| 词条 | Mimas (moon) | ||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Mimas | alt_names = Saturn I | adjectives = Mimantean, Mimantian | pronounced = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|aɪ|m|ə|s}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|iː|m|ə|s}}{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} | image = Mimas Cassini.jpg | caption = {{longitem|Mimas with its large crater Herschel. Other bright-walled craters include Ban just left of center near top, and Percivale two thirds of the way left of Herschel. (Cassini, 2010)|style=padding-top: 4px;}} | orbit_ref = | discoverer = William Herschel | discovered = 17 September 1789[2] | periapsis = {{val|181902|u=km}} | apoapsis = {{val|189176|u=km}} | semimajor = {{val|185539|u=km}} | eccentricity = {{val|0.0196}} | period = {{val|0.942|u=d}} | avg_speed = 14.28 km/s (calculated) | inclination = {{val|1.574|u=°}} (to Saturn's equator) | satellite_of = Saturn | dimensions = 415.6 × 393.4 × 381.2 km (0.0311 Earths)[3] | mean_radius = {{val|198.2|0.4|u=km}} [3] | surface_area = {{val|490000}}–{{val|500000|u=km2}} | volume = {{val|32600000|200000|u=km³}} | mass = {{val|3.7493|0.0031|e=19|u=kg}} [5][6] (6.3{{e|-6}} Earths) | density = {{val|1.1479|0.007|u=g/cm3}} [3] | surface_grav = {{Gr|0.03749|198.2|3}} m/s2 (0.00648 g) | escape_velocity = {{V2|0.03749|198.2|3}} km/s | rotation = synchronous | axial_tilt = zero | albedo = {{val|0.962|0.004}} (geometric)[8] | magnitude = 12.9 [9] | single_temperature = ≈ 64 K }} Mimas, also designated Saturn I, is a moon of Saturn which was discovered in 1789 by William Herschel.[10] It is named after Mimas, a son of Gaia in Greek mythology. With a diameter of {{convert|396|km|mi}} it is the smallest astronomical body that is known to be rounded in shape because of self-gravitation. DiscoveryMimas was discovered by the astronomer William Herschel on 17 September 1789. He recorded his discovery as follows: "The great light of my forty-foot [12 m] telescope was so useful that on the 17th of September, 1789, I remarked the seventh satellite, then situated at its greatest western elongation."[1] NameMimas is named after one of the Giants in Greek mythology, Mimas. The names of all seven then-known satellites of Saturn, including Mimas, were suggested by William Herschel's son John in his 1847 publication Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Cape of Good Hope.[2][3] He named them after Titans specifically because Saturn (the Roman equivalent of Cronus in Greek mythology), was the leader of the Titans and ruler of the world for some time. Mimas was a son of the Greek goddess Gaia. Physical characteristics{{details|List of geological features on Mimas}}The surface area of Mimas is slightly less than the land area of Spain. The low density of Mimas, 1.15 g/cm3, indicates that it is composed mostly of water ice with only a small amount of rock. Due to the tidal forces acting on it, Mimas is noticeably prolate; its longest axis is about 10% longer than the shortest. The ellipsoidal shape of Mimas is especially noticeable in some recent images from the Cassini probe. Mimas's most distinctive feature is a giant impact crater {{convert|130|km|abbr=on}} across, named Herschel after the discoverer of Mimas. Herschel's diameter is almost a third of Mimas's own diameter; its walls are approximately {{convert|5|km|0|abbr=on}} high, parts of its floor measure {{convert|10|km|abbr=on|0}} deep, and its central peak rises {{convert|6|km|0|abbr=on}} above the crater floor. If there were a crater of an equivalent scale on Earth (in relative size) it would be over {{convert|4000|km|abbr=on}} in diameter, wider than Australia. The impact that made this crater must have nearly shattered Mimas: fractures can be seen on the opposite side of Mimas that may have been created by shock waves from the impact travelling through Mimas's core.[4] The Mimantean surface is saturated with smaller impact craters, but no others are anywhere near the size of Herschel. Although Mimas is heavily cratered, the cratering is not uniform. Most of the surface is covered with craters larger than {{convert|40|km|abbr=on}} in diameter, but in the south polar region, there are generally no craters larger than {{convert|20|km|abbr=on}} in diameter. Three types of geological features are officially recognized on Mimas: craters, chasmata (chasms) and catenae (crater chains). {{clear}}{{multiple image| header = | align = center | direction = horizontal | image1 = PIA17215-Mimas-NorthPoleMap-SaturnMoon-June2017.jpg | width1 = 200 | alt1 = | caption1 = | image2 = PIA17214-Mimas-GlobalMap-SaturnMoon-January2017.jpg | width2 = 400 | alt2 = | caption2 = | image3 = PIA17215-Mimas-SouthPoleMap-SaturnMoon-June2017.jpg | width3 = 200 | alt3 = | caption3 = | footer = Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute | footer_align = right }}{{multiple image | header = | align = center | direction = horizontal | image1 = Color Mimas polar maps PIA18437 Nov. 2014.jpg | width1 = 400 | alt1 = | caption1 = | image3 = PIA18437-SaturnMoon-Mimas-20141104-fig2.jpg | width3 = 400 | alt3 = | caption3 = | footer = Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / Space Science Institute / Lunar and Planetary Institute | footer_align = right }}{{multiple image | header = | align = center | direction = horizontal | image2 = Color map of Mimas PIA18437 Nov. 2014.jpg | width2 = 800 | alt2 = | caption2 = | footer = Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / Space Science Institute / Lunar and Planetary Institute | footer_align = right }} Orbital resonancesA number of features in Saturn's rings are related to resonances with Mimas. Mimas is responsible for clearing the material from the Cassini Division, the gap between Saturn's two widest rings, the A Ring and B Ring. Particles in the Huygens Gap at the inner edge of the Cassini division are in a 2:1 orbital resonance with Mimas. They orbit twice for each orbit of Mimas. The repeated pulls by Mimas on the Cassini division particles, always in the same direction in space, force them into new orbits outside the gap. The boundary between the C and B rings is in a 3:1 resonance with Mimas. Recently, the G Ring was found to be in a 7:6 co-rotation eccentricity resonance{{Clarify|date=November 2012}} with Mimas; the ring's inner edge is about {{convert|15000|km|abbr=on}} inside Mimas's orbit.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} Mimas is also in a 2:1 mean-motion resonance with the larger moon Tethys, and in a 2:3 resonance with the outer F Ring shepherd moonlet, Pandora Anomalous librationIn 2014, researchers noted that the librational motion of Mimas has a component that cannot be explained by its orbit alone, and concluded that it was due to either an interior that is not in hydrostatic equilibrium (an elongated core) or an internal ocean.[5] However, in 2017 it was concluded that an ocean would lead to surface tidal stresses comparable to or greater than those on tectonically active Europa. Thus, the lack of evidence for surface cracking or other tectonic activity on Mimas argues against the presence of such an ocean.[6] Since formation of a core would likely have led to formation of an internal ocean in the past, probably leading to geologic activity, this explanation for the libration is also problematic. The presence of an asymmetric mass anomaly associated with the crater Herschel is another possible explanation for the libration.[6] ExplorationPioneer 11 flew by Saturn in 1979, and its closest approach to Mimas was 104,263 km on September 1, 1979.[7] Voyager 1 flew by in 1980, and Voyager 2 in 1981. Mimas was imaged several times by the Cassini orbiter, which entered into orbit around Saturn in 2004. A close flyby occurred on February 13, 2010, when Cassini passed by Mimas at {{convert|9500|km|mi|abbr=on}}. In popular cultureWhen seen from certain angles, Mimas resembles the Death Star, a fictional space station and superweapon known from the 1977 film Star Wars. Herschel resembles the concave disc of the Death Star's "superlaser". This is coincidental, as the film was made nearly three years before Mimas was resolved well enough to see the crater.[8] In 2010, NASA revealed a temperature map of Mimas, using images obtained by Cassini. The warmest regions, which are along one edge of Mimas, create a shape similar to the video game character Pac-Man, with Herschel Crater assuming the role of an "edible dot" or "power pellet" known from Pac-Man gameplay.[9][10][11] GallerySee also{{Portal|Solar System}}
References1. ^Herschel, William Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 80, reported by {{cite journal| last=Arago| first=M.| title=Herschel| journal=Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution| year=1871| pages=198–223| url=http://laplaza.org/~tom/People/Herschel.htm| accessdate=2006-11-26| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113070818/http://laplaza.org/~tom/People/Herschel.htm| archivedate=2016-01-13| df=}} [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]2. ^As reported by William Lassell, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 42–43 (January 14, 1848) 3. ^{{cite journal| last=Lassell| first= William | title = Satellites of Saturn: Observations of Mimas, the closest and most interior Satellite of Saturn| url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/MNRAS/0008//0000042.000.html| journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society| year=1848| volume=8| pages=42–43| accessdate=2006-11-26|bibcode = 1848MNRAS...8...42L| doi=10.1093/mnras/8.3.42}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=Jupiter and Saturn|last=Elkins-Tanton|first=Linda E.|page=144|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2006|isbn=9781438107257}} 5. ^{{cite journal|last1= Tajeddine|first1= R.|last2= Rambaux|first2= N.|last3= Lainey|first3= V.|last4= Charnoz|first4= S.|last5= Richard|first5= A.|last6= Rivoldini|first6= A.|last7= Noyelles|first7= B.|title= Constraints on Mimas' interior from Cassini ISS libration measurements |journal= Science|volume= 346|issue= 6207|date= 2014-10-17|pages= 322–324|doi= 10.1126/science.1255299|bibcode = 2014Sci...346..322T }} 6. ^1 {{cite journal|last1= Rhoden|first1=A. R.|last2= Henning|first2= W.|last3= Hurford|first3=T. A.|last4= Patthoff|first4=D. A.|last5= Tajeddine|first5= R.|title= The implications of tides on the Mimas ocean hypothesis|journal= Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets|date= 2017-02-24|doi= 10.1002/2016JE005097|bibcode = 2017JGRE..122..400R }} 7. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.dmuller.net/spaceflight/mission.php?mission=pioneer11&appear=black&mtype=scet&showimg=yes&dispwide=no | title = Pioneer 11 Full Mission Timeline |publisher=Dmuller.net |date= |accessdate=2012-02-26 }} 8. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6999 | title = Saturn's moon is Death Star's twin|date=2005-02-11|accessdate=2008-08-21|publisher=New Scientist|first=Kelly|last=Young|quote=Saturn's diminutive moon, Mimas, poses as the Death Star – the planet-destroying space station from the movie Star Wars – in an image recently captured by NASA's Cassini spacecraft. }} 9. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/whycassini/cassini20100329.html | title = 1980s Video Icon Glows on Saturn Moon|date=2010-03-29|accessdate=2010-04-02|publisher=NASA|first=Jia-Rui C.|last=Cook }} 10. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/pia12867.html | title = Bizarre Temperatures on Mimas|date=2010-03-29|accessdate=2010-04-02|publisher=NASA }} 11. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/7537170/Saturn-moon-looks-like-Pac-Man-in-image-taken-by-Nasa-spacecraft.html | title = Saturn moon looks like Pac-Man in image taken by Nasa spacecraft|date=2010-03-30|accessdate=2010-04-02|publisher=The Daily Telegraph }} 12. ^1 {{cite web| title = Imago Mundi: La Découverte des satellites de Saturne| language = French| url = http://www.cosmovisions.com/SaturneChrono02.htm}} 13. ^1 {{cite web| author = Observatorio ARVAL| title = Classic Satellites of the Solar System| publisher = Observatorio ARVAL| date = April 15, 2007| url = http://www.oarval.org/ClasSaten.htm| accessdate = 2011-12-17| ref = {{sfnRef|Observatorio ARVAL}}}} 14. ^1 2 3 {{cite book| doi = 10.1007/978-1-4020-9217-6_24| last1 = Roatsch| first1 = T.| last2 = Jaumann| first2 = R.| last3 = Stephan| first3 = K.| last4 = Thomas| first4 = P. C.| year = 2009| chapter = Cartographic Mapping of the Icy Satellites Using ISS and VIMS Data| title = Saturn from Cassini-Huygens| pages = 763–781| isbn = 978-1-4020-9216-9| pmid = | pmc = | ref = {{sfnRef|Roatsch Jaumann et al.|2009}}}} 15. ^1 {{cite journal| doi=10.1086/508812| last1=Jacobson | first1=R. A.| last2=Antreasian | first2=P. G.| last3=Bordi | first3=J. J.| last4=Criddle | first4=K. E.| last5=Ionasescu | first5=R.| last6=Jones | first6=J. B.| last7=Mackenzie | first7=R. A.| last8=Meek | first8=M. C.| last9=Parcher | first9=D.| first10=F. J. | last10=Pelletier| first11=W. M. | last11=Owen, Jr.| first12=D. C. | last12=Roth| first13=I. M. | last13=Roundhill| first14=J. R. | last14=Stauch| date=December 2006| title=The Gravity Field of the Saturnian System from Satellite Observations and Spacecraft Tracking Data| journal=The Astronomical Journal| volume=132 | issue=6 | pages=2520–2526| url=http://iopscience.iop.org/1538-3881/132/6/2520/fulltext| bibcode=2006AJ....132.2520J| ref={{sfnRef|Jacobson Antreasian et al.|2006}}}} 16. ^1 {{cite journal | author = Jacobson, R. A. | title = The GM values of Mimas and Tethys and the libration of Methone | journal= Astronomical Journal | year = 2005 | volume = 132 | issue = 2 | pages = 711–713 | doi = 10.1086/505209 | bibcode = 2006AJ....132..711J | display-authors = 2 | last2 = Spitale | first2 = J. | last3 = Porco | first3 = C. C. | last4 = Owen | first4 = Jr.|url=http://www.ciclops.org/media/sp/2007/2679_7441_0.pdf }} 17. ^1 {{cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.1134681| last1 = Verbiscer| first1 = A.| last2 = French| first2 = R.| last3 = Showalter| first3 = M.| last4 = Helfenstein| first4 = P.| title = Enceladus: Cosmic Graffiti Artist Caught in the Act| journal = Science| volume = 315| issue = 5813| page = 815| date = 9 February 2007| pmid = 17289992| bibcode = 2007Sci...315..815V| ref = {{sfnRef|Verbiscer French et al.|2007}}| url = http://www.sciencemag.org/content/315/5813/815.abstract| accessdate = 20 December 2011}} (supporting online material, table S1) 18. ^1 {{cite journal| last=Herschel| first=W.| title=Account of the Discovery of a Sixth and Seventh Satellite of the Planet Saturn; With Remarks on the Construction of Its Ring, Its Atmosphere, Its Rotation on an Axis, and Its Spheroidical Figure| journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London| year=1790| volume=80| issue=0| pages=1–20| doi=10.1098/rstl.1790.0001 }} }} External links{{Commons}}{{Spoken Wikipedia|Mimas (moon).ogg|2010-01-10}}
3 : Mimas (moon)|Astronomical objects discovered in 1789|Discoveries by William Herschel |
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