\M29 Mortar[25]

Vehicles and artillery

Armoured Fighting Vehicles[26][27]
Image Name Origin Type Number Notes
ScorpionUnited Kingdom}} Light tank 19 FV-101\\76 76mm main gun.
ScimitarUnited Kingdom}} Armoured Recce tank 3 FV-107 30mm main gun.
SultanUnited Kingdom}} Command Vehicle 1 FV-105
Humvee United States}} APC 4x4 30 M40 106mm RCL.
RBY MK 1 Israel}} Reconnaissance Vehicle 16 M40 106mm RCLs.
Saladin United Kingdom}} Armoured Car 72 FV-601. 6x6 76mm main gun.
Utility vehicles
Image Name Origin Type Number Notes
M151 United States}} Light Utility Vehicle unknown
Jeep J8 United States}} Light Utility Vehicle unknown
M35 United States}} 6x6 Cargo Truck unknown
Ford F-Series Truck United States}} F-250 4x4 Truck unknown
Ashok Leyland Stallion 4x4 Truck 110 Ordered in January 2009. Part of an order for 139 miscellaneous utility and transport vehicles.[27]
Ashok Leyland Topchi 4x4 Truck 28 Ordered in January 2009. Part of an order for 139 miscellaneous utility and transport vehicles.[27]
L-series Germany}} 4x4 Truck Various Some to be replaced for Ashok Leyland Stallion.
Mercedes Benz Unimog Germany}} 4x4 Truck Various To be replaced for Ashok Leyland Stallion.
Artillery
Image Name Origin Type Number Notes
M102 United States}} Towed 105mm Howitzer 24
M101 United States}} Towed 105mm Howitzer 20
M198 United States}} Towed 155mm Howitzer 12
M-66 Israel}} 160mm Mortar 30
M-65 Israel}} 120mm Mortar 30
Brandt France}}120mm Mortar 60
M55A2 United States}} 20mm Anti-Aircraft Gun 80 34 in service.
M167 VADS United States}} 20mm Anti-Aircraft Gun 30
TCM-20 Israel}} 20mm Anti-Aircraft Gun 24

See also

  • Honduran presidential plane

References

1. ^{{cite web| url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ho.html| title=CIA World Factbook}}
2. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.nationmaster.com/country/ho-honduras/mil-military| title=NationMaster.com}}
3. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://portal.sipri.org/publications/pages/expenditures/country-search |title=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104013440/http://portal.sipri.org/publications/pages/expenditures/country-search |archivedate=2015-01-04 |df= }}
4. ^{{cite news|first=Gary |last=Cohn |author2=Ginger Thompson |pages= |title=When a wave of torture and murder staggered a small U.S. ally, truth was a casualty |date=1995-06-11 |publisher=Baltimore Sun |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bal-negroponte1a,0,294534.story |accessdate=2009-07-27 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5iZNHFhbk?url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bal-negroponte1a%2C0%2C294534.story |archivedate=2009-07-27 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
5. ^Equipo Nizkor, LA APARICION DE OSAMENTAS EN UNA ANTIGUA BASE MILITAR DE LA CIA EN HONDURAS REABRE LA PARTICIPACION ARGENTINO-NORTEAMERICANA EN ESE PAIS., Margen {{es icon}}
6. ^{{cite web| last =| first =| authorlink =| title =Honduras: Still waiting for justice| work =| publisher =Amnesty International| year =1998| url =https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr37/004/1998/en/ | doi =| accessdate =2009-07-27 }}
7. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/02/world/americas/02coup.html | title=Leader’s Ouster Not a Coup, Says the Honduran Military|publisher=The New York Times|date=July 1, 2009|last=Lacy|first=Marc|accessdate=July 3, 2009}}
8. ^1 English summary of interview with the legal counsel of the Honduras armed forces, Colonel Herberth Bayardo Inestroza, {{cite news|first=Frances |last=Robles |pages= |title=Top Honduran military lawyer: We broke the law |date=2009-07-03 |publisher=Miami Herald |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/1506/story/1125872.html |accessdate=2009-09-06 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5jb00TM3J?url=http://www.miamiherald.com/1506/story/1125872.html |archivedate=2009-09-06 |deadurl=no |df= }}; original {{cite web|last=Dada |first=Carlos |authorlink= |author2=José Luis Sanz |title=Cometimos un delito al sacar a Zelaya, pero había que hacerlo ( |work= |publisher=El Faro.net, El Salvador |date=2009-07-02 |url=http://www.elfaro.net/secciones/Noticias/20090629/noticias16_20090629.asp |format= |doi= |accessdate=2009-09-06 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5jayZVstj?url=http://www.elfaro.net/secciones/Noticias/20090629/noticias16_20090629.asp |archivedate=2009-09-06 |deadurl=yes |language=es |df= }}
9. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cooperativa.cl/prontus_nots/site/artic/20090703/pags/20090703161258.html|title=Ejército de Honduras reconoció que cometió un delito al sacar a Zelaya|work=www.cooperativa.cl|publisher=Compañía Chilena de Comunicaciones S.A.|language=Spanish|accessdate=2009-07-05}}
10. ^{{cite web|last= |first= |authorlink= |title=Preliminary Observations on the IACHR Visit to Honduras |work= |publisher=Inter-American Court of Human Rights |date=2009-08-21 |url=http://www.cidh.oas.org/Comunicados/English/2009/60-09eng.Preliminary.Observations.htm |doi= |accessdate=2009-08-26 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5jIo4ig3F?url=http://www.cidh.oas.org/Comunicados/English/2009/60-09eng.Preliminary.Observations.htm |archivedate=2009-08-25 |deadurl=no |df= }}
11. ^{{cite web|last= |first= |authorlink=Comité de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos en Honduras |title=Informe Preliminar Violaciones A Derechos Humanos En El Marco Del Golpe De Estado En Honduras |work= |publisher=Comité de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos en Honduras |date=2009-07-15 |url=http://www.cofadeh.org/html/documentos/informe_violaciones_ddhh_golpe_estado.doc |format= |doi= |accessdate=2009-07-30 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5idrrrUX9?url=http://www.cofadeh.org/html/documentos/informe_violaciones_ddhh_golpe_estado.doc |archivedate=2009-07-30 |deadurl=no |df= }}
12. ^{{cite web|last= |first= |authorlink= |title=International Observation Mission for the Human Rights Situation in Honduras Preliminary Report - Confirmed systematic human rights violations in Honduras since the coup d'etat |work= |publisher=Upside Down World |date=2009-08-06 |url=http://upsidedownworld.org/main/content/view/2040/68/ |format= |doi= |accessdate=2009-08-09 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5it4Gk9Q1?url=http://upsidedownworld.org/main/content/view/2040/68/ |archivedate=2009-08-09 |deadurl=no |df= }}
13. ^{{cite web|last=Pérez |first=Luis Guillermo |display-authors=etal |title=Gobierno de facto viola derechos humanos |work= |publisher=Agencia Latinoamerica de Información |date=2009-08-06 |url=http://alainet.org/active/32206 |format= |doi= |accessdate=2009-08-26 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5jIrwDKuJ?url=http://alainet.org/active/32206 |archivedate=2009-08-26 |deadurl=no |language=es |df= }}
14. ^{{cite web|last= |first= |authorlink= |title=International Mission denounces the brutal repression of pacific demonstrations |work= |publisher=Agencia Latinoamerica de Información |date=2009-07-30 |url=http://www.alainet.org/active/32099 |format= |doi= |accessdate=2009-08-02 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5ijh7EsjY?url=http://www.alainet.org/active/32099 |archivedate=2009-08-02 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
15. ^{{cite web|last=Quixote Center Emergency Delegation of Solidarity, Accompaniment and Witness |first= |authorlink= |title=Letter to Honduran Attorney General Rubi |work= |publisher=Quixote Center |date=2009-08-07 |url=http://quixote.org/node/934 |format= |doi= |accessdate=2009-08-09 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5isyiJ165?url=http://quixote.org/node/934 |archivedate=2009-08-08 |deadurl=no |df= }}
16. ^{{cite web|last=Human Rights Watch |title=Honduras: Rights Report Shows Need for Increased International Pressure |work= |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=2009-08-25 |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/08/25/honduras-rights-report-shows-need-increased-international-pressure |format= |doi= |accessdate=2009-08-28 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5jNGgJhhK?url=http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/08/25/honduras-rights-report-shows-need-increased-international-pressure |archivedate=2009-08-28 |deadurl=no |df= }}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.academiamilfah.com |title=Academia Militar de Aviación |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418025836/http://www.academiamilfah.com/ |archivedate=2009-04-18 |df= }}
18. ^{{cite journal |author= CDR John T. Nawrocki, USN |title=Charting A Course For The Future: The Honduran Naval Forces |publisher=Defense Institute of Security Assistance Management |url=http://www.disam.dsca.mil/pubs/Indexes/Vol%2018_4/Nawrocki.pdf| format = PDF}}
19. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.infodefensa.com/latam/2016/09/29/noticia-honduras-participa-patrullero-tegucigalpa-ejercicio-unitas.html |title=FNH 1071 Tegucigalpa UNITAS 2016 |website= www.infodefensa.com}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.webinfomil.com/2017/09/cotecmar-entrego-la-fuerza-naval-de.html|title=Cotecmar entregó a la Fuerza Naval de Honduras el buque logístico FNH 'Gracias a Dios'|website=www.webinfomil.com}}
21. ^{{cite web|title=Honduras firma contrato con COTECMAR para la construcción de buque naval|url=http://www.cotecmar.com/noticias/honduras-firma-acuerdo-bda-2016|website=COTECMAR}}
22. ^{{cite web|title=Colombia, Honduras sign contract for COTECMAR vessel|url=http://www.janes.com/article/65691/colombia-honduras-sign-contract-for-cotecmar-vessel|website=IHS Jane's 360}}
23. ^http://www.webinfomil.com/2018/10/la-fuerza-naval-de-honduras-bote-interceptor-mmi35.html
24. ^1 {{cite book|title=Jane's World Armies 2008|page=318|publisher=Jane's Information Group}}
25. ^{{cite book|title=Jane's Infantry Weapons 2007-08|page=876|publisher=Jane's Information Group}}
26. ^1 2 {{cite web | url=http://www.country-data.com/frd/cs/honduras/hn_appen.html#table8 |title=country-data.com > Honduras > Appendix}}
27. ^1 2 {{cite web | url=http://machinist.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1877&Itemid=2 | title=A$10.5 million order for Ashok Leyland from Honduras | publisher=Machinist.in | date=16 January 2009 | accessdate=5 July 2009}}

External links

{{Commons category}}
  • {{Official website|http://www.ffaa.mil.hn/}}
  •  
{{Honduras topics}}{{Military of North America}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Military Of Honduras}}

1 : Military of Honduras
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