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词条 Supreme National Tribunal
释义

  1. Background

  2. Jurisdiction and powers

  3. Composition of the tribunal

  4. Trials

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. Further reading

  8. External links

The Supreme National Tribunal ({{lang-pl|Najwyższy Trybunał Narodowy, NTN}}) was a war crime tribunal active in Poland from 1946 to 1948. The Tribunal aims and purpose were defined by the State National Council in the Decrees of 22 January and 17 October 1946 and 11 April 1947. The new law was based on the earlier Decree of 31 August 1944 issued by the new Polish pro-Soviet government, with jurisdiction over fascist-hitlerite criminals and traitors to the Polish nation.[1][2] The tribunal presided over seven high-profile cases (of 49 individuals total).[3]

Background

{{further|Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles|Holocaust in Poland|Nuremberg Trials}}Nazi Germany occupied Poland in 1939 and carried out many atrocities. The 1943 Moscow Declaration stated that Germans judged guilty of war crimes would be sent back to the countries where they had committed their crimes and "judged on the spot by the peoples whom they have outraged". Poland, which suffered heavily due to Nazi atrocities, identified over 12,000 criminals it requested to be extradited; eventually about 2,000 German criminals were extradited to Poland (from 1945 onwards, most before 1949).[4]

The Polish Underground State had its own Special Courts in occupied Poland, which tried and passed sentences on some German war criminals. Polish communist authorities (of the Polish Committee of National Liberation, PKWN) who did not recognize the Underground State (and in some cases actively persecuted people connected with it) established its own alternative structure, which with the victory of the communist authorities over the Underground State became dominant in post-war Poland. PKWN authorities authorized the establishment of the Special Criminal Courts on 12 September 1944 to try German war criminals. On 22 January 1946, the single-instance Supreme National Tribunal was formed, with a mission to try the main perpetrators of crimes committed by the Third Reich in the occupied Polish territories.[5]

Jurisdiction and powers

The jurisdiction and powers of the tribunal were defined in Decrees of 22 January and 17 October 1946 and Decree of 11 April 1947. The law applied was a Decree of 31 August 1944, concerning the punishment of fascist-hitlerite criminals guilty of murder and ill-treatment of civilian population and of prisoners of war, and the punishment of traitors to the Polish Nation.[1]

There was no appeal from the verdicts of the tribunal.[3]

Composition of the tribunal

The tribunal had three judges, four members of the jury, procurators and defenders.

The best known judge was Emil Stanisław Rappaport.

Trials

Seven trials were brought before the Supreme National Tribunal in 1946–1948:[5]

  1. The trial of Arthur Greiser, head of the Free City of Danzig and later, governor of Reichsgau Wartheland
    Trial took place in Poznań, from 22 June to 7 July 1946.
    Sentence: death penalty, carried out
  2. The trial of Amon Göth, commander of the Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp
    Trial took place in Kraków, from 27 August to 5 September 1946.
    Sentence: death penalty, carried out
  3. The trial of Ludwig Fischer, Ludwig Leist, Josef Meisinger, Max Daume, all four high-ranking Nazi officials of occupied Warsaw
    Trial took place in Warsaw from 17 December 1946 to 24 February 1947
    Sentences: Fischer, Meisinger, Daume — death penalty, Leist — 8 years, sentences carried out.
  4. The trial of Rudolf Höss, one of the commanders of the Auschwitz concentration camp
    Trial took place in Warsaw from 11 March to 29 March 1947
    Sentence: death penalty, carried out
  5. The trial of 41 staff of the Auschwitz concentration camp (including one of the commanders, Arthur Liebehenschel).
    Trial (also known as the First Auschwitz Trial, with the Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials known as the Second Auschwitz Trial) took place in Kraków from 24 November to 16 December 1947
    Sentences: 23 death sentences, 17 imprisonments from life sentences to 3 years of imprisonment, one person (Hans Münch) acquitted for humane behavior and enabling the survival of numerous patients.
  6. The trial of Albert Forster, governor of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia
    Trial took place in Gdańsk from 5 April – 29 April 1948
    Sentence: death penalty, carried out
  7. The trial of Josef Bühler, state secretary and deputy governor to the General Government
    Trial took place in Kraków from 17 June – 5 July 1948
    Sentence: death penalty, carried out

The first two of the above trials (of Greiser and Göth) were completed even before the sentence was passed by the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg on 30 September 1946.[5]

The Tribunal also declared that the General Government was a criminal institution.

See also

  • Institute of National Remembrance

References

1. ^1 United Nations War Crimes Commission, Law reports of trials of war criminals: United Nations War Crimes Commission, Wm. S. Hein Publishing, 1997, {{ISBN|1-57588-403-8}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4pQRWtyCyGkC&pg=RA1-PA18&lpg=RA1-PA18&dq=%22Supreme+National+Tribunal+for+Trial+of+War+Criminals%22&source=web&ots=Yi7zHH7tpu&sig=EuV-XPpn3qEdQLjyfRckB4o8-Tc&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result Google Print, p.18]
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gotoslawek.org/linki/FirstInternationalExpertMeetingOnWarCrimes.pdf |title=Prosecution of Nazi Crimes in Poland in 1939–2004 |publisher=International Expert Meeting on War Crimes, Genocide, and Crimes against Humanity (IPSG) |date=23–25 March 2004 |accessdate=28 October 2013 |author=Andrzej Rzepliñski |format=PDF file, direct download 140 KB |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222313/http://www.gotoslawek.org/linki/FirstInternationalExpertMeetingOnWarCrimes.pdf |archivedate=3 March 2016 |df= }}
3. ^1 {{pl icon}} Najwyższy Trybunał Narodowy, WIEM Encyklopedia, Accessed on 22 September 2008
4. ^Janusz Gumkowski, Tadeusz Kołakowski, Zbrodniarze hitlerowscy przed Najwyższym Trybunałem Narodowym, Wydawnictwo Prawnicze, Warszawa, 1965, Introduction to (przedmowa)
5. ^1 2 {{en icon}} / {{pl icon}} Andrzej Rzepliński, Prosecution of Nazi Crimes in Poland in 1939-2004 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222313/http://www.gotoslawek.org/linki/FirstInternationalExpertMeetingOnWarCrimes.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} Ściganie zbrodni nazistowskich w Polsce w latach 1939-2004, Institute of National Remembrance

Further reading

  • Tadeusz Cyprian, Jerzy Sawicki, Siedem procesów przed Najwyższym Trybunałem Narodowym, Poznań 1962
  • Various authors. W czterdziestolecie powołania Najwyższego Trybunału Narodowego. Materiały posiedzenia naukowego 20 I 1986 (Forty years after the foundation of the Highest National Tribunal. Papers of a scientific session on Jan 20th 1986), Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce, Warszawa 1986
  • David M. Crowe, The Holocaust: Roots, History, and Aftermath, Westview Press, 2008, {{ISBN|0-8133-4325-9}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LB_HLHJ_J64C&pg=PA423&dq=Najwy%C5%BCszy+Trybuna%C5%82+Narodowy&as_brr=3&ei=Xk3cSIL-LYGCywSpi-HrDg&sig=ACfU3U0V5w-qy2OCBw41PQCjuxBAgheo5g#PPA423,M1 Google Print, pp. 423–425]

External links

  • "Chronicles of Terror" testimony database - materials used by Supreme National Tribunal in trials from 1946-1948
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4 : 1946 establishments in Poland|1948 disestablishments in Poland|Polish law|World War II war crimes trials
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