| 词条 | MiniGrail |
| 释义 |
MiniGRAIL is a type of Resonant Mass Antenna,[1] which is a massive sphere that used to detect gravitational waves. The MiniGRAIL is the first such detector to use a spherical design. It is located at Leiden University in the Netherlands. The project is being managed by the Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory.[2] A team from the Department of Theoretical Physics of the University of Geneva, Switzerland, is also heavily involved. Gravitational waves are a type of radiation that is emitted by objects that have mass and are undergoing acceleration. The strongest sources of gravitational waves are expected to be compact objects such as neutron stars and black holes. This detector may be able to detect certain types of instabilities in rotating single and binary neutron stars, and the merger of small black holes or neutron stars.[3] DesignA spherical design has the benefit of being able to detect gravitational waves arriving from any direction, and it is sensitive to polarization.[4] When gravitation waves with frequencies around 3,000 Hz pass through the MiniGRAIL ball, it will vibrate with displacements on the order of 10−20 m.[5] For comparison, the cross-section of a single proton (the nucleus of a hydrogen atom), is 10−15 m (1 fm).[6] To improve sensitivity, the detector was intended to operate at a temperature of 20 mK.[2] The original antenna for the MiniGRAIL detector was a 68 cm diameter sphere made of an alloy of copper with 6% aluminium. This sphere had a mass of 1,150 kg and resonated at a frequency of 3,250 Hz. It was isolated from vibration by seven 140 kg masses. The bandwidth of the detector was expected to be ±230 Hz.[3] During the casting of the sphere, a crack appeared that reduced the quality to unacceptable levels. It was replaced by a 68 cm sphere with a mass of 1,300 kg. This was manufactured by ItalBronze in Brazil. The larger mass lowered the resonant frequencies by about 200 Hz.[7] The sphere is suspended from stainless steel cables to which springs and masses are attached to dampen vibrations. Cooling is accomplished using a dilution refrigerator.[8] Tests at temperatures of 5 K showed the detector to have a peak strain sensitivity of {{nowrap|1.5 × 10−20 Hz−½}} at a frequency of 2942.9 Hz. Over a bandwidth of 30 Hz, the strain sensitivity was more than {{nowrap|5 × 10−20 Hz−½}}. This sensitivity is expected to improve by an order of magnitude when the instrument is operating at 50 mK.[4] A similar detector named "Mario Schenberg" is located in São Paulo. The co-operation of the detectors strongly increase the chances of detection by looking at coincidences.[9] References1. ^{{cite book | url=https://julianoliver.com/share/free-science-books/FirstCourseGR.pdf | title=A First Course in General Relativity | publisher=Cambridge | author=Schutz , Bernard | pages=214–220 | isbn=978-0521887052 | edition=2nd}} 2. ^1 {{cite journal | author=de Waard, A |display-authors=etal | title=MiniGRAIL, the first spherical detector | date=2003 | journal=Classical and Quantum Gravity | volume=20 | issue=10 | pages=S143–S151 | doi=10.1088/0264-9381/20/10/317 |bibcode = 2003CQGra..20S.143D }} 3. ^1 {{cite web | first=Jeroen | last=Van Houwelingen | date=2002-06-24 | title=Development of a superconducting thin-film Nb-coil for use in the MiniGRAIL transducers | publisher=Leiden University | pages=1–17 | url=http://www.minigrail.nl/Student/Jeroen-report.pdf | accessdate=2009-09-16 }} 4. ^1 {{cite journal | last=Gottardi | first=L. |date=November 2007 | title=Sensitivity of the spherical gravitational wave detector MiniGRAIL operating at 5K | journal=Physical Review D | volume=76 | issue=10 | pages=102005.1–102005.10 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.76.102005 | last2=De Waard | first2=A. | last3=Usenko | first3=O. | last4=Frossati | first4=G. | last5=Podt | first5=M. | last6=Flokstra | first6=J. | last7=Bassan | first7=M. | last8=Fafone | first8=V. | last9=Minenkov | first9=Y. | last10=Rocchi | first10=A. |bibcode = 2007PhRvD..76j2005G |arxiv = 0705.0122 | display-authors=8 }} 5. ^{{cite web | first=Eppo | last=Bruins | title=‘Listen, two black holes are clashing!’ | date=2004-11-26 | publisher=innovations-report | url=http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/physics_astronomy/report-36884.html | accessdate=2009-09-16 }} 6. ^{{cite book | first=Kenneth William | last=Ford | date=2005 | title=The quantum world: quantum physics for everyone | page=11 | publisher=Harvard University Press | isbn=0-674-01832-X }} 7. ^{{cite journal | author=de Waard, A. | display-authors=etal | title=MiniGRAIL progress report 2004 | journal=Classical and Quantum Gravity | volume=22 | issue=10 | pages=S215–S219 | doi=10.1088/0264-9381/22/10/012 | date=2005 |bibcode = 2005CQGra..22S.215D }} 8. ^{{cite journal | author=de Waard, A. |display-authors=etal | title=Cooling down MiniGRAIL to milli-Kelvin temperatures | journal=Classical and Quantum Gravity | volume=21 | issue=5 | pages=S465–S471 |date=March 2004 | doi=10.1088/0264-9381/21/5/012 |bibcode = 2004CQGra..21S.465D }} 9. ^{{cite journal | author=Frajuca, Carlos |display-authors=etal | title=Resonant transducers for spherical gravitational wave detectors |date=December 2005 | journal=Brazilian Journal of Physics | volume=35 | issue=4b | pages=1201–1203 | doi=10.1590/S0103-97332005000700050 |bibcode = 2005BrJPh..35.1201F |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/bjp/v35n4b/a50v354b.pdf}} External links
2 : Gravitational-wave telescopes|Astronomical observatories in the Netherlands |
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