| 释义 |
- Types Hand-blended Premade products
- History 1880s–1930s 1940s–1950s Nomenclature 2000s–present
- In popular culture
- See also
- References
- External links
{{short description|cold dairy beverage}}{{Other uses}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Milkshake
| image = Strawberry milkshake.jpg
| caption = A Johnny Rockets strawberry milkshake topped with whipped cream and strawberry syrup
| alternate_name = Thickshake, thick milkshake, frappe
| country = United States
| region =
| creator =
| course =
| type = Beverage
| served =
| main_ingredient = Milk, ice cream or ice milk, flavorings or sweeteners
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}A milkshake is a sweet, cold beverage that is usually made from milk, ice cream, or iced milk, and flavorings or sweeteners such as butterscotch, caramel sauce, chocolate syrup, or fruit syrup. Many more precise and rigid definitions are used, subject to region. Outside of the United States, milkshakes using ice cream or iced milk are sometimes called a thick milkshake or thick shake; in New England, the term frappe may be used to differentiate it from thinner forms of flavored milk, with the term for a coffee ice cream/coffee syrup and milk-based beverage combination receiving the name coffee cabinet in Rhode Island. The term shake may be used more generally to refer to any cold beverage involving milk. Many food places such as McDonald’s avoid the term milkshake on their menus in favor of the term shake. Full-service restaurants, soda fountains, and diners usually prepare and mix the shake "by hand" from scoops of ice cream and milk in a blender or drink mixer using a stainless steel cup. Many fast food outlets do not make shakes by hand with ice cream; instead, they make shakes in automatic milkshake machines which freeze and serve a pre-made milkshake mixture consisting of milk, a sweetened flavoring agent, and a thickening agent. However, some fast food outlets still follow the traditional method, and some serve milkshakes which are prepared by blending soft-serve ice cream (or ice milk) with flavoring or syrups. Milkshakes can also be made at home with a blender or automatic drink mixer. A milkshake can also be made by adding powder into fresh milk and stirring the powder into the milk. Milkshakes made in this way can come in a variety of flavors, including chocolate, caramel, strawberry, and banana. TypesHand-blendedHand-blended milkshakes are traditionally made from any flavor of ice cream; additional flavorings, such as chocolate syrup and/or malt syrup or malt powder, can be added prior to mixing. This allows a greater variety than is available in machine-made shakes. Some unusual milkshake recipes exclude ice cream.[1] Milkshake-like recipes which use a high proportion of fruit and no ice cream are usually called smoothies, even if frozen yogurt (a dairy dessert) is used; however there are cases where a blended beverage is made with sherbet, frozen yogurt and fruit which are sold as smoothies even though they could also be considered milkshakes. When malted milk is added, a milkshake is called a malted milkshake, a malt shake (or maltshake), a malted, or simply a malt. An ice cream-based milkshake may be called a thick milkshake or thick shake in the United Kingdom or a frappe ({{IPAc-en|f|r|æ|ˈ|p|eɪ}} {{respell|fra|PAY}}) or frap in parts of New England and Canada.[2][3][4] Some U.S. restaurants serve milkshakes with crumbled cookies, candy bar pieces, or alcoholic beverages. {{nutritionalvalue | name=Milkshake (typical American/fast food)
| kJ=580
| protein=3.5 g
| fat = 3–9 g
| satfat=2–5 g
| monofat=1–3 g
| polyfat=0–1 g
| carbs = 18–27 g
| sugars = 18–27 g
| calcium_mg=130
| pantothenic_mg=0.5
| source_usda=1 | right=1
| note=100 g corresponds to 95 ml.}}Premade productsPre-made milkshakes are sold in grocery stores in North America and the UK. These drinks are made from milk mixed with sweetened flavored powder, artificial syrup, or concentrate, which would otherwise be called "flavored milk", thickened with carrageenan or other products. Bottled milkshakes are usually sold in 330ml, 500ml, or 1 liter bottles. History1880s–1930sWhen the term "milkshake" was first used in print in 1885, milkshakes were an alcoholic whiskey drink that has been described as a "sturdy, healthful eggnog type of drink, with eggs, whiskey, etc., served as a tonic as well as a treat".[5] However, by 1900, the term referred to "wholesome drinks made with chocolate, strawberry, or vanilla syrups." By the "early 1900s people were asking for the new treat, often with ice cream." By the 1930s, milkshakes were a popular drink at malt shops, which were the "typical soda fountain of the period ... used by students as a meeting place or hangout."[5] The history of the electric blender, malted milk drinks, and milkshakes are interconnected. Before the widespread availability of electric blenders, milkshake-type drinks were more like eggnog, or they were a hand-shaken mixture of crushed ice and milk, sugar, and flavorings.[6] Hamilton Beach's drink mixers began being used at soda fountains in 1911 and the electric blender or drink mixer was invented by Steven Poplawski in 1922.[7] With the invention of the blender, milkshakes began to take their modern, whipped, aerated, and frothy form. The use of malted milk powder in milkshakes was popularized in the USA by the Chicago drugstore chain Walgreens. Malted milk powder—a mixture of evaporated milk, malted barley, and wheat flour—had been invented by William Horlick in 1897 for use as an easily digested restorative health drink for disabled people and children, and as an infant's food.[8][9] However, healthy people soon began drinking beverages made with malted milk simply for the taste,[9] and malted milk beverages containing milk, chocolate syrup, and malt powder became a standard offering at soda fountains. In 1922, Walgreens employee Ivar "Pop" Coulson made a milkshake by adding two scoops of vanilla ice cream to the standard malted milk drink recipe.[10] This item, under the name "Horlick's Malted Milk", was featured by the Walgreen drugstore chain as part of a chocolate milk shake, which itself became known as a "malted" or "malt" and became one of the most popular soda-fountain drinks.[11] The automation of milkshakes developed in the 1930s, after the invention of freon-cooled refrigerators provided a safe, reliable way of automatically making and dispensing ice cream. In 1936, inventor Earl Prince used the basic concept behind the freon-cooled automated ice cream machine to develop the Multimixer, a "five-spindled mixer that could produce five milkshakes at once, all automatically, and dispense them at the pull of a lever into awaiting paper cups." {{citation needed|date=June 2013}} In the late 1930s, several newspaper articles show that the term "frosted" was used to refer to milkshakes made with ice cream. In 1937, the Denton Journal in Maryland stated that "For a 'frosted' shake, add a dash of your favorite ice cream." In 1939, the Mansfield News in Ohio stated that "A frosted beverage, in the vernacular, is something good to which ice cream has been added. Example par excellence is frosted coffee—that hot, tasty beverage made chilly with ice and frosty with ice cream."[12] 1940s–1950sBy the 1950s, popular places to drink milkshakes were Woolworth's "5 & 10" lunch counters, diners, burger joints, and drugstore soda fountains. These establishments often prominently displayed a shining chrome or stainless steel milkshake mixing machine.[13] These establishments made milkshakes in Hamilton Beach or similar styles of drink mixers, which had spindles and agitators that folded air into the drinks for "smooth, fluffy results" and served them in 12½-ounce tall, "Y"-shaped glasses. Soda fountain staff had their own jargon, such as "Burn One All the Way" (chocolate malted with chocolate ice cream), "Twist It, Choke It, and Make It Cackle" (chocolate malted with an egg), "Shake One in the Hay" (a strawberry shake), and a "White Cow" (a vanilla milkshake).[14] In the 1950s, a milkshake machine salesman named Ray Kroc bought exclusive rights to the 1930s-era Multimixer milkshake maker from inventor Earl Prince, and went on to use automated milkshake machines[15] to speed up production at McDonald's restaurants. Milkshakes had also become popular in other parts of the world, including the United Kingdom and Australia. In Australia, milk bars had grown popular and milkshakes were normally served lightly whipped and often in the aluminium or stainless steel cups in which they were prepared. In addition to more conventional flavors, spearmint and lime flavored milkshakes became popular in Australia. Nomenclature{{See also|Regional vocabularies of American English#Regionalisms}}In the 1950s, milkshakes were called "frappes", "velvets", "frosted [drinks]", or "cabinets" in different parts of the U.S. A specialty style of milkshake, the "concrete", was "a milk shake so thick that the server hands it out the order window upside down, demonstrating that not a drop will drip." In 1952, the Newport Daily News in Rhode Island contained a "Guide For Top Quality ICE CREAM SODAS CABINETS MILK SHAKES", which shows the use of the term "cabinet" in print. An article from 1953 in the Salisbury Times (in the state of Maryland) suggests that shakes can be made in a jar by shaking well. The article states that by adding four large tablespoons of ice cream, the drink becomes a "frosted shake".[16] Currently, in New England, and especially the Greater Boston area, the ice-cream and milk dessert known as a "milkshake" in other parts of the country is referred to as a "frappe". In these locales, "milkshake" refers to a lighter drink, usually made of shaken or blended milk with flavoring of some sort.[17] A milkshake may be abbreviated as "shake" in some restaurants. 2000s–presentIn 2005, the traditional home of the milkshake, the family restaurants and 24-hour diner-style restaurants that were the "staples of 1950s and 60s America such as Denny's, Big Boy, and the International House of Pancakes" were supplanted "in terms of revenue for the first time since the U.S. census started measuring this in the 1970s. The shift means the burger, fries, and milkshake ideal evoked by the sitcom Happy Days is losing its hold on the American appetite." Instead, U.S. consumers are going out to casual dining restaurants.[18] In 2006, the U.S. Agricultural Research Service developed reduced-sugar, low-fat milk shakes for lunch programs. The shakes have half the sugar and only 10% of the fat of commercial fast-food shakes. Schools need a milk shake machine or soft-serve ice cream machine to serve the milkshakes. The milkshakes also have added fiber and other nutrients, and they have much less lactose, which makes the shakes appropriate for some lactose intolerant people.[19] The U.S. sales of milkshakes, malts, and floats rose 11% in 2006, according to the industry research firm NPD Group. Christopher Muller, the director of the Center for Multi-Unit Restaurant Management at Orlando's University of Central Florida states that "milkshakes remind us of summer, youth — and indulgence", and "they're evocative of a time gone by".[20] Muller states that milkshakes are an "enormously profitable" item for restaurants, since the fluffy drinks contain so much air. The market research firm Technomic states that about 75% of the average-priced $3.38 restaurant shake in 2006 was profit. An executive from Sonic Drive-In, a U.S. chain of 1950s-style diner restaurants, calls shakes "one of our highest-volume, revenue-producing areas".[20] Part of the increase in milkshake sales reported in 2006 may be due to the increasing availability of innovative chef-designed milkshakes in high-end restaurants. In 2006, the Los Angeles Times reported that chefs from "hipster hangouts and retro landmarks" are using "macerated farmers market strawberries, Valrhona chocolate, and Madagascar Bourbon vanilla" to make new milkshake flavors. Other novel ideas offered in LA-area restaurants include milkshakes made with toasted pecans, saffron-rose water or orange-blossom ice cream, taro root, vanilla beans steeped in rum, Valrhona chocolate and Grey Goose vodka, and vanilla custard mixed with Russian Imperial stout.[21] A 2016 article stated that chefs are trying out innovative ideas with milkshakes to keep customers interested in the frothy drinks.[22] The article noted that coffee-flavored shakes are popular "because it [coffee flavour] complements both sweet and savory" dishes.[22] At One Market Restaurant, gay pride was celebrated with a Harvey Milk shake (intended for adults, due to its alcohol content), named after the ground-breaking gay US politician. The shake included "vanilla ice cream, Pinnacle Peach Vodka, Godiva White Chocolate Liqueur, strawberries, blueberries and Valrhona White Chocolate Pride Tuile." [22] Other bars are also adding alcoholic beverages to shakes for adults, such as "spirits and/or beer, though these can be very challenging to pull off without dairy curdling.” [22] Unusual flavours from 2016 included bacon (particularly popular amongst millennials), peanut butter and jelly (like the popular sandwich), pumpkin, chocolate-coated strawberry and red velvet (like the cake).[22] Another trend is using different types of milk, such as "almond milk, coconut milk, [or] hemp milk."[22] An unusual trend from 2016 was the Black Tap milkshake, a premium-priced ($15), 1,600 calorie drink that includes a "mountain of ice cream topped with peanut butter cups, lollipops, cotton candy, or even entire slices of cake".[23] Similar drinks referred to as "freakshakes" were popular in the United Kingdom and Australia around this time.[24] A 2018 article described a date shake made with ice milk and a concentrated form of dates called "date crystals"; the milkshake, sold in Palm Springs, California, was described by the reviewer as "[e]arthy and sweet", with tastes of "butterscotch, caramel and even chocolate", with "surprisingly complex flavors".[25] In popular culture{{In popular culture|date=June 2018}}"The Longest Drink in Town" is a popular drink cup in New Zealand with a branded logo of a giraffe that is used for milkshakes throughout the country, most commonly in dairies.[34] The cup was introduced in 1968; it has a logo is composed of a giraffe on a cup or shirt, with text reading "The Longest Drink in Town" next to it.[34][36] The phrase, "The Longest Drink in Town", compares the height of the milkshake cup to that of a giraffe. In 2011, Delmaine introduced a brand of milkshake syrups under the brand name The Longest Drink in Town. "Milkshakes in the movies are shorthand for sweetness and goodness."[26] In All About Eve, by director Joseph L Mankiewicz, Bette Davis’ character is unhappy to see a man she likes chatting up her young female assistant, so Davis' character orders an alcoholic Martini, and "then mockingly suggests [that] Eve [the young assistant] will have a milkshake", thereby "asserting womanhood over girlhood through milkshake's associations with virginity."[26] Similarly, the socially awkward and nerdy character Steve Buscemi plays in Ghost World is made fun of by a teenage girl because he orders a "virginal vanilla milkshake"; in Manhattan, by director Woody Allen, the director draws attention to the difference in age between his 42-year-old character (he also acts in the lead role) and his teenage girlfriend by having her drink a milkshake. In the film Lolita in 1997, a teenage girl drinks a milkshake while she is with the middle-aged man (her mother's new boyfriend) who is attracted to her.[26] Pulp Fiction has a scene in a retro-50s diner where two characters on a first date discuss the merits of a "Five Dollar Milkshake" ("Martin and Lewis" for vanilla, "Amos and Andy" for chocolate).{{cn|date=March 2018}} The TV series Riverdale depicts the characters in a 1950s-inspired "local diner, Pop's Chock'lit Shoppe, where they favor the greasy, calorie-laden stuff of American folklore: burgers, fries, and milkshakes"; to promote the show, the cast "...shared a milkshake on a Jimmy Fallon [talk show] segment in reference to their characters’ heroic consumption of thick malts."[27] "Milkshake" is the title of a 2003 R&B–electro song written and produced by The Neptunes for American singer Kelis' third studio album, Tasty. It reached the top ten in the United Kingdom, Australia, and the Netherlands, and became Kelis' biggest success to date on Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, peaking at number three. The song became an Internet meme following the release of Paul Thomas Anderson's 2007 film There Will Be Blood, in which scenes from the film (most notably from its famous "I drink your milkshake" scene) were edited to the song.[28][29] The line became something of a catchphrase for the film and gained moderate recognition in popular culture following the film's release.[30] In 2017, The Guardian described the slang term "milkshake duck", which refers to the social media "...arc, where the internet rushes en masse to embrace something or someone as cute, worthy, fun or funny" (such as a duck that drinks milkshakes), but "then just as quickly drops it, when it’s revealed to somehow be unpleasantly complicated"; the paper called the term "useful shorthand" for when a "favourite [concept] is revealed to be problematic".[31] In 2017, there was also a trend of posting photos of milkshakes online; the "hashtag #freakshakes" was used for "more than 89,000 posts on Instagram." [32] Photographer Alana Dimou made fun of the trend of topping milkshakes with donuts "perched upon mason jars, [and] Kit-Kats wedged like an unholy crucifix", with "each establishment attempting to outdo the last, to outplay the originals who rightly hold the claim to fame"; her parody photos show milkshakes topped with tall stacks of donuts or burgers.[33] See also{{cookbook}}{{portal|Drink}}- Health shake
- Smoothie
- Haldi Ka Doodh
References1. ^Bittman, Mark (1998) "A milk shake might be milk, shaken up, with or without flavorings", pp. 668–669 in How to Cook Everything, Wiley, {{ISBN|978-0-471-78918-5}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/pronunciation/english/frappe|title=How to pronounce frappé in English|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|accessdate=1 June 2017}}
3. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20010618021334/http://bartleby.com/61/66/M0296600.html milk shake]. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000
4. ^Seavey, Aimee, Digital Editor, Yankee Magazine http://www.yankeemagazine.com/article/new-england-101/milk-shakes-frappes-cabinets
5. ^1 Flexner, Stuart Berg (1982) Listening to America, Simon & Schuster: New York, p. 178, {{ISBN|0671248952}}
6. ^Vanilla Milk Shake Recipe from the "Second Edition of The Neighborhood Cookbook" published by the Council of Jewish Women, Portland, in 1914. Fill a glass two-thirds full of milk, sweeten to taste with any fruit syrup or with sugar, and then flavor with vanilla. Fill glass up with cracked ice and shake well together until thoroughly mixed. http://www.homemade-dessert-recipes.com/milk-shake-recipes.html
7. ^Poplawski, Stephen J. US Patent US1480914 – Beverage mixer, Issued 18 February 1922
8. ^{{cite web |title=The History of Malted Milk Powder |url=http://www.kitchenlore.com/2011/07/history-of-malted-milk-powder.html |work=Kitchen Lore |date=22 July 2011 |accessdate=10 October 2013}}
9. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/museum/exhibits/horlicks|title=Wisconsin's Malted Milk Story – Online Exhibits - Wisconsin Historical Society|website=www.wisconsinhistory.org|accessdate=1 June 2017}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist4.jsp |title=Walgreen's history |publisher=Walgreens.com |date= |accessdate=1 October 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501155205/http://www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist4.jsp |archivedate=1 May 2008 |df=dmy-all }}
11. ^The Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 196–197)
12. ^American Dialect Society CABINET, CONCRETE, FROSTED, VELVET
13. ^Diner Style. Artsparx.com. Retrieved on 10 October 2013.
14. ^Shake One in the Hay. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316131554/http://www.newyorkfirst.com/gifts/1038.html |date=16 March 2010 }} New York First
15. ^Happy Meals in Kitty Hawk: How the Wright Brothers Spawned a Burger Nation. Jyi.org. Retrieved on 10 October 2013.
16. ^American Dialect Society CABINET, CONCRETE, FROSTED, VELVETText accompanying illustration on a poster advertising Hood's Ice Cream (observed in Hancock Pharmacy, State and Hancock Sts., Springfield, Mass., 30 September 1952).
17. ^HippoPress – The Hippo – Guide to Manchester and Nashua NH. Archives.hippopress.com. Retrieved on 10 October 2013.
18. ^"Economist's View: The Decline of the Family Restaurant". Economistsview.typepad.com (24 December 2005). Retrieved on 10 October 2013.
19. ^Konstance, Richard P. (May 2000) [https://web.archive.org/web/20040209111534/http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/may00/shake0500.htm "Shaking Up the Future"]. Agricultural Research magazine.
20. ^1 [https://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/food/2007-04-24-milkshakes-usat_N.htm Fancier ways to get brain freeze.] By Bruce Horovitz, USA TODAY
21. ^Shake It Up, Baby! by Amy Scattergood, Special to The Times 14 June 2006
22. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|url=http://beta.nrn.com/beverage-trends/sweetening-bottom-line-milkshakes|title=Sweetening the bottom line with milkshakes|date=18 July 2016|publisher=|accessdate=1 June 2017}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://dailyburn.com/life/health/unhealthiest-food-trends-rainbow-bagels-2016/|title=Black Tap Milkshakes: 2016's Unhealthiest Food Trends|date=14 December 2016|publisher=|accessdate=1 June 2017}}
24. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/aug/31/freakshakes-monstrous-mashup-drink-dessert-taking-over-britain|title=Freakshakes: the rise of a monstrous mashup of drink and dessert|last=Osborne|first=Hilary|date=31 August 2016|work=The Guardian|access-date=14 January 2018|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.novotaste.com/date-shake-a-sweet-chilly-treat-with-surprisingly-complex-flavours/|title=Date shake: A sweet, chilly treat with surprisingly complex flavours |author= |date=2 May 2018 |website=www.novotaste.com |publisher=Novotaste |access-date=10 May 2018 |quote=}}
26. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.denofgeek.com/movies/milkshake/22257/celebrating-milkshake-in-the-movies|title=Celebrating milkshake in the movies|publisher=|accessdate=1 June 2017}}
27. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2018/04/fast-food-nostalgia/558686/ |title=American Nostalgia on a Bun|last=Swartz |first=Suzie |date=24 April 2018|website=www.theatlantic.com |publisher=The Atlantic |access-date=10 May 2018 |quote=}}
28. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.laweekly.com/film+tv/film/paul-thomas-anderson-blood-sweat-and-tears/18140/?page=2|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123075316/http://www.laweekly.com/film+tv/film/paul-thomas-anderson-blood-sweat-and-tears/18140/?page=2|archivedate=23 January 2008|title=Paul Thomas Anderson: Blood, Sweat and Tears|work=LA Weekly |accessdate=7 July 2009}}
29. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2008-02-03-blood-milkshake_N.htm |title='Blood' fans drink up milkshake catchphrase |accessdate=24 February 2008|last=Bowles|first=Scott|date=3 February 2008|work=USA Today}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/article/305756 |title=It's bottoms up to our Oscars drinking game |accessdate=24 February 2008|last=Mudhar|first=Raju|date=23 February 2008|work=The Toronto Star}}
31. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2017/dec/18/what-is-a-milkshake-duck-and-why-isnt-it-the-word-of-the-year |title=What is a milkshake duck? And why isn't it the word of the year? |last= Hunt |first=Elle |date=18 December 2017 |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=9 May 2018 |quote=}}
32. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.fooddive.com/news/personalized-beverages-expected-to-be-even-trendier-in-2018/513107/|title=Personalized beverages expected to be even trendier in 2018 |last=Siegner |first=Cathy |date=21 December 2017 |website=www.fooddive.com |publisher=Food Dive |access-date=10 May 2018 |quote=}}
33. ^ {{cite web |url=http://www.dailyedge.ie/milkshakes-2-2284640-Aug2015/ |title=A photographer has wonderfully mocked the extreme milkshake trend |author= |date=August 2015|website=www.dailyedge.ie|publisher=Daily Edge |access-date=10 May 2018 |quote=}}
34. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=10815788|title=Crafty people who are hard to ignore|first=Claire|last=McCall|date=28 June 2012|publisher=|accessdate=30 May 2017|via=New Zealand Herald}}
35. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/blogs/the-omnivore/8030378/The-longest-drink-in-town|title=The longest drink in town|date=5 December 2012|publisher=Stuff.co.nz|accessdate=30 May 2017}}
[34][35]
}}External links{{Commons category inline|Milkshakes}}{{Ice cream}}{{Milk navbox}} 5 : American cuisine|Cold drinks|Flavored milk|Ice cream|Milk-based drinks |