| 词条 | Milton William Cooper |
| 释义 |
| name = Milton William Cooper | image = Milton William Cooper.png | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|1943|05|06}} | birth_place = Long Beach, California, U.S. | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|11|05|1943|05|06}} | death_place = Eagar, Arizona, U.S. | death_cause = Gunshot | resting_place = Springerville Cemetery Springerville, Arizona | nationality = American | other_names = Bill Cooper | occupation = Conspiracy theorist, radio broadcaster, author }}Milton William "Bill" Cooper (May 6, 1943 – November 5, 2001) was an American conspiracy theorist, radio broadcaster, and author best known for his 1991 book Behold a Pale Horse, in which he warned of multiple global conspiracies, some involving extraterrestrial aliens.[1][2][3] Cooper also described HIV/AIDS as a man-made disease used to target blacks, Hispanics, and homosexuals, and that a cure was made before it was implemented.[4] He has been described as a "militia theoretician".[5] Early lifeLittle is known about Cooper's background and education, beyond the information supplied in his own accounts. He claimed to have served in the United States Navy, the United States Air Force, and Naval Intelligence until his discharge in 1975;[6] however, public records only indicate a period of service in the Navy with a ratings code of E-5/Sergeant (Petty officer second class in the Navy), including a tour of duty in Vietnam with two service medals.[7] He then attended a junior college in California, and worked for several technical and vocational schools before making his conspiracy theories known, beginning in 1988. Cooper expanded the speculations of earlier conspiracists by incorporating government involvement with extraterrestrials as a central theme.[8] Behold a Pale HorseCooper produced and published Behold a Pale Horse in 1991.[5] The book has been influential among "UFO and militia circles".[9] Just prior to the trial of Terry Nichols in 1997, The Guardian described it as "the manifesto of the militia movement".[10] According to sociologist Paul Gilroy, Cooper claimed "an elaborate conspiracy theory that encompasses the Kennedy assassination, the doings of the secret world government, the coming ice age, and a variety of other covert activities associated with the Illuminati's declaration of war upon the people of America".[5] Political scientist Michael Barkun characterized it as "among the most complex superconspiracy theories", and also among the most influential due to its popularity in militia circles as well as mainstream bookstores.[6] Historian Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke described the book as a "chaotic farrago of conspiracy myths interspersed with reprints of executive laws, official papers, reports and other extraneous materials designed to show the looming prospect of a world government imposed on the American people against their wishes and in flagrant contempt of the Constitution."[11] HIV/AIDSIn Behold a Pale Horse Cooper proposed that AIDS was the result of a conspiracy to decrease the populations of blacks, Hispanics, and homosexuals.[8] In 2000 South Africa's Minister of Health Manto Tshabalala-Msimang received criticism for distributing the chapter discussing this theory to senior South African government officials.[12] Nicoli Nattrass, a longtime critic of AIDS denialists, criticized Tshabalala-Msimang for lending legitimacy to Cooper's theories and disseminating them in Africa.[9] UFOs, aliens and the IlluminatiCooper caused a sensation in UFOlogy circles in 1988 when he claimed to have seen secret documents while in the Navy describing governmental dealings with extraterrestrials, a topic on which he expanded in Behold a Pale Horse.[6] (By one account he served as a "low level clerk" in the Navy, and as such would not have had the security clearance needed to access classified documents.[19]) UFOlogists later asserted that some of the material that Cooper claimed to have seen in Naval Intelligence documents was actually plagiarized verbatim from their research, including several items that the UFOlogists had fabricated as pranks.[13] Don Ecker of UFO Magazine ran a series of exposés on Cooper in 1990.[14] Cooper linked the Illuminati with his beliefs that extraterrestrials were secretly involved with the United States government, but later retracted these claims. He accused Dwight D. Eisenhower of negotiating a treaty with extraterrestrials in 1954, then establishing an inner circle of Illuminati to manage relations with them and keep their presence a secret from the general public. Cooper believed that aliens "manipulated and/or ruled the human race through various secret societies, religions, magic, witchcraft, and the occult", and that even the Illuminati were unknowingly being manipulated by them.[6] Cooper described the Illuminati as a secret international organization, controlled by the Bilderberg Group, that conspired with the Knights of Columbus, Masons, Skull and Bones, and other organizations. Its ultimate goal, he said, was the establishment of a New World Order. According to Cooper the Illuminati conspirators not only invented alien threats for their own gain, but actively conspired with extraterrestrials to take over the world.[6] Cooper believed that James Forrestal's fatal fall from a window on the sixteenth floor of Bethesda Hospital was connected to the alleged secret committee Majestic 12, and that JASON advisory group scientists reported to an elite group of Trilateral Commission and Council on Foreign Relations executive committee members who were high-ranking members of the Illuminati.[2][3] Cooper also claimed that the antisemitic conspiracy theory forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion was actually an Illuminati work, and instructed readers to substitute "Sion" for "Zion", "Illuminati" for "Jews", and "cattle" for "Goyim".[3][15][16] Kennedy assassinationIn Behold a Pale Horse, Cooper asserted that President John F. Kennedy was assassinated because he was about to reveal that extraterrestrials were in the process of taking over the Earth. According to a "top secret" video of the assassination that Cooper claimed to have discovered, the driver of the presidential limousine, William Greer, used "a gas pressure device developed by aliens from the Trilateral Commission" to shoot the president from the driver's seat.[17] The Zapruder film shows Greer twice turning to look into the back seat of the car; Cooper theorized that Greer first turned to assess Kennedy's status after the external attack, and then to fire the fatal shot. Conspiracy theories implicating Greer reportedly "snowballed" after publication of Behold a Pale Horse.[18] Cooper's video purporting to prove his theory was analyzed by several television stations, according to one source, and was found to be "... a poor-quality fake using chunks of the... Zapruder film."[17] DeathAs Cooper moved away from the UFOlogy community and toward the militia and anti-government subculture in the late 1990s, he became convinced that he was being personally targeted by President Bill Clinton and the Internal Revenue Service. In July 1998 he was charged with tax evasion; an arrest warrant was issued, but Cooper eluded repeated attempts to serve it. In 2000, he was named a "major fugitive" by the United States Marshals Service.[6] On November 5, 2001, Apache County sheriff's deputies attempted to arrest Cooper at his Eagar, Arizona home on charges of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon and endangerment stemming from disputes with local residents. After an exchange of gunfire during which Cooper shot one of the deputies in the head, Cooper was fatally shot. Federal authorities reported that Cooper had spent years evading execution of the 1998 arrest warrant, and according to a spokesman for the Marshals Service, he vowed that "he would not be taken alive".[1] WorksBooks
| last = Cooper | first = Milton William | title = Behold a Pale Horse | year = 1991 | publisher = Light Technology Publications | isbn = 0-929385-22-5 }} Radio broadcastMark Potok, spokesman for the Southern Poverty Law Center, notes that Cooper was well-known within the militia movement for his anti-government shortwave radio program. Reportedly, Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh was a fan.[1] The program, broadcast from 1993 to 2001, was titled The Hour of the Time.[19] References1. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Arizona Militia Figure Is Shot to Death |url= http://articles.latimes.com/2001/nov/07/news/mn-1182 | work=Los Angeles Times|date= November 7, 2001 |page= A24 |accessdate= October 17, 2010}} 2. ^1 {{cite book|author=Richard Allen Landes|title=Heaven on Earth: The Varieties of the Millennial Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TulaFe5FTYC&pg=PA418|accessdate=January 4, 2012|date=August 4, 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-975359-8|page=418}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Arthur Goldwag|title=Cults, Conspiracies, and Secret Societies: The Straight Scoop on Freemasons, the Illuminati, Skull and Bones, Black Helicopters, the New World Order, and Many, Many More|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDbM5GeMgXIC|accessdate=January 4, 2012|date=August 11, 2009|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-307-39067-7}} 4. ^{{cite news|title=Bill Cooper interview CNN Uncut original |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOlybRtTnpM | accessdate=June 13, 2015 | time=39:00}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Gilroy|first=Paul|title=Against Race: Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Color Line|year=2000|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=9780674000964|pages=352–353|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWpt-Js7JPEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|authorlink=Paul Gilroy|accessdate=January 17, 2013|chapter=Planetary Humanism|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWpt-Js7JPEC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA352#v=onepage&q&f=false}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|author=Michael Barkun|title=A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LiwjVsNBw-cC&pg=PA60|accessdate=January 5, 2012|date=May 4, 2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24812-0|page=60}} 7. ^Milton William Cooper. [https://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=4254&mtch=2&q=milton+william+cooper&cat=all&dt=1784&tf=F aad.archives.gov]. Retrieved November 24, 2014. 8. ^1 {{cite book|last=Carroll|first=Robert Todd|title=The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions|year=2003|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|location=Hoboken, New Jersey|isbn=9781118045633|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6FPqDFx40vYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|authorlink=Robert Todd Carroll|accessdate=January 17, 2013|page=175|chapter=Illuminati|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=6FPqDFx40vYC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA175#v=onepage&q&f=false}} 9. ^1 {{cite book|last=Nattrass|first=Nicoli|title=The AIDS Conspiracy: Science Fights Back|year=2012|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780231149129|pages=4, 23–27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TehyoBCpVHYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|authorlink=Nicoli Nattrass|accessdate=January 17, 2013}} 10. ^{{cite news|last=Vulliamy|first=Ed|title=New trial may solve riddle of Oklahoma bombing|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1997/nov/03/mcveigh.usa|accessdate=January 17, 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=November 3, 1997|author2=Bruce Dirks|location=London}} 11. ^{{cite book|last=Goodrick-Clarke|first=Nicholas|title=Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity|year=2002|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780814731550|pages=284–285|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xaiaM77s6N4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|authorlink=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke|accessdate=January 17, 2013|chapter=Conspiracy Beliefs and the New World Order}} 12. ^{{cite news|title=SA Government steps into Aids row|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/924927.stm|accessdate=January 17, 2013|newspaper=BBC News|date=September 14, 2000}} 13. ^Doherty, Brian (December 7, 2001). Death Wish: How rebels punch their own ticket. Reason.com archive. Retrieved February 5, 2013 14. ^Ecker, Don. Bill Cooper. Skeptic Tank archive. Retrieved February 5, 2013 15. ^{{cite book|author=Milton William Cooper|title=Behold a pale horse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-oRyJF9t3cC&pg=PA267|accessdate=January 5, 2012|date=January 1, 1991|publisher=Light Technology Publishing|isbn=978-0-929385-22-8|page=267}} 16. ^{{cite book|author=Jeff Chang|title=Can't stop, won't stop: a history of the hip-hop generation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4aofRcBRvMgC&pg=PA438|accessdate=January 5, 2012|date=February 1, 2005|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-30143-9|page=438}} 17. ^1 2 {{cite news|last=Kirk|first=Paul|title=Govt Aids nut linked to Ku Klux Klan|url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2000-09-08-govt-aids-nut-linked-to-ku-klux-klan|accessdate=January 17, 2013|newspaper=Mail & Guardian|date=September 8, 2000|location=Johannesburg}} 18. ^{{cite news|title=Did Stewartstown native kill JFK?|url=http://www.tyronetimes.co.uk/news/local/did-stewartstown-native-kill-jfk-1-1747006|accessdate=January 17, 2013|newspaper=Tyrone Times|date=July 17, 2008|location=Dungannon, Northern Ireland}} 19. ^{{cite web |title=Hour of the Time. Complete Cooper MP3 Collection |url=http://www.hourofthetime.com/wordpresstest/?page_id=7576 |publisher=hourofthetime.com |accessdate=January 17, 2013}} Further reading
| last = Barkun | first = Michael | year = 2003 | title = A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America | publisher = University of California Press | isbn = 0-520-23805-2 }} External links
14 : 1943 births|2001 deaths|American anti-communists|American conspiracy theorists|American male non-fiction writers|American political writers|American radio personalities|American UFO writers|Burials in Arizona|Deaths by firearm in Arizona|John F. Kennedy conspiracy theorists|People shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States|UFO conspiracy theorists|Writers from Long Beach, California |
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