“Surname Law (Turkey)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Surname Law ({{lang-tr|Soyadı Kanunu}}) of the Republic of Turkey was adopted on June 21, 1934.^[1] The law requires all citizens of Turkey to adopt the use of hereditary, fixed, surnames. Much of the population, particularly in the cities as well as Turkey's Christian and Jewish citizens, already had surnames, and all families had names by which they were known locally. The Surname Law of 1934 enforced not only the use of official surnames but also stipulated that citizens choose Turkish names. Until it was repealed in 2013 in Turkey the eldest male was the head of household and the law appointed him to choose the surname. However in his absence, death or mental incapacitation the wife would do so.^[2]

This law was modeled after a 1926 Fascist Italianization law 'restoring' German, Slovene and Croat surnames to their 'original Italian form'.^[3]^[4]

Muslims in the Ottoman Empire carried titles such as "Pasha", "Hoca", "Bey", "Hanım", "Efendi". These titles either defined their formal profession (such as Pasha, Hoca, etc.) or their informal status within the society (such as Bey, Hanım, Efendi, etc.). Ottoman prime ministers (Sadrazam/Vezir-î Azam or Grand Vizier), ministers (Nazır/Vezir or Vizier) and other high-ranking civil servants also carried the title Pasha. Retired generals/admirals or high-ranking civil servants continued to carry this title in civilian life. A "Pasha" did not become a "Bey" after retiring from active military or political service.

The surname law specifically forbade certain surnames that contained connotations of foreign cultures, nations, tribes, and religions.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] New surnames had to be taken from the Turkish language. The surname could be used with the {{nbh}}oğlu ending, and it was forbidden to use Armenian endings such as {{nbh}}ian or {{nbh}}yan, Slavic endings such as {{nbh}}of (or {{nbh}}ov), {{nbh}}vich, {{nbh}}ic, Greek endings such as {{nbh}}is, {{nbh}}dis, {{nbh}}pulos, {{nbh}}aki, Persian endings such as {{nbh}}zade, and Arab endings such as {{nbh}}mahdumu, {{nbh}}veled, and {{nbh}}bin, "referring to other ethnicities or taken from another language." For example, names such as Arnavutoğlu (the Albanian’s son) or Kürtoğlu (the Kurd's son), could not be used. Names of clans or tribes could not be used, or re-used.^[10] Additionally, names could not be duplicated in the same district, and, in case of any dispute, the family that registered first got the right to keep the claimed name.^[11]

As a result, many Greeks, Bulgarians, Albanians, Bosniaks, Jews, Arabs, Armenians, Assyrians, Georgians and Kurds were and are still forced to adopt last names of a more Turkish rendition,^[6] sometimes directly translating their original surnames, or otherwise just replacing markers such as Pontic Greek "{{nbh}}ides" (son of) with Turkish “{{nbh}}oğlu” (Kazantzoglou, Mitroglou, Mouratoglou, etc.).

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References

1. ^1934 in history, Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
2. ^{{Cite web|url = http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI3125908/|title = The Social Life of the State's Fantasy: Memories and Documents on Turkey's Surname Law of 1934|date = 2004|accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = Turkoz|first = Meltem}}
3. ^Regio decreto legge 10 Gennaio 1926, n. 17: Restituzione in forma italiana dei cognomi delle famiglie della provincia di Trento
4. ^Mezulić, Hrvoje; R. Jelić (2005) Fascism, baptiser and scorcher (O Talijanskoj upravi u Istri i Dalmaciji 1918-1943.: nasilno potalijančivanje prezimena, imena i mjesta), Dom i svijet, Zagreb, {{ISBN|953-238-012-4}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url =http://www.nvi.gov.tr/Files/File/Mevzuat/Nufus_Mevzuati/Kanun/pdf/soyadi_kanunu.pdf|title =Soy Adı Kanunu|date =|accessdate =|website =|publisher =|last =|first =|deadurl =yes|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20170107165807/http://www.nvi.gov.tr/Files/File/Mevzuat/Nufus_Mevzuati/Kanun/pdf/soyadi_kanunu.pdf|archivedate =2017-01-07|df =}}
6. ^¹{{cite book|last=İnce|first=Başak|title=Citizenship and identity in Turkey : from Atatürk's republic to the present day|publisher=I.B. Tauris|location=London|isbn=9781780760261|date=2012-04-26}}
7. ^{{cite web|last=Aslan|first=Senem|title=Incoherent State: The Controversy over Kurdish Naming in Turkey|url=http://ejts.revues.org/index4142.html|publisher=European Journal of Turkish Studies|accessdate=16 January 2013|quote=the Surname Law was meant to foster a sense of Turkishness within society and prohibited surnames that were related to foreign ethnicities and nations}}
8. ^{{cite book |editor-last=Suny |editor-first=Ronald Grigor |title=A question of genocide : Armenians, and Turks at the end of the Ottoman Empire |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195393743 |editor2=Goçek, Fatma Müge |editor3=Naimark, Norman M.|date=2011-02-23 }}
9. ^{{cite journal|last=Toktas|first=Sule|title=Citizenship and Minorities: A Historical Overview of Turkey's Jewish Minority|journal=Journal of Historical Sociology|year=2005|volume=18|issue=4|pages=394–429|url=https://www.academia.edu/761586|accessdate=7 January 2013|doi=10.1111/j.1467-6443.2005.00262.x}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url =http://www.nvi.gov.tr/Files/File/Mevzuat/Nufus_Mevzuati/Tuzukler/pdf/soyadi_nizamnamesi.pdf|title =Soy Adı Nizamnamesi|date =|accessdate =|website =|publisher =|last =|first =|deadurl =yes|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20151123200758/http://www.nvi.gov.tr/Files/File/Mevzuat/Nufus_Mevzuati/Tuzukler/pdf/soyadi_nizamnamesi.pdf|archivedate =2015-11-23|df =}}
11. ^{{Cite journal|title = Surname narratives and the state–society boundary: Memories of Turkey's family name law of 1934|last = Turkoz|first = Meltem|date = 2007|journal = Middle Eastern Studies |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=893–908|doi = 10.1080/00263200701568253|pmid = }}

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