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词条 Syrian Air Defense Force
释义

  1. Current structure and organization

  2. Inventory

  3. Combat history

  4. Further reading

  5. References

{{Infobox national military
|country= {{flagicon|SYR}}
|name=Syrian Arab Air Defence Force
|native_name=
|image=
|caption=
|image2=
|caption2=
|founded=1969
|current_form=
|disbanded=
|branche=Air Defense Force
|headquarters=Damascus
|commander-in-chief=Bashar al-Assad
|commander-in-chief_title=President of Syria
|minister=
|minister_title=
|commander=
|commander_title=
|age=
|conscription=
|manpower_data=
|manpower_age=
|available=4,356,413 (2005 est.)
|available_f=
|fit=3,453,888 (2005 est.)
|fit_f=
|reaching=225,113 (2005 est.)
|reaching_f=
|active=36,000
|ranked=
|reserve= Unknown
|deployed= Unknown
|amount=
|percent_GDP=
|domestic_suppliers=
|foreign_suppliers={{RUS}}
|imports=
|exports=
|history=
|ranks=
}}

The Syrian Air Defense Force (SyADF), officially the Syrian Arab Air Defense Force, is an independent command within the Syrian Armed Forces. The SyADF is one of the most powerful and combat tested air defence forces in the region.

It has been merged into and then separated from both the Syrian Arab Army and the Syrian Arab Air Force. The Syrian Air Defense Force controls four air defense corps, eleven air defense divisions and thirty-six air defense brigades, each with six SAM battalions. It is equipped with 650 static S-75 Dvina, S-125 Neva/Pechora and S-200 launchers, 300 mobile 2K12 Kub, Pantsir S-1 and Buk launchers and over 4,000 anti-aircraft guns ranging from 23mm to 100mm in caliber. There are also two independent 9K33 Osa SAM regiments, each with four batteries of 48 mobile SAMs. An unknown number of S-300 system were delivered to Syria in 2018.[1]

The Syrian early warning system comprises Long Track; P-12 Spoon Rest; P-14 Tall King; H-15 Flat Face; P-30 Big Mesh; P-35 Bar Lock; P-80; PRV-13; PRV-16 Thin Skin mobile and static radar sites throughout Syria.

Current structure and organization

  • 36,000 active personnel{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}
  • Ten Air Defence Division HQ
    • Thirty-three Air Defence Brigade
    • One hundred and fifty Air Defence Batteries

25 teams defense (130 batteries) Including:

  • Self-propelled
    • 62 batteries:
    • 11 teams - 27 batteries - SA-6 Gainful (PU SAM 2K12 Square);
    • 14 Battery - SA-8 Gecko (PU SAM 9K33 Osa);
    • 12 Battery - SA-22 Greyhound (96K6 Pantsyr S1E);
    • 9 Battery - Buk-M2
  • Towed
    • 11 teams{{what|date=October 2017}} - 60 batteries with SA-2 Guideline (CP-75 Dvina / S-75M Volga) and SA-3 Goa (S-125 Neva / S-125M Pechora) (Being upgraded);
  • Two SAM regiments with SA-5 Gammon(in each brigade to 2 divisions for 2 batteries each).
    • Four SAM battalions
    • Eight Static/Shelter SAM batteries
  • Two independent SAM Regiments
    • Four SAM batteries with SA-8

Inventory

GearCountry of OriginIn ServiceTypeComments
S-300 Missile SystemRussia24[2]Long Range Mobile SAM24 delivered in October 2018. Estimated up to 3 batteries more batteries may be delivered. S-300PMU-2 Favorit variant.
Bukm2 Missile SystemRussiaUp to 40[3][4]Mid-Range Mobile SAMUp to 36 believed to be delivered before 2011. Additional units delivered in 2018[5][6]
Bukm1-2 Missile SystemUSSR20Mid-Range Mobile SAM
Pantsir S-1Russia57+[7][8][9]Short-Range Mobile SAM40 delivered up until 2017. Additional units delivered in 2018. One unit destroyed by an Israeli airstrike in 2018. Two more destroyed in an Israeli air strike in January 2019.[10][11]
TunguskaUSSR6Short-Range Mobile SAMPantsir S-1 ordered in favour of additional Tunguska
Strela-10USSR35[12]Short-Range Mobile SAM
Strela-1USSR20[13]Short-Range Mobile SAM
9k33 OsaUSSR50[14]Short-Range Mobile SAM60 delivered. Several lost in Syria Civil War.
2K12 KubUSSRUp to 150[15]Mid-Range Mobile SAM195 at the start of 2012. Some units out of service due to partial replacement by Bukm2.
S-200USSRUp to 44[16]Long-Range Static SAMDestroyed an Israeli F-16 on 10/02/2018. Destroyed a Russian II-20 on 17/09/2018.
S-125 PechoraUSSR148 + >30 2M[17]Mid-Range Static SAMAdditional 2M's may be delivered in 2018/2019.[18]
S-75USSRUp to 300[19]Mid-Range Static SAM

Combat history

In October 1973, the Syrian Air Defense Force (SyADF) shot down numerous Israeli warplanes using mostly the 2K12 Kub (SA-6) SAMs.[20]

In 1982, Israel claimed that 19 of 20 batteries, consisting of five launchers per battery, each launcher carrying three SA-6 missiles, were wiped out in Operation Mole Cricket 19, and the SyADF claimed to have shot down 43 Israeli warplanes over Lebanon in the same year.[21][22]

On 22 June 2012, the Syrian Air Defence Force shot down a Turkish McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II reconnaissance jet. The jet's pilots were killed; both Turkish and Syrian forces searched for them before recovering their bodies in early July. The incident greatly escalated the tensions between Turkey and Syria.[23]

In mid-November 2013, Turkish sources claimed the SyADF targeted, for ten seconds, three Turkish F-16 fighters that were flying near Dörtyol, over southern Hatay province after deploying from the Incirlik and Merzifon airbases.[24] The incident came after a Turkish F-16 shot down a Syrian Mi-17 helicopter on September 16 after Turkey claimed it crossed into Turkish airspace in the same area.[25]

On 17 March 2015, a US MQ-1 Predator drone was shot down by a Syrian S-125 missile.[26][27]

On 13 September 2016, the Syrian Army claimed to have downed an Israeli warplane and a drone after an attack on Quneitra province. The Israel Defence Forces denied any such loss.[28]

On 17 March 2017, the Syrian Armed Forces claimed to have downed an Israeli warplane after an attack on military site near Palmyra.[29] The Israel Defence Forces denied any such loss.[30]

On February 10th, 2018, Israel launched air strikes against targets in Syria with eight fighter aircraft as retaliation for a UAV incursion into the airspace of the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights earlier in the day. Syrian air defenses succeeded in shooting down one of the Israeli jets, an F-16I Sufa, with an S-200 missile.[31] The jet crashed in the Jezreel Valley, near Harduf.[32][33] Both the pilot and the navigator managed to eject.[34][35]

On the night of May 10th, 2018, Israel launched a large scale air attack on multiple, alleged Iranian targets in Syria. After being engaged by the SyADF, the Israeli aircraft attacked and destroyed a Pantsir-S1 launcher, as well as several other anti-aircraft systems (SA5, SA2, SA22, SA17) . [36]

On September 17th, 2018, four Israeli F-16s engaged targets in the Syrian port city of Latakia, to which Syrian air defenses responded. During the Israeli attack, a Russian Il-20 aircraft was mistakenly destroyed by an S-200 missile launched by the SyADF. All fifteen crewmembers of the Il-20 died as a result. It was claimed, Israeli Air Force pilots took shelter behind the IL-20, this exposing the Russian aircraft to the Syrian missile attack.[37]

Further reading

  • Kenneth M. Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness 1948-91, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 2002, and Pollack's book reviewed in International Security, Vol. 28, No.2.

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/the-latest-fighters-stop-protesters-outside-syria-town/2018/09/28/508d21f6-c32a-11e8-9451-e878f96be19b_story.html|title=The Latest: Russia says Syria now has S-300 anti-air system|website=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2018-09-30}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/russian-fm-lavrov-delivery-300-syria-regime-begun-180929054212640.html|title=Russian FM Lavrov: Delivery of S-300 to Syria regime has begun|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2018-09-30}}
3. ^{{Cite news|url=https://southfront.org/syrian-air-defense-forces-buk-surface-to-air-missile-system-photo/|title=Syrian Air Defense Force's BUK Surface-To-Air Missile System (Photo)|date=2016-12-27|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en-GB}}
4. ^{{Cite news|url=https://southfront.org/syrian-military-showcases-its-air-defense-systems-in-new-promo-video/|title=Syrian Military Showcases Its Air Defense Systems In New Promo Video|date=2018-04-17|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en-GB}}
5. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.eurasiareview.com/28092018-syria-to-receive-new-missile-shields-in-addition-to-s-300/|title=Syria To Receive New Missile Shields In Addition To S-300|date=2018-09-28|work=Eurasia Review|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en-US}}
6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://southfront.org/russia-will-supply-syria-with-short-to-medium-range-air-defense-systems-beside-s-300-report/|title=Russia Will Supply Syria With Short To Medium Range Air Defense Systems Beside S-300 – Report|date=2018-09-26|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en-GB}}
7. ^{{Cite news|url=https://southfront.org/syrian-air-defense-force-and-its-pantsir-s1-systems/|title=Syrian Air Defense Force And Its Pantsir-S1 Systems|date=2017-01-07|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en-GB}}
8. ^{{Cite news|url=https://southfront.org/russia-will-supply-syria-with-short-to-medium-range-air-defense-systems-beside-s-300-report/|title=Russia Will Supply Syria With Short To Medium Range Air Defense Systems Beside S-300 – Report|date=2018-09-26|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en-GB}}
9. ^{{Cite news|url=https://southfront.org/russia-sends-more-pantsir-s-air-defense-systems-to-syria-reports/|title=Russia Sends More Pantsir-S Air Defense Systems To Syria - Reports|date=2018-04-26|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en-GB}}
10. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.eurasiareview.com/28092018-syria-to-receive-new-missile-shields-in-addition-to-s-300/|title=Syria To Receive New Missile Shields In Addition To S-300|date=2018-09-28|work=Eurasia Review|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en-US}}
11. ^{{Cite news|url=https://southfront.org/russia-will-supply-syria-with-short-to-medium-range-air-defense-systems-beside-s-300-report/|title=Russia Will Supply Syria With Short To Medium Range Air Defense Systems Beside S-300 – Report|date=2018-09-26|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en-GB}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/syria/airforce-equipment.htm|title=Syria - Air Force Equipment|last=Pike|first=John|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=2018-09-30}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/syria/airforce-equipment.htm|title=Syria - Air Force Equipment|last=Pike|first=John|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=2018-09-30}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/syria/airforce-equipment.htm|title=Syria - Air Force Equipment|last=Pike|first=John|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=2018-09-30}}
15. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/syria/airforce-equipment.htm|title=Syria - Air Force Equipment|last=Pike|first=John|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=2018-09-30}}
16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/syria/airforce-equipment.htm|title=Syria - Air Force Equipment|last=Pike|first=John|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=2018-09-30}}
17. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/syria/airforce-equipment.htm|title=Syria - Air Force Equipment|last=Pike|first=John|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=2018-09-30}}
18. ^{{Cite news|url=https://southfront.org/russia-will-supply-syria-with-short-to-medium-range-air-defense-systems-beside-s-300-report/|title=Russia Will Supply Syria With Short To Medium Range Air Defense Systems Beside S-300 – Report|date=2018-09-26|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en-GB}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/syria/airforce-equipment.htm|title=Syria - Air Force Equipment|last=Pike|first=John|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=2018-09-30}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB98/octwar-56.pdf |title=White House Military Briefing.|work=White House Military Briefing|accessdate=29 November 2015}}
21. ^Herzog, The Arab–Israeli Wars, Random House (1982) pp. 347–48
22. ^Bruce Walker & the editors of Time-Life books, Fighting Jets: The Epic of Flight, Time Life Books (1983) pp. 162–63
23. ^"Assad regrets downing of Turkish jet, says won’t allow open combat with Ankara". Al Arabiya News, 3 July 2012. Retrieved: 26 August 2013.
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/syrian-air-defenses-harass-turkish-aircraft-by-putting-them-under-radar-lock-general-staff.aspx?pageID=238&nID=58031&NewsCatID=359|title=Syrian air defences ‘harass’ Turkish aircraft by putting them under radar lock: General Staff - INTERNATIONAL|publisher=|accessdate=5 November 2014}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://theaviationist.com/2013/09/16/turkish-downing-detail/#.Uoltc-JXn0c |title=Here’s how the Turkish F-16 shot down a Syrian Mil Mi-17 Hip helicopter today|work=The Aviationist|accessdate=29 November 2015}}
26. ^http://www.airforcetimes.com/story/military/pentagon/2015/06/29/air-force-lost-predator-was-shot-down-in-syria/29474659/
27. ^http://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/17/middleeast/syria-us-drone/
28. ^https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/201609131045247278-syria-army-israel-downing/
29. ^http://sana.sy/en/?p=102350
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/IDF-denies-claim-that-Syria-shot-down-Israeli-jet-484465|date=17 March 2017|accessdate=18 March 2017|website=Jerusalem Post|title=Netanyahu: Syrian strikes were to block transfer of weapons to Hezbollah|first=Anna|last=Ahrenheim}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5131594,00.html|title=Investigation finds pilots of downed F-16 failed to defend themselves|author=|date=25 February 2018|website=ynetnews.com|accessdate=3 April 2018}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/02/10/israeli-fighter-jet-shot-syrian-anti-aircraft-fire-military/|title=Israel strikes Iranian targets in Syria after F-16 fighter jet shot down|first=Josie|last=Ensor|date=10 February 2018|publisher=|accessdate=3 April 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=https://de.sputniknews.com/politik/20180210319475090-syrien-israel-raketen-s-200-buk/|title=Syrien: Israels Luftwaffe beklagt Beschuss durch Raketen aus russischer Produktion|first=|last=Sputnik|date=|website=de.sputniknews.com|accessdate=3 April 2018}}
34. ^[https://www.timesofisrael.com/critically-wounded-pilot-downed-in-syria-strike-walks-out-of-hospital Critically yriawounded pilot downed in Syria strike walks out of hospital] By TOI STAFF,18 February 2018
35. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/pilot-of-downed-f-16-jet-regains-consciousness-taken-off-respirator/|title=Pilot of downed F-16 jet regains consciousness, taken off respirator|last=|first=|date=11 February 2018|work=Times of Israel|access-date=}}
36. ^[https://theaviationist.com/2018/05/10/the-israeli-air-force-has-just-released-a-video-of-a-pantsir-s1-air-defense-system-being-struck-in-last-night-attack-in-syria/ The Israeli Air Force Has Just Released A Video Of A Pantsir-S1 Air Defense System Being Struck In Last Night’s Attack In Syria]
37. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.rt.com/news/438686-syria-russia-s200-il20/|title=Russian Il-20 downed by Syrian missile after F-16s used it as cover during the attack - MoD|date=18 September 2018|work=RT|access-date=19 September 2018}}
{{Syrian security forces}}{{Syria topics}}

3 : Air defence forces|Military of Syria|Air forces by country
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