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词条 Milton Keynes
释义

  1. History

     Birth of a "New City"  Prior history 

  2. Urban design

     Grid roads and grid squares  Redways  Height  Linear parks  "City in the forest" 

  3. Culture

     Music  Arts, theatre and museums  Public sculpture 

  4. Education

  5. Government and infrastructure

     Local government  Modern parishes, community councils and districts  Hospitals 

  6. Communications and media

  7. Business

  8. Sport

  9. Centre

  10. Other amenities

  11. Original towns and villages

  12. Economy and demography

     A tale of two cities 

  13. Transport

  14. Geography

     Closest cities and towns  Twin towns  Climate 

  15. Notable people

     Bands 

  16. Notes

  17. References

      Sources  

  18. External links

{{for|Milton Keynes, the original village|Middleton, Milton Keynes}}{{Use British English|date=October 2014}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}{{short description|Large town in south central England founded in 1967}}{{Infobox UK place
|country = England
|population = 229,941
|population_ref = (2011 Urban Area)[1]
|area_total_km2 = 89
|coordinates = {{coord|52.04|-0.76|display=inline,title}}
|official_name = Milton Keynes
|unitary_england = Milton Keynes
|lieutenancy_england = Buckinghamshire
|region = South East England
|constituency_westminster = Milton Keynes North
|constituency_westminster1= Milton Keynes South
|post_town = MILTON KEYNES
|postcode_area = MK
|postcode_district = MK1–15, MK17, MK19
|dial_code = 01908
|os_grid_reference = SP841386
|london_distance = {{convert|50|mi|abbr=on}}{{efn|From Milton Keynes Bowl to Marble Arch via Watling Street is {{convert|45|mi}}.[2] By rail from {{rws|Milton Keynes Central}} to {{rws|Euston}} is {{convert|49|mi|65|ch|mi km|2|lk=on}}.[3] From Central Milton Keynes to Charing Cross via the M1 motorway is {{convert|55|mi}}.[4]}}
|static_image_name = MK Montage.jpg
|static_image_caption = Top to bottom, left to right: The Xscape and Theatre seen from Campbell Park, former railway works and new housing in Wolverton, Milton Keynes Central railway station, the Central Milton Keynes skyline, The Church of Christ the Cornerstone and Bletchley's high street "Queensway"
|website = {{URL|http://www.milton-keynes.gov.uk}}
}}

Milton Keynes ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-uk-MiltonKeynes.ogg|k|iː|n|z}} {{respell|KEENZ}}), locally abbreviated to MK, is a large town{{efn|Although Milton Keynes was specified to be a city in scale and the term "city" is used locally (inter alia to avoid confusion with its constituent towns), formally this title cannot be used. This is because conferment of city status in the United Kingdom is a Royal prerogative. It is considerably larger than the nearby cities of Oxford, Cambridge and St Albans.}} in Buckinghamshire, England, about {{convert|50|mi}} north-west of London. It is the principal settlement of the Borough of Milton Keynes, a unitary authority. At the 2011 Census, its population was 229,000; the Office for National Statistics estimates that it will reach 300,000 by 2025. The River Great Ouse forms its northern boundary; a tributary, the River Ouzel meanders through its linear parks and balancing lakes. Approximately 25% of the urban area is parkland or woodland and includes an SSI.

In the 1960s, the UK Government decided that a further generation of new towns in the South East of England was needed to relieve housing congestion in London. The New Town (in planning documents, "New City") of Milton Keynes was to be the biggest yet, with a target population of 250,000, in a "designated area" of about {{convert|22,000|acre|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. At designation, its area incorporated the existing towns of Bletchley, Wolverton, and Stony Stratford, along with another fifteen villages and farmland in between. These settlements had an extensive historical record since the Norman conquest; detailed archaeological investigations prior to development revealed evidence of human occupation from the neolithic age to modern times, including in particular the Milton Keynes Hoard of Bronze Age gold jewellery. The government established a Development Corporation (MKDC) to design and deliver this New City. The Corporation decided on a softer, more human-scaled landscape than in the earlier new towns but with an emphatically modernist architecture. Recognising how traditional towns and cities had become choked in traffic, they established a 'relaxed' grid of distributor roads about {{convert|1|km}} between edges, leaving the spaces between to develop more organically. An extensive network of shared paths for leisure cyclists and pedestrians criss-crosses through and between them. Again rejecting the residential tower blocks that had been so recently fashionable but unloved, they set a height limit of three stories outside the planned centre.

Facilities include a 1,400 seat theatre, an art gallery, multiplex cinemas, a 400 seat concert hall, a teaching hospital, a 30,500 seat football stadium and a 65,000 capacity open-air concert venue. There are five railway stations (one inter-city). The Open University is based here and there is a campus of the University of Bedfordshire. Most sports are represented at amateur level; Red Bull Racing (Formula One), MK Dons (association football) and Milton Keynes Lightning (ice hockey) are its professional teams. The Peace Pagoda overlooking Willen Lake was the first such to be built in Europe.

Milton Keynes has one of the more successful economies in the UK, ranked highly on a number of criteria. As one of the UK's top five fastest growing centres, it has benefited consistently from above-average economic growth. It has the fifth highest number of business startups per capita (but equally of business failures). It is home to several major national and international companies. However, despite this economic success and personal wealth for some, there are pockets of nationally significant poverty.

History

{{Main|History of Milton Keynes}}

Birth of a "New City"

{{see also|Milton Keynes Development Corporation}}{{Quote box|It may startle some political economists to talk of commencing the building of new cities ... planned as cities from their first foundation, and not mere small towns and villages. ... A time will arrive when something of this sort must be done ... England cannot escape from the alternative of new city building.
| source = T. J. Maslen, 1843[5]{{sfn|Bendixson|Platt|1992|page=265}}
| align = right
| width = 33%
}}

In the 1960s, the UK Government decided that a further generation of new towns in the South East of England was needed to relieve housing congestion in London.[6]

Since the 1950s, overspill housing for several London boroughs had been constructed in Bletchley.[6][7][8] Further studies[9][10] in the 1960s identified north Buckinghamshire as a possible site for a large new town, a new city,{{sfn|Llewellyn-Davies|Weeks|Forestier-Walker|Bor|1970|p=xi}}{{efn|The Plan for Milton Keynes begins (in the Foreword by Lord ("Jock") Campbell of Eskan): "This plan for building the new city of Milton Keynes ... "}} encompassing the existing towns of Bletchley, Stony Stratford and Wolverton.{{sfn|Llewellyn-Davies|Weeks|Forestier-Walker|Bor|1970|p=8}} The New Town (informally and in planning documents, "New City") was to be the biggest yet, with a target population of 250,000,[11]{{sfn|Llewellyn-Davies|Weeks|Forestier-Walker|Bor|1970|p=4}} in a "designated area" of {{convert|21883|acre|ha|1|abbr=on}}[12] The name "Milton Keynes" was taken from that of an existing village on the site.{{sfn|Llewellyn-Davies|Weeks|Forestier-Walker|Bor|1970|p=3}}

On 23 January 1967, when the formal new town designation order was made,[12] the area to be developed was largely farmland and undeveloped villages. The site was deliberately located equidistant from London, Birmingham, Leicester, Oxford and Cambridge,[13]{{sfn|Llewellyn-Davies|Weeks|Forestier-Walker|Bor|1970|p=xii}} with the intention that it would be self-sustaining and eventually become a major regional centre in its own right.[14] Planning control was taken from elected local authorities and delegated to the Milton Keynes Development Corporation (MKDC). Before construction began, every area was subject to detailed archaeological investigation: doing so has exposed a rich history of human settlement since Neolithic times and has provided a unique insight into the history of a large sample of the landscape of North Buckinghamshire.[15]

The Corporation's strongly modernist designs were regularly featured in the magazines Architectural Design and the Architects' Journal.{{sfn|Bendixson|Platt|1992|p=107}}[16][17] MKDC was determined to learn from the mistakes made in the earlier New Towns,{{sfn|Bendixson|Platt|1992|p=1, 47}} and revisit the Garden City ideals.{{sfn|Clapson|2014|p=3}}{{sfn|Bendixson|Platt|1992|p=xii}} They set in place the characteristic grid roads that run between districts ('grid squares'), as well as the intensive planting, lakes and parkland that are so evident today.[18] Central Milton Keynes ("CMK") was not intended to be a traditional town centre but a central business and shopping district to supplement Local Centres in most of the grid squares.{{sfn|Llewellyn-Davies|Weeks|Forestier-Walker|Bor|1970|p=33}} This non-hierarchical devolved city plan was a departure from the English New Towns tradition and envisaged a wide range of industry and diversity of housing styles and tenures across the city.{{sfn|Llewellyn-Davies|Weeks|Forestier-Walker|Bor|1970|p=14}} The largest and almost the last of the British New Towns, Milton Keynes has 'stood the test of time far better than most, and has proved flexible and adaptable'.[19] The radical grid plan was inspired by the work of Californian urban theorist Melvin M. Webber,{{sfn|Bendixson|Platt|1992|p=46}} described by the founding architect of Milton Keynes, Derek Walker, as the "father of the city".[20] Webber thought that telecommunications meant that the old idea of a city as a concentric cluster was out of date and that cities which enabled people to travel around them readily would be the thing of the future achieving "community without propinquity" for residents.[21]

The Government wound up MKDC in 1992, 25 years after the new town was founded, transferring control to the Commission for New Towns (CNT) and then finally to English Partnerships, with the planning function returning to local council control (since 1974 and the Local Government Act 1972, the Borough of Milton Keynes). From 2004–2011 a Government quango, the Milton Keynes Partnership, had development control powers to accelerate the growth of Milton Keynes.[22]

Along with many other towns and boroughs, Milton Keynes competed (unsuccessfully) for formal city status in the 2000, 2002 and 2012 competitions.[23]

Prior history

The area that was to become Milton Keynes encompassed a landscape that has a rich historic legacy. The area to be developed was largely farmland and undeveloped villages, but with evidence of permanent settlement dating back to the Bronze Age. Before construction began, every area was subject to detailed archaeological investigation: doing so has provided a unique insight into the history of a large sample of the landscape of south-central England. There is evidence of Stone Age,[26] late Bronze Age/early Iron Age,[27] Romano-British,[28][29] Anglo-Saxon,[30] Anglo-Norman,[31] Medieval[32][30] and Industrial revolution settlements.

Bletchley Park, the site of World War II Allied code-breaking and Colossus, the world's first programmable electronic digital computer,{{sfn|Copeland|2006|loc=Introduction p. 2}} is a major component of MK's modern history. It is now a flourishing heritage attraction, receiving hundreds of thousands of visitors annually.[33]

When the boundary of Milton Keynes was defined in 1967, some 40,000 people lived in three towns and fifteen villages or hamlets in the "designated area".{{sfn|Bendixsson|Platt|1992|p=273}}[37]

Urban design

The concepts that heavily influenced the design of the town are described in detail in article urban planning{{spaced ndash}} see 'cells' under Planning and aesthetics (referring to grid squares). See also article single-use zoning.

Since the radical plan form and large scale of Milton Keynes attracted international attention, early phases of development include work by celebrated architects, including

Sir Richard MacCormac,[34]Lord Norman Foster,[35]Henning Larsen,[36]Ralph Erskine,[37]John Winter,[38]

and Martin Richardson.[39] Led by Lord Campbell of Eskan (Chairman) and Fred Roche (General Manager), the Corporation attracted talented young architects led by the young and charismatic Derek Walker. In the modernist Miesian tradition is the Shopping Building designed by Stuart Mosscrop and Christopher Woodward, a grade II listed building, which the Twentieth Century Society inter alia regards as the 'most distinguished' twentieth century retail building in Britain.[40][41]

The Development Corporation also led an ambitious Public art programme.[42]

The urban design has not been universally praised, however. In 1980, the then president of the Royal Town Planning Institute, Francis Tibbalds, described Central Milton Keynes as "bland, rigid, sterile, and totally boring."[43]

Grid roads and grid squares

{{Quote box|The geography of Milton Keynes{{spaced ndash}} the railway line, Watling Street, Grand Union Canal, M1 motorway{{spaced ndash}} sets up a very strong north-south axis. If you've got to build a city between (them), it is very natural to take a pen and draw the rungs of a ladder. Ten miles by six is the size of this city{{spaced ndash}} 22,000 acres. Do you lay it out like an American city, rigid orthogonal from side to side? Being more sensitive in 1966-7, the designers decided that the grid concept should apply but should be a lazy grid following the flow of land, its valleys, its ebbs and flows. That would be nicer to look at, more economical and efficient to build, and would sit more beautifully as a landscape intervention.
| source = Professor David Lock, CBE[44]
| align = right
| width = 33%
}}{{Main|Milton Keynes grid road system|List of districts in Milton Keynes}}

The Milton Keynes Development Corporation planned the major road layout according to street hierarchy principles, using a grid pattern of approximately {{convert|1|km|abbr=on}} intervals, rather than on the more conventional radial pattern found in older settlements.{{sfn|Llewellyn-Davies|Weeks|Forestier-Walker|Bor|1970|p=16}} Major distributor roads run between communities, rather than through them: these distributor roads are known locally as grid roads and the spaces between them{{snd}} the districts{{snd}} are known as grid squares.[45] This spacing was chosen so that people would always be within six minutes walking distance of a grid-road bus-stop.{{sfn|Llewellyn-Davies|Weeks|Forestier-Walker|Bor|1970|p=33}} Consequently, each grid square is a semi-autonomous community, making a unique collective of 100 clearly identifiable neighbourhoods within the overall urban environment.{{sfn|Bendixson|Platt|1992|p=175{{ndash}}178}}{{efn|Bendixson & Platt report the Corporation as concerned at this outcome, which was an unanticipated emergent behaviour. In later developments, it aimed for increased permeability through the grid.{{sfn|Bendixson|Platt|1992|p=175}}}} The grid squares have a variety of development styles, ranging from conventional urban development and industrial parks to original rural and modern urban and suburban developments. Most grid squares have Local Centres, intended as local retail hubs and many have community facilities as well; each of the original villages is the heart of its own grid-square. Originally intended under the master plan to sit alongside the Grid Roads,{{sfn|Llewellyn-Davies|Weeks|Forestier-Walker|Bor|1970|p=36}} the Local Centres were mostly in fact built embedded in the communities.{{sfn|Bendixson|Platt|1992|p=177}}[46]

Although the 1970 Master Plan assumed cross-road junctions,{{sfn|Llewellyn-Davies|Weeks|Forestier-Walker|Bor|1970|p=36}} roundabout junctions were built at intersections because this type of junction is more efficient at dealing with small to medium volumes. Some major roads are dual carriageway, the others are single carriageway. Along one side of each single carriageway grid road, there is usually a (grassed) reservation to permit dualling or additional transport infrastructure at a later date.{{efn|An additional ten-metre wide strip was originally specified to satisfy Buckinghamshire County Council's belief in a future fixed-track public transport system. In 1977 MKDC decided to cease to specify it.{{sfn|Bendixson|Platt|1992|p=170, 171}}}} {{As of|2018}}, this has been limited to some dualling. The edges of each grid square are landscaped and densely planted{{snd}} some additionally have noise attenuation mounds{{snd}} to minimise traffic noise from the adjacent grid road. Traffic movements are fast, with relatively little congestion since there are alternative routes to any particular destination other than during peak periods. The national speed limit applies on the grid roads, although lower speed limits have been introduced on some stretches to reduce accident rates. Pedestrians rarely need to cross grid roads at grade, as underpasses and bridges were specified at frequent places along each stretch of all of the grid roads.{{sfn|Llewellyn-Davies|Weeks|Forestier-Walker|Bor|1970|p=36}} However, the new districts planned by English Partnerships have departed from this model, with less separation and use 'at grade' crossings.

Redways

{{Main|Milton Keynes redway system|Segregated cycle facilities|Shared use path}}

There is a separate network (approximately {{convert|270|km|-1|disp=or}} total length) of cycle and pedestrian routes {{snd}} the redways {{snd}} that runs through the grid-squares and often runs alongside the grid-road network.[47] This was designed to segregate slow moving cycle and pedestrian traffic from fast moving motor traffic.{{sfn|Bendixson|Platt|1992|p=175}} In practice, it is mainly used for leisure cycling rather than commuting, perhaps because the cycle routes are shared with pedestrians, cross the grid-roads via bridge or underpass rather than at grade, and because some take meandering scenic routes rather than straight lines. It is so called because it is generally surfaced with red tarmac.{{sfn|Bendixson|Platt|1992|p=178}} The national Sustrans national cycle network routes 6 and 51 take advantage of this system.[48][49]

Height

The original design guidance declared that commercial building heights in the centre should not exceed six stories, with a limit of three stories for houses (elsewhere),{{sfn|Bendixson|Platt|1992|p=107}} paraphrased locally as "no building taller than the tallest tree".[50] However, the Milton Keynes Partnership, in its expansion plans for Milton Keynes, believed that Central Milton Keynes (and elsewhere) needed "landmark buildings" and subsequently lifted the height restriction for the area.[50] As a result, high rise buildings have been built in the central business district.{{efn|Large-scale buildings include

Jurys Inn (10 stories)[51]

The Pinnacle:MK on Midsummer Boulevard (9 stories)[52] and the

Vizion development on Avebury Boulevard (12 stories).[53]}}

More recent local plans have protected the existing boulevard framework and set higher standards for architectural excellence.[54]{{efn| The more recent Network Rail National Centre has been built at the western limit of Silbury Boulevard near the Central station; this building complex occupies a large land area but only rises to the equivalent of six storeys.[55]}}

Linear parks

The flood plains of the Great Ouse and of its tributaries (the Ouzel and some brooks) have been protected as linear parks that run right through Milton Keynes; these were identified as important landscape and flood-management assets from the outset.{{sfn|Llewellyn-Davies|Weeks|Forestier-Walker|Bor|1970|p=27}} At {{convert|1650|ha|abbr=on}}{{snd}} a third larger than Richmond Park and ten times larger than London's Hyde Park{{sfn|Bendixson|Platt|1992|p=174}}{{snd}} the landscape architects realised that the Royal Parks model would not be appropriate or affordable and drew on their National Park experience.{{sfn|Bendixson|Platt|1992|p=174}} As Bendixson and Platt (1992) write: "They divided the Ouzel Valley into 'strings, beads and settings'. The 'strings' are well-maintained routes, be they for walking, bicycling or riding; the 'beads' are sports centres, lakeside cafes and other activity areas; the 'settings' are self-managed land-uses such as woods, riding paddocks, a golf-course{{efn|which did not happen at this site}} and a farm".{{sfn|Bendixson|Platt|1992|p=174}}

The Grand Union Canal is another green route (and demonstrates the level geography of the area{{snd}} there is just one minor lock in its entire {{convert|10|mi|adj=on}} meandering route through from the southern boundary near Fenny Stratford to the "Iron Trunk" Aqueduct over the Ouse at Wolverton at its northern boundary). The initial park system was planned by landscape architect Peter Youngman,[56] who also developed landscape precepts for all development areas: groups of grid squares were to be planted with different selections of trees and shrubs to give them distinct identities. However, the detailed planning and landscape design of parks and of the grid roads was evolved under the leadership of Neil Higson,{{sfn|Bendixson|Platt|1992|p=171{{ndash}}174}} who from 1977 took over as Chief Landscape Architect and made the original grand but not entirely practical landscape plan more subtle.[57]

"City in the forest"

The Development Corporation's original design concept aimed for a "forest city" and its foresters planted millions of trees from its own nursery in Newlands in the following years.[20] Parks, lakes and green spaces cover about 25% of Milton Keynes;[64][58] {{As of|2018|lc=y}}, there are 22 million trees and shrubs in public open spaces.[59][58] When the Development Corporation was being wound up, it transferred the major parks, lakes, river-banks and grid-road margins to the Parks Trust,{{sfn|Bendixson|Platt|1992|p=259}} a charity which is independent of the municipal authority.[64] MKDC endowed the Parks Trust with a portfolio of commercial properties, the income from which pays for the upkeep of the green spaces.[60] {{As of|2018}}, approximately 25% of the urban area is parkland or woodland and includes an SSI.[61]

Culture

Music

The open-air National Bowl is a 65,000-capacity venue for large-scale events.[62]

In Wavendon, the Stables{{snd}} founded by jazz artists Cleo Laine and John Dankworth{{snd}} provides a venue for jazz, blues, folk, rock, classical, pop and world music.[63] It presents around 400 concerts and over 200 educational events each year and also hosts the National Youth Music Camps summer camp for young musicians.[64] In 2010, the Stables founded the biennial IF Milton Keynes International Festival, producing events in unconventional spaces and places across Milton Keynes.[65]

Milton Keynes City Orchestra is a professional freelance orchestra based at Woughton Campus.[66]

Arts, theatre and museums

The municipal public art gallery, MK Gallery, presents free exhibitions of international contemporary art.[67] The gallery was extended and remodelled in 2018/19 and includes an art-house cinema.[68][69]

The adjacent 1,400 seat Milton Keynes Theatre opened in 1999.[70] The theatre has an unusual feature: the ceiling can be lowered closing off the third tier (gallery) to create a more intimate space for smaller-scale productions.[70][71] There is a further professional performance space in Stantonbury.[72]

There are three museums: the Bletchley Park complex, which houses the museum of wartime cryptography;[73] the National Museum of Computing (beside Bletchley Park, separately entrance), which includes a working replica of the Colossus computer[74]; and the Milton Keynes Museum, which includes the Stacey Hill Collection of rural life that existed before the foundation of MK. the British Telecom collection, and the original Concrete Cows.[75]

Milton Keynes Arts Centre offers a year-round exhibitions, family workshops and courses. The Centre is based in some of Linford Manor's historical exterior buildings, barns, almshouses and pavilions.[76] The Westbury Arts Centre in Shenley Wood is based in a 16th-century grade II listed farmhouse building. Westbury Arts has been providing spaces and studios for professional artists since 1994. [77]

Public sculpture

Public sculpture in Milton Keynes includes work by Elisabeth Frink, Philip Jackson, Nicolas Moreton and Ronald Rae.[78]

Education

The Open University's headquarters are in the Walton Hall district; though because this is a distance learning institution, the only students resident on campus are approximately 200 full-time postgraduates. Cranfield University, an all-postgraduate institution, is in nearby Cranfield, Bedfordshire. Milton Keynes College provides further education up to foundation degree level. University Campus Milton Keynes, a campus of the University of Bedfordshire, provides some tertiary education facilities locally. Milton Keynes is currently the UK's largest population centre without its own conventional university, a shortfall that the Council aims to rectify.[79] In January 2019, the Council and its partner, Cranfield University, invited proposals to design a campus near the Central station for a new university.[80]

Like most parts of the UK, the state secondary schools in Milton Keynes are comprehensives,[81] although schools in the rest of Buckinghamshire still use the tripartite system.[82] Private schools are also available.[83]

Milton Keynes City Discovery Centre at Bradwell Abbey holds an extensive archive about the planning and development of Milton Keynes and has an associated research library.[94] The Centre also offers an education programme (with a focus on urban geography and local history) to schools, universities and professionals.[84]

Government and infrastructure

Local government

The responsible local government is Milton Keynes Council, which controls the Borough of Milton Keynes, a Unitary Authority.[85]

Modern parishes, community councils and districts

The Borough of Milton Keynes is fully parished.[86] The urban parishes (and the districts they contain) are listed at Borough of Milton Keynes (urban area).

Hospitals

Milton Keynes University Hospital, in the Eaglestone district, is an NHS general hospital with an Accident and Emergency unit.[87]

It is associated for medical teaching purposes with the University of Buckingham medical school.[88] There are two small private hospitals: BMI Healthcare's Saxon Clinic and Ramsay Health Care's Blakelands Hospital.[89][90]

Communications and media

Milton Keynes has two commercial radio stations, Heart Four Counties,[91] and MKFM.[92] BBC Three Counties Radio is the local BBC Radio station.[93] CRMK (Community Radio Milton Keynes) is a voluntary station broadcasting on the Internet.[94]

For television, the area is allocated to BBC East and Anglia ITV.[95]

{{As of|February 2019}}, Milton Keynes has one free-to-residents local newspaper, the Milton Keynes Citizen.[96]{{efn|A competing paper, MK News, closed in October 2016.[97]}}

Business

Milton Keynes has consistently benefited from above-average economic growth, ranked as one of the UK's top five cities.[98] It is ranked fifth in the UK for business startups (per 10,000 population),[99]

Milton Keynes is home to several national and international companies, notably

Argos,[100]Domino's Pizza,[101]Marshall Amplification,[102]Mercedes-Benz,[103]Suzuki,[104]Volkswagen AG,[105]Red Bull Racing,[106]Network Rail,[107] and Yamaha Kemble.[108]Santander UK and the Open University are major employers locally.[109][110]

Sport

{{main|Sport in Milton Keynes}}

Milton Keynes has professional teams in football (Milton Keynes Dons F.C. at Stadium MK), in ice hockey (Milton Keynes Lightning at Planet Ice Milton Keynes), and in Formula One (Red Bull Racing).[111]

Milton Keynes is also home to the Xscape indoor ski slope, the iFLY indoor sky diving facility, and the National Badminton Centre.[111]

Centre

{{Main|Central Milton Keynes|Central Milton Keynes shopping centre|Milton Keynes Central railway station}}

As a key element of the planners' vision,{{sfn|Bendixson|Platt|1992|p=129{{ndash}}154}} Milton Keynes has a purpose built centre, with a very large "covered high street" shopping centre,[112]

a theatre,[113][114]

municipal art gallery,[113][114]

a multiplex cinema,[115]

hotels,[116]

central business district,{{sfn|Bendixson|Platt|1992|p=129{{ndash}}154}}

an ecumenical church,[117]Borough Council offices[118] and central railway station.[119]

Other amenities

Near the central station, in a space beside the former Milton Keynes central bus station, there a purpose-built covered "urban skateboarding" arena.[120]

There is a high security prison, HMP Woodhill, on the western boundary.[121]

Willen Lake hosts watersports on the south basin, and the north basin is a bird sanctuary.[122][123]Howe Park Wood, a Site of Special Scientific Interest near Westcroft and Tattenhoe, is the most significant of a number of important wildlife sites in and around MK.[124]

There are two multiplex cinemas (one in CMK, one in Denbigh) and one art-house cinema.[125][69]

Original towns and villages

Milton Keynes consists of many pre-existing towns and villages, as well as new infill developments. The designated area outside the four main towns (Bletchley, Newport Pagnell, Stony Stratford, Wolverton) was largely rural farmland but included many picturesque North Buckinghamshire villages and hamlets: Bradwell village and its Abbey, Broughton, Caldecotte, Fenny Stratford, Great Linford, Loughton, Milton Keynes Village, New Bradwell, Shenley Brook End, Shenley Church End, Simpson, Stantonbury, Tattenhoe, Tongwell, Walton, Water Eaton, Wavendon, Willen, Great and Little Woolstone, Woughton on the Green.{{sfn|Llewellyn-Davies|Weeks|Forestier-Walker|Bor|1970|p=8}} These historical settlements were made the focal points of their respective grid square. Every other district has an historical antecedent, if only in original farms or even field names.[126]

Bletchley was first recorded in the 12th century as Blechelai.[127] Its station was an important junction (the London and North Western Railway with the Oxford-Cambridge Varsity Line), leading to the substantial urban growth in the town in the Victorian period.[127] It expanded to absorb the villages of Water Eaton and Fenny Stratford.[127]Bradwell is a traditional rural village with earthworks of a Norman motte and bailey and parish church.[128] There is a YHA hostel beside the church.[129]

Bradwell Abbey, a former Benedictine Priory and Scheduled Ancient Monument,[130] was of major economic importance in this area of North Buckinghamshire before its dissolution in 1524.[131] Nowadays there is only a small medieval chapel and a manor house occupying the site.[132]{{sfn|Woodfield|1986|page=19{{ndash}}24}}

New Bradwell, to the north of Bradwell and east of Wolverton, was built specifically for railway workers.[128] The level bed of the old Wolverton to Newport Pagnell Line near here has been converted to a redway, making it a favoured route for cycling.[133] A working windmill is sited on a hill outside the village.[134]Great Linford appears in the Domesday Book as Linforde, and features a church dedicated to Saint Andrew, dating from 1215.[135] Today, the outer buildings of the 17th century manor house form an arts centre.[76]

Milton Keynes (Village) is the original village to which the New Town owes its name.{{sfn|Llewellyn-Davies|Weeks|Forestier-Walker|Bor|1970|p=3}} The original village is still evident, with a pleasant thatched pub, village hall, church and traditional housing. The area around the village has reverted to its 11th century name of Middleton (Middeltone).[136] The oldest surviving domestic building in the area (c. 1300 CE), "perhaps the manor house", is here.{{sfn|Woodfield |1986 |page=84}}

Stony Stratford began as a settlement on Watling Street during the Roman occupation, beside the ford over the Great Ouse.[156] There has been a market here since 1194 (by charter of King Richard I).[137] The former Rose and Crown Inn on the High Street is reputedly the last place the Princes in the Tower were seen alive.[138]

The manor house of Walton village, Walton Hall, is the headquarters of the Open University and the tiny parish church (deconsecrated) is in its grounds.{{sfn|Bendixson|Platt|1992|page=74}}

The tiny Parish Church (1680) at Willen was designed by the architect and physicist Robert Hooke.[139]{{sfn|Woodfield |1986 |page=165}} Nearby, there is a Buddhist Temple and a Peace Pagoda, which was built in 1980 and was the first built by the Nipponzan-Myōhōji Buddhist Order in the western world.[140]

The original Wolverton was a medieval settlement just north and west of today's town.[141] The ridge and furrow pattern of agriculture can still be seen in the nearby fields.[142] The 12th century (rebuilt in 1819) 'Church of the Holy Trinity' still stands next to the Norman motte and bailey site.[141] Modern Wolverton was a 19th-century New Town built to house the workers at the Wolverton railway works, which built engines and carriages for the London and North Western Railway.[141]

Among the smaller villages and hamlets are three{{snd}} Broughton, Loughton and Woughton (on the Green){{snd}} that are notable in that their names each use a different pronunciation of the ough letter sequence in English.[143]

Economy and demography

{{Main|Borough of Milton Keynes}}

At the 2011 census, the population of the Milton Keynes urban area, including the adjacent Newport Pagnell and Woburn Sands, was 229,941.[1] The population of the Borough in total was 248,800,[144] compared with a population of around 53,000 for the same area in 1961.[145] In 2016, the Office for National Statistics estimated that it will reach 300,000 by 2025.[146]

Data on the economy, demography and politics of Milton Keynes are collected at the Borough level and are detailed at Economy of the Borough and Demographics of the Borough.

Milton Keynes is one of the most successful economies in the UK, ranked third (by gross value added per worker) for its contribution to the national economy.[99]

With 99.4% SMEs, just 0.6% of businesses locally employ more than 250 people.[147] Of the remaining enterprises, 81.5% employ fewer than 10 people.[147] The 'professional, scientific and technical sector' contributes the largest number of business units, 16.7%.[147] The retail sector is the largest contributor of employment.[147] Milton Keynes has one of the highest number of business start-ups in England, but also of failures.[99] Although Education, Health and Public Administration are important contributors to employment, the contribution is significantly less than in England or the South East as a whole.[147]

The average age of the population is lower than is typical for the UK's 63 primary urban areas: 25.3% of the Borough population is aged under 18 (5th place) and 13.4% are aged 65+ (57th out of 63).[99] Contributing to its vitality, 18.5% of residents were born outside the UK (11th).[99]

A tale of two cities

In 2015, the Borough of Milton Keynes had nine 'lower super output areas'{{efn|A 'lower super output area' is a small geographic area defined by the Office of National Statistics to contain 1,000 to 1,500 residents and thus to permit consistent national comparisons.[148] }} that are in the 10% most deprived in England, but also had twelve 'lower super output areas' are in the 10% least deprived in England.[149] This contrast between areas of affluence and areas of deprivation in spite of a thriving local economy, inspired local charity The Community Foundation (in its 2016 'Vital Signs' report) to describe the position as a 'Tale of Two Cities'.[150]

In 2018, the number of homeless young people sleeping rough in tents around CMK attracted national headlines as it became the apex of a national problem of poverty, inadequate mental health care and unaffordable housing.[151][152] On a visit to refurbishment and extension work on the YMCA building, Housing Minister Heather Wheeler declared that 'Nobody in this day and age should be sleeping on the street'.[153]

Transport

{{anchor|Magna Park, Milton Keynes}}{{See also|Buses in Milton Keynes}}

The Grand Union Canal, the A5 road and the M1 motorway provides the major axes that influenced the urban designers.{{sfn|Llewellyn-Davies|Weeks|Forestier-Walker|Bor|1970|p=27}}

Milton Keynes has six railway stations. {{rws|Milton Keynes Central}} is served by inter-city services. Wolverton, Milton Keynes Central and Bletchley stations are on the West Coast Main Line and are served by local commuter services. Fenny Stratford and Bow Brickhill are on the Marston Vale Line. Woburn Sands railway station, also on the Marston Vale line, is in the small town of Woburn Sands just inside the urban area.

The M1 motorway runs along the east flank of MK and serves it from junctions 13, 14 and 15. The A5 road runs right through it as a grade separated dual carriageway. Other main roads are the A509 to Wellingborough and Kettering, and the A421 and A422, both running west towards Buckingham and east towards Bedford. Proximity to the M1 has led to construction of a number of distribution centres, including Magna Park at the A421/A5130 junction.[154]

Many long-distance coaches stop at the Milton Keynes coachway,[155] (beside M1 Junction 14), some {{convert|3.3|mi}} from the centre (or {{convert|4|mi|abbr=on|disp=or}} from Milton Keynes Central railway station).[156] There is also a park and ride car park on the site. Regional coaches stop at Milton Keynes Central.

Milton Keynes is served by (and provides part of) routes 6 and 51 on the National Cycle Network.[48][49]

The nearest international airport is London Luton and is easily reached by coach.[157] Cranfield Airport, an airfield, is {{convert|8|mi|0}} away.[158]

Geography

Milton Keynes is in south central England, at the northern end of the South-east England region,[159] about {{convert|50|mi}} north-west of London.[2][3][4] Its surface geology is primarily gently rolling Oxford clay or, more formally, {{quote|"a portion of more or less dissected boulder clay plateau, with streams falling fairly steeply to the [Great] Ouse and Ouzel flood plains, across slopes cut chiefly in Oxford clay. Middle Jurassic rocks, in particular the Blisworth limestone and cornbrash, form strong features in the lands bordering the Ouse valley in the north".[160] }}

Its highest points are in the centre ({{convert|110|m|abbr=on}}) and at Woodhill on the western boundary ({{convert|120|m|abbr=on}}).[161][162] The lowest point of the urban area is in Newport Pagnell, where the Ouzel joins the Great Ouse.({{convert|50|m|abbr=on}}).[163]

Closest cities and towns

The nearest larger{{efn|population over 10,000.}} towns are Northampton, Bedford, Luton and Dunstable, and Aylesbury.[164] The nearest larger{{efn|population over 100,000. St Albans, a cathedral city of 57,000, is closer.}} cities are Coventry, Leicester, Cambridge, London and Oxford.[165]

{{Adjacent communities
|title = Destinations from Milton Keynes
|Northwest = Deanshanger, Towcester, Daventry, Coventry
Roade, Northampton
|North = Newport Pagnell, Olney, Wellingborough, Leicester
|Northeast = Cranfield, Bedford, Cambridge
|West = Buckingham, Brackley, Banbury
|Centre = Milton Keynes
|East = Woburn Sands, Ridgmont, Ampthill
|Southwest = Bicester, Oxford
|South = Leighton Buzzard or Winslow, Aylesbury
|Southeast = Toddington, Dunstable, Luton, London
}}

Twin towns

  • Almere, Netherlands[166]

Climate

Milton Keynes experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) as is typical of almost all of the United Kingdom. Recorded temperature extremes range from {{convert|34.6|C}} during July 2006,[167] to as low as {{convert|−20.6|C}} on 20 December 2010.[168] on 25 February 1947. In 2010, the temperature fell to {{convert|−16.3|C}}[169]

The nearest Met Office weather station is in Woburn,[170] located in a rural area just outside the south eastern fringe of Milton Keynes.

{{Weather box|location = Woburn 1981–2010 (Weather station {{convert|3|mi|0|abbr=on}} to the SE of Central Milton Keynes)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
| Jan high C = 7.0
| Feb high C = 7.4
| Mar high C = 10.3
| Apr high C = 13.1
| May high C = 16.6
| Jun high C = 19.6
| Jul high C = 22.1
| Aug high C = 21.9
| Sep high C = 18.7
| Oct high C = 14.4
| Nov high C = 10.0
| Dec high C = 7.2
|year high C = 14.1
| Jan low C = 1.3
| Feb low C = 0.9
| Mar low C = 2.7
| Apr low C = 3.8
| May low C = 6.5
| Jun low C = 9.4
| Jul low C = 11.7
| Aug low C = 11.6
| Sep low C = 9.6
| Oct low C = 7.0
| Nov low C = 3.8
| Dec low C = 1.5
|year low C = 5.8
| Jan precipitation mm = 54.2
| Feb precipitation mm = 41.7
| Mar precipitation mm = 45.3
| Apr precipitation mm = 52.1
| May precipitation mm = 54.3
| Jun precipitation mm = 53.2
| Jul precipitation mm = 53.1
| Aug precipitation mm = 55.4
| Sep precipitation mm = 57.5
| Oct precipitation mm = 70.3
| Nov precipitation mm = 63.0
| Dec precipitation mm = 57.3
|year precipitation mm = 657.4
| Jan sun = 52.0
| Feb sun = 69.4
| Mar sun = 105.5
| Apr sun = 147.4
| May sun = 183.4
| Jun sun = 179.9
| Jul sun = 197.1
| Aug sun = 189.0
| Sep sun = 137.0
| Oct sun = 105.6
| Nov sun = 61.7
| Dec sun = 43.5
|year sun = 1471.6
|source 1 = Met Office[171]
|date=November 2012
}}

Notable people

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}

  • Dele Alli, professional footballer.[172]
  • Christopher B-Lynch, (visiting) Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Cranfield University, responsible for inventing the eponymously named B-Lynch suture which is used to treat post-partum haemorrhage due to uterine atony worked at Milton Keynes General Hospital.[173][174]
  • Andrew Baggaley, English table tennis champion.[175]
  • Sam Baldock, professional footballer.[176]
  • Errol Barnett, an anchor and correspondent for CNN is from Milton Keynes. He lived in Crownhill and attended Holmwood First School and Two Mile Ash Middle School before moving to the US.[177]
  • Emily Bergl, an actress known for her roles in Desperate Housewives and Shameless. Bergl was born in Milton Keynes, to an Irish mother and an English architect father.[178]
  • Chris Clarke, English sprinter.[179]
  • Adam Ficek, drummer of London band Babyshambles.[180]
  • Lee Hasdell, professional Mixed martial artist and Kickboxer.[181]
  • James Hildreth, professional cricketer.[182]
  • Liam Kelly, professional footballer.[183]
  • Jim Marshall (1923–2012), founder and CEO of Marshall Amplification was living in and ran his business from Milton Keynes when he died.[184]
  • Gordon Moakes, the bassist for the London-based rock band Bloc Party.[185]
  • Clare Nasir, the meteorologist, TV and radio personality, was born in Milton Keynes in 1970.[186]
  • Craig Pickering, English sprinter.[187]
  • Sarah Pinborough, English horror writer.[188]
  • Ian Poulter, PGA & European Tour golf professional. Member of the 2010 and 2012 European Ryder Cup Teams.[189]
  • Mark Randall, professional footballer.[190]
  • Greg Rutherford, long jump gold medallist for Team GB at the 2012 Olympic Games.[191]
  • Sakima, singer[192]
  • Alan P. F. Sell (1935–2016), academic and theologian lived in the town in his later years and died there.[193][194]
  • Ed Slater, professional rugby player.[195]
  • Jack Trevor Story, novelist, was a long-term resident of Milton Keynes.[196]
  • Sam Tomkins, professional rugby league player.[197]
  • Alan Turing (1912–1954), played a significant role in the creation of the modern computer. He lodged at the Crown Inn, Shenley Brook End, while working at Bletchley Park.[198]
  • Nat Wei, Baron Wei, member of the House of Lords.[199]
  • Kevin Whately, professional actor.[200]
  • Dan Wheldon (1978–2011), Indy car driver.[201]
  • Pete Winkelman, Chairman of Milton Keynes Dons Football Club, owner of Linford Manor recording studios, long term resident.[202]
{{div col end}}

Bands

{{Portal|Buckinghamshire}}

Notes

{{NoteFoot}}{{notelist}}

References

1. ^1 {{cite web |url = https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/localarea?compare=E34005056 |title = Milton Keynes BUA Built-up area: Local Area Report (2011 Census)|publisher = ONS |accessdate = 29 March 2019 }}
2. ^1 According to a nearby historic milestone.
3. ^1 {{cite web| url=http://www.railwaycodes.org.uk/elrs/_mileages/l/lec1.shtm | title=Engineer's Line References |publisher= RailwayCodes.org |date= 28 July 2018 | accessdate=15 February 2019}}
4. ^1 {{cite web| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Central+Milton+Keynes/Charing+Cross,+London/@51.7831303,-0.6011838,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x4877aaa273a751bd:0x48c187787e8bd0b3!2m2!1d-0.7679071!2d52.0375851!1m5!1m1!1s0x487604ce4a482bad:0x1d97d582ce284abc!2m2!1d-0.12755!2d51.5073!3e0 | title = Central Milton Keynes to Charing Cross | publisher=Google Maps | accessdate=15 February 2019}}
5. ^{{cite book |title=Suggestions for the improvement of Our Towns and Houses|last=Maslen |first=T. J. |year=1843 |publisher=Smith, Elder |location=London |isbn= |page= |url=}} (Quoted in Walter L Crease, The search for Environment, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1966, p319).
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://clutch.open.ac.uk/schools/eaton-overspill00/begining.html |title=Bletchley Pioneers, Planning, & Progress |publisher=Clutch.open.ac.uk |accessdate=23 November 2012}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://clutch.open.ac.uk/schools/eaton-overspill00/housing.html |title=Early days of overspill |publisher=Clutch.open.ac.uk |accessdate=23 November 2012}}
8. ^Need for more planned towns in the South-East.The Times. 2 December 1964 Accessed 21 September 2006
9. ^South East Study 1961–1981 HMSO 1964, cited in The Plan for Milton Keynes. (Llewellyn-Davies et al, 1970, page 3)
10. ^Urgent action to meet London housing needs. The Times, 4 February 1965. Retrieved 21 September 2006
11. ^Area of New Town Increased by {{convert|6000|acre|ha}}. The Times. 14 January 1966. Retrieved 21 September 2006
12. ^1 {{cite web | publisher = London Gazette | url = http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/44233/pages/827 | accessdate = 14 January 2014 | title = "North Buckinghamshire (Milton Keynes) New Town (Designation) Order", London Gazette, 24 January 1967, page 827}}.
13. ^{{cite book | last = Llewellyn-Davies|author2=Forestier-Walker|author3=Bor | title = Milton Keynes: Interim Report to Milton Keynes Development Corporation| publisher = Milton Keynes Development Corporation | date = December 1968}}
14. ^1 The South East Study 1961–1981 HMSO London, 1964: "A big change in the economic balance within the south east is needed to modify the dominance of London and to get a more even distribution of growth". Retrieved 27 November 2006
15. ^{{citation| first1= R. A. |last1=Croft | first2= Dennis C. |last2=Mynard |first3= Margaret |last3=Gelling |title= The Changing Landscape of Milton Keynes |publisher=Buckinghamshire Archaeological Society}} Monograph Series
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mkcdc.org.uk/shop/architectural-design.html | title= Architectural Design 6, 1973. Special issue: Milton Keynes| publisher=Architectural Design| date=1973| accessdate=26 February 2019}} Staff of MKDC on the cover of Architectural Digest
17. ^{{cite web| url=https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/culture/aj-archive-milton-keynes-planning-study-1969/10016661.article |title = AJ archive: Milton Keynes planning study (1969) | publisher= The Architects' Journal| date=1969| accessdate=10 February 2019}} reprint 23 January 2017
18. ^Milton Keynes: A Living Landscape, Fred Roche Foundation, 2018
19. ^Jeff Bishop Milton Keynes{{spaced ndash}} the Best of Both Worlds? Public and professional views of a new city. University of Bristol School for Advanced Urban Studies 1981. Retrieved 13 February 2007
20. ^1 Walker The Architecture and Planning of Milton Keynes, Architectural Press, London 1981. Retrieved 13 February 2007
21. ^M Webber (1963) 'Order in Diversity: Community Without Propinquity, in L Wingo (ed.) 'Cities and Spaces Hopkins, Baltimore. Retrieved 13 February 2007
22. ^{{cite web|url=https://milton-keynes.cmis.uk.com/milton-keynes/Document.ashx?czJKcaeAi5tUFL1DTL2UE4zNRBcoShgo=pKuWcI%2Bd%2BN8WSDJ%2F4qLBt3sRSvp4j6yR9bkyofvUDqCG6ml%2BsAsXfg%3D%3D&rUzwRPf%2BZ3zd4E7Ikn8Lyw%3D%3D=pwRE6AGJFLDNlh225F5QMaQWCtPHwdhUfCZ%2FLUQzgA2uL5jNRG4jdQ%3D%3D&mCTIbCubSFfXsDGW9IXnlg%3D%3D=hFflUdN3100%3D&kCx1AnS9%2FpWZQ40DXFvdEw%3D%3D=hFflUdN3100%3D&uJovDxwdjMPoYv%2BAJvYtyA%3D%3D=ctNJFf55vVA%3D&FgPlIEJYlotS%2BYGoBi5olA%3D%3D=NHdURQburHA%3D&d9Qjj0ag1Pd993jsyOJqFvmyB7X0CSQK=ctNJFf55vVA%3D&WGewmoAfeNR9xqBux0r1Q8Za60lavYmz=ctNJFf55vVA%3D&WGewmoAfeNQ16B2MHuCpMRKZMwaG1PaO=ctNJFf55vVA%3D |title=MILTON KEYNES PARTNERSHIP COMMITTEE ROLE AND REMIT | date= 7 September 2005 | accessdate = 18 February 2019 | publisher = Milton Keynes Council}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.open.edu/openlearn/society-politics-law/geography/not-city-milton-keynes |title=This is not a city: Milton Keynes | publisher= The Open University | accessdate=17 February 2019}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ncmd.co.uk/docs/treasurereport2000.pdf|title=Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire: Bronze Age gold hoard of two torcs and three bracelets in a pot|publisher=Department of Culture, Media and Sport|author=Needham, S|work=Treasure Annual Report 2000|year=2002|pages=13–15|accessdate=26 July 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301112414/http://www.ncmd.co.uk/docs/treasurereport2000.pdf|archivedate=1 March 2012}}
25. ^{{cite web | publisher = British Museum | url = http://www.thebritishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_prb/t/the_milton_keynes_hoard.aspx | accessdate = 29 July 2007 | title = The Milton Keynes Hoard | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://archive.is/20130415231837/http://www.thebritishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_prb/t/the_milton_keynes_hoard.aspx | archivedate = 15 April 2013 }}
26. ^{{cite web | publisher = Milton Keynes Heritage Association | url = http://www.mkheritage.co.uk/mkm/mkarchaeology/Web%20pages/stoneage.html | accessdate = 3 January 2007 | title= Archaeology in the Milton Keynes District: Stone Age}}
27. ^{{cite web | publisher = Milton Keynes Heritage Association | url = http://www.mkheritage.co.uk/mkm/mkarchaeology/Web%20pages/Bronze%20Age.html | accessdate = 3 January 2007 | title= Archaeology in the Milton Keynes District: Bronze Age}}
28. ^{{cite web | publisher = British Museum | url = https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/g/gold_stater.aspx | accessdate = 10 September 2009 | title = Object 2234: "Gold stater ('Gallo-Belgic A' type) Roman, mid-2nd century BC Probably made in northern France or Belgium; found at Fenny Stratford near Milton Keynes, England"}}
29. ^{{cite web | publisher = Milton Keynes Heritage Association | url = http://www.mkheritage.co.uk/mkm/mkarchaeology/Index.html | accessdate = 3 January 2007 | title= Archaeology in the Milton Keynes District: archaeological sites and artefacts found at Bancroft and Blue Bridge, part of the old farmland of Stacey Hill Farm, now Milton Keynes Museum.}}
30. ^1 {{cite book| last1=Mynard |first1=Dennis |last2=Hunt |first2=Julian | title=Milton Keynes, a pictorial history | isbn=978-0-85033-940-6|year=1994 }}
31. ^Domesday Book, Buckinghamshire
32. ^{{cite web |title=Newport hundred: Introduction |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=62582 |publisher=Victoria History of the Counties of England |accessdate=22 September 2009}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/news/v.rhtm/Bletchley_Park_welcomes_2015s_200000th_visitor-908901.html |title=Bletchley Park welcomes 2015's 200,000th visitor | publisher=Bletchley Park |date=26 August 2015 |accessdate=25 January 2017}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/richard-maccormac-1938-2014/8668266.article|title=Richard MacCormac (1938–2014)|date=12 August 2014| first=Jeremy|last=Melvin|website=Architectural Review}}
35. ^{{cite book |last=Hatherley |first=Owen |date=2010 |title= A guide to the new ruins of Great Britain|url=https://the-eye.eu/public/concen.org/Nonfiction.Ebook.Pack.Apr.2016-PHC/9781844678082.Verso.Guide%20to%20the%20New%20Ruins%20of%20Great%20Britain%2C%20A.Owen%20Hatherley.Jul%2C%202011.pdf |location=New York |publisher=Verso |page=60 |isbn=978-1-84467-700-9 |author-link= }}
36. ^{{cite web| url=https://c20society.org.uk/botm/heelands-housing-milton-keynes/ | title=Building of the month: Heelands Housing, Milton Keynes |publisher= Twentieth Century Society |date= January 2008 | accessdate=10 February 2019}}
37. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/twentieth-century-society-calls-for-conservation-of-post-war-estates/10028882.article | title=A Milton Keynes housing estate designed by Ralph Erskine in the 1970s should be designated a conservation area, a heritage body has urged|first= Greg |last=Pitcher |work= The Architects' Journal |date= 12 March 2018}}
38. ^{{cite magazine|url=https://c20society.org.uk/publications/c20-magazine/john-winter/ |title=Obituary: John Winter (1930{{ndash}}2012) |first= Henrietta |last = Billings |publisher=Twentieth Century Society|date= February 2013 | accessdate=5 February 2019}}
39. ^Jef Bishop Milton Keynes{{spaced ndash}} the Best of Both Worlds? Public and professional views of a new city. University of Bristol School for Advanced Urban Studies. Retrieved 13 February 2007.
40. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.c20society.org.uk/100-buildings/1979-milton-keynes-shopping-building/ |title=1979: Milton Keynes shopping building |publisher= The Twentieth Century Society}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1393882|title=Shopping building, Milton Keynes: Grade II listed |publisher=English Heritage}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.milton-keynes.gov.uk/leisure-tourism-and-culture/arts-and-heritage/commissions | title= Public Art in MK | publisher = Milton Keynes Council | accessdate=17 February 2019}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://designobserver.com/media/pdf/Milton_Keynes-_122.pdf |title=Milton Keynes: Who forgot the urban design |accessdate=29 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203043506/http://designobserver.com/media/pdf/Milton_Keynes-_122.pdf |archivedate=3 December 2013 }}
44. ^{{cite book |title='The story of the original CMK' … told by the people who shaped the original Central Milton Keynes (interviews) |last=Kitchen |first=Roger |author2=Hill, Marion |year=2007 |publisher=Living Archive |location=Milton Keynes |isbn=978-0-904847-34-5 |page=17 |url=http://www.livingarchive.org.uk/ |accessdate=26 January 2009}} (Professor Lock is visiting professor of town planning at Reading University. He was the chief town planner for CMK.) (Ten miles is about 16km and 18,000 acres is about 7,300 hectares),
45. ^{{cite book|first=Derek |last=Walker |title=The Architecture and Planning of Milton Keynes |publisher=Architectural Press |year=1982 |pages= 8 |location=London|isbn=978-0-85139-735-1}} cited in {{cite book|first=Mark |last=Clapson |title=A Social History of Milton Keynes: Middle England/Edge City |pages= 40 |publisher=Frank Cass |location=London |year=2004|isbn=978-0-7146-8417-8}}
46. ^{{cite journal|title=City design: what went wrong at Milton Keynes? |journal=Journal of Urban Design 6(1): 73-82 | last=Edwards | first=Michael | date=2001 | page=8|citeseerx = 10.1.1.488.4255}}
47. ^{{cite web|title=Milton Keynes Redways |url=http://www.destinationmiltonkeynes.co.uk/milton_keynes_redways|work=Destination Milton Keynes|accessdate=23 January 2018}}
48. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.sustrans.org.uk/ncn/map/route/route-6 | title= National cycle route 6 | publisher =Sustrans | accessdate=17 February 2019}}
49. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.sustrans.org.uk/ncn/map/route/route-51 | title= National cycle route 51 | publisher =Sustrans| accessdate=17 February 2019}}
50. ^1 {{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-36210591 |title= Milton Keynes high-rise plan revealed | date= 5 May 2016 | accessdate=17 February 2019| publisher = BBC}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mcaleer-rushe.co.uk/projects/jurys-inn-milton-keynes/ |title=Jurys Inn, Milton Keynes (McAleer & Rushe, Design and build)|website=www.mcaleer-rushe.co.uk|accessdate=6 February 2019}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=6483|title=The Pinnacle, Milton Keynes – Building #6483|website=www.skyscrapernews.com|accessdate=6 February 2019}}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=5201|title=Vizion, Milton Keynes – Building #5201|website=www.skyscrapernews.com|accessdate=6 February 2019}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=http://cmktowncouncil.gov.uk/referendum-on-cmk-business-neighbourhood-plan/ |title=The CMK Business Neighbourhood Plan | publisher=Central Milton Keynes town council | date=October 2014 | accessdate=17 February 2019}}
55. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/network-rail-opens-the-quadrantmk.html |title=Network Rail opens The Quadrant:MK| work= Railway Gazette |date= 11 June 2012}}
56. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/jun/17/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries1 |title=Peter Youngman, Architect of the modern British landscape | publisher=The Guardian|date= 17 June 2005| accessdate= 23 January 2017}}
57. ^{{cite book |last1=Pevsner|first1= Nikolaus |authorlink1=Nikolaus Pevsner |last2=Williamson |first2= Dr Elizabeth |title=Buckinghamshire (Pevsner Architectural Guides) |publisher=Yale University Press |date=11 March 1994}}
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176. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mkdons.com/page/ProfilesDetail/0,,10420~36062,00.html |title=Sam Baldock Biography |accessdate=11 February 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907205627/http://www.mkdons.com/page/ProfilesDetail/0%2C%2C10420~36062%2C00.html |archivedate=7 September 2011 }}
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179. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.miltonkeynes.co.uk/sport/other-sport/chris_clarke_set_for_worlds_final_update_gb_finish_7th_1_3020712|title=Chris Clarke set for Worlds final – Update GB finish 7th|date=2 September 2011|work=Milton Keynes Citizen|accessdate=11 February 2012}}
180. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/8d1f22da-dd1c-4c17-9b3c-3ed9fcd2997c|title=Adam Ficek profile|publisher=BBC|accessdate=11 February 2012}}
181. ^{{Citation |last=Lewis |first=Peter |title=A Total Fighter |newspaper=Fighters – Kickboxing news |page=45 |date=April 2004 }}
182. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.somersetcountycc.co.uk/player/james-hildreth/|title=James Hildreth – profile|publisher=Somerset County Cricket Club|accessdate=11 February 2012}}
183. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.11v11.com/players/liam-kelly-227201/ |title= Liam Kelly | publisher= 11v11,com |accessdate=19 February 2019}}
184. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.heart.co.uk/miltonkeynes/news/local/death-announced-jim-marshall/|title=Death Is Announced of Jim Marshall|last=James|first=Huw|work=Heart FM|date=5 April 2012|accessdate=8 April 2012}}
185. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jan/07/popandrock.features1|title=21st-century boy|date=7 January 2007|last=McLean|first=Craig|work=The Guardian|accessdate=12 February 2012|location=London}}
186. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.miltonkeynes.nhs.uk/default.asp?ContentID=142|title=TV's Clare says Wrap Up for Winter|publisher=NHS Milton Keynes|accessdate=12 February 2012}}
187. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.miltonkeynes.co.uk/sport/other-sport/campbell_backs_pickering_to_come_good_again_in_2012_1_3453556|title=Campbell backs Pickering to come good again in 2012|date=25 January 2012|work=Milton Keynes Citizen|accessdate=12 February 2012}}
188. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.omegasapple.com/site/2010/03/21/sarah-pinborough-interview/|title=Sarah Pinborough Interview|work=omegasapple.com|accessdate=12 February 2012}}
189. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.miltonkeynes.co.uk/sport/poulter_s_back_in_the_swing_at_woburn_1_866648|title=Poulter's back in the swing at Woburn|date=29 July 2008|work=Milton Keynes Citizen|accessdate=12 February 2012}}
190. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27735129MK|title=MK Dons: Mark Randall signs longer deal|accessdate=31 July 2014}}
191. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.buckssport.org/en/twentytwelve/sporting_legacy/bucks_athletes_to_follow_up_to_2012/greg_rutherford/|title=Greg Rutherford – Long Jumper|work=Bucks Sport|accessdate=12 February 2012}}
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197. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/rugby-league/16775814|title=Sam Tomkins targets more trophies with Wigan|date=3 February 2012|last=Hudson|first=Elizabeth|publisher=BBC|accessdate=12 February 2012}}
198. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/8683638/Google-backs-Bletchley-Park-restoration-project.html|title=Google backs Bletchley Park restoration project|date=5 August 2011|last=Douglas|first=Ian|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=12 February 2012|location=London}}
199. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08zc1z9 |title= A place called home| publisher=BBC| accessdate=19 February 2019}} (born Watford, grew up in Milton Keynes)
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External links

{{Commons category|Milton Keynes}}{{Wikivoyage|Milton Keynes}}

  • {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Buckinghamshire/Milton_Keynes/|Milton Keynes}}
  • Official visitor website for Milton Keynes
  • Milton Keynes Council
  • City Discovery Centre (MK urban studies centre)
  • Urban Design magazine{{spaced ndash}} "Milton Keynes at 40"
  • Milton Keynes in 1968, on BFI Player
  • Community information website
  • {{cite news| url=https://www.ft.com/content/d5f8a830-3a1a-11e9-b72b-2c7f526ca5d0 |title=Milton Keynes: curio from the past or model for the future? | first=Edwin |last=Heathcote | work=Financial Times | location = London| date= 1 March 2019 |url-access=registration}}

{{-}}{{Buckinghamshire}}{{River Great Ouse}}{{Authority control}}

9 : Populated places on the River Great Ouse|Towns in Buckinghamshire|Milton Keynes|New towns in England|Populated places established in 1967|Planned cities in England|Pages including recorded pronunciations (UK English)|1967 establishments in England|New towns started in the 1960s
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