| 词条 | Minister for the Co-ordination of Defensive Measures |
| 释义 |
The Minister for the Co-ordination of Defensive Measures was the title of Frank Aiken as a member of the Government of Ireland during The Emergency[1] — the state of emergency in operation in Ireland during World War II. The Minister was intended to handle Civil Defence and related measures, allowing the Minister for Defence to concentrate on matters relating to the regular Army. The office was also responsible for handling wartime censorship. Technically, Aiken was a minister without portfolio, as there was no Department of State corresponding to his brief,[2] although there was an Office of the Minister for the Co-ordination of Defensive Measures.[3] The Ministers and Secretaries (Amendment) Act 1939, which allows for ministers without portfolio, also allows such a minister to have a specific style or title.[4] In fact, Aiken had been appointed on 8 September 1939,[5] and the Act was passed on 21 December 1939, backdated to 8 September.[4] The Minister for Supplies, who did have a corresponding Department of State, was established on the same dates.[4] The section in the Act on ministers without portfolio was seen by Richard Mulcahy as designed to safeguard the legality of Aiken's office.[6] Taoiseach Éamon de Valera explained the reasoning behind the ministry:[7]{{quote|We have then the problem of defence, and to meet these problems of various kinds we thought it advisable to set up a Ministry for the co-ordination of various defensive measures. There was a special reason for that, because with the increase in the size of the Army it was desirable that the Minister for Defence should be in as close touch as possible with the Army and its condition. Questions were asked the Minister for Defence to-day which were right questions to be asked with regard to the conditions of the men called up, and so on. It was right that everyone should be interested in these conditions, and that there should be one person responsible for looking after those conditions, but he cannot do it if he is distracted by a number of other things. Therefore, it was decided that the Minister for Defence, at a time like this, should be free from other duties which might fall upon him, with a view to devoting his attention more closely to the Army and to its immediate requirements. To give us a Minister free to do that and, at the same time, to have someone charged with the general co-ordination of defensive measures, we asked the former Minister for Defence, as we asked the Minister for Industry and Commerce, to leave his immediate Department and take on wider spheres of activity. It is clear that the man who has been doing particular work for a period is the desirable person to put in charge.}}The Minister received functions delegated by other ministers, as provided for by section 6 of the Emergency Powers Act 1939.[8][9] Aiken enforced stringent censorship of news, and of material potentially sympathetic to the Allies, in accordance with Ireland's neutrality.[10] He was also responsible for air raid precautions, delegated by the Minister for Defence.[9][11] Seán Moylan, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Defence,[12][13] served also as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for the Co-ordination of Defensive Measures.[14][15] In April 1941, Aiken went to the United States to ask President Roosevelt for military aid. Roosevelt told Aiken that Ireland should be supporting Britain, prompting Aiken to ask Roosevelt to seek guarantees from the British Government that the UK would not invade Ireland.[16] In 1943, William Davin and Timothy J. Murphy of the Labour Party questioned the need for such a minister, and the vagueness of his responsibilities.[17] The ministry was abolished on 18 June 1945.[5] The following day, Aiken was appointed Minister for Finance. References1. ^Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. - Changes in the Ministry. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609203010/http://www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie/D/0077/D.0077.193909270002.html |date=9 June 2011 }} Dáil Éireann - Volume 77 - 27 September 1939 {{Government of Ireland}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Coordination of Defensive Measures}}2. ^{{cite book |last=Chubb |first=Basil |authorlink=Basil Chubb |title=Government & Politics of Ireland |publisher=Stanford University Press |date=1982 |edition=2nd |page=170 |isbn=0-8047-1115-1}} 3. ^Committee on Finance. - Vote 63—Army. {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20121218185441/http://www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie/D/0085/D.0085.194202190015.html |date=18 December 2012 }} Dáil Éireann - Volume 85 - 19 February 1942 4. ^1 2 Ministers and Secretaries (Amendment) Act, 1939; title and dates {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605231415/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1939/en/act/pub/0036/ |date=5 June 2011 }} 5. ^1 Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. - New Ministries and Parliamentary Secretaryships. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609203229/http://www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie/D/0108/D.0108.194710090003.html |date=9 June 2011 }} Dáil Éireann - Volume 108 - 9 October 1947 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie/D/0078/D.0078.193912070010.html |title=In Committee on Finance. - Ministers and Secretaries (Amendment) Bill, 1939—Committee Stage. |date=7 December 1939 |work=Dáil Éireann debates - Volume 78 |at=col. 1161 |accessdate=2009-06-27 |quote=The only possible reason for this section is that it is intended to cover the present Minister for the Co-ordination of Defensive Measures. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20121219102957/http://www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie/D/0078/D.0078.193912070010.html |archivedate=19 December 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 7. ^Adjournment of the Dáil (Motion). - Position of Éire. {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20121218115507/http://www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie/D/0077/D.0077.193909270038.html |date=18 December 2012 }} Dáil Éireann - Volume 77 - 27 September 1939 8. ^Emergency Powers Act, 1939; §6 Delegation of statutory powers and duties. 9. ^1 S.I. No. 157/1944 — Air-Raid Precautions (Approval of Expenditure by Essential Undertakers) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations, 1944. 10. ^{{cite book |last=Keogh |first=Dermot |authorlink=Dermot Keogh |author2=Andrew McCarthy |title=Twentieth-century Ireland: revolution and state building |publisher=Gill & Macmillan |date=2005 |edition=revised |pages=112, 126, 161 |isbn=0-7171-3297-8 }} 11. ^Members of Government and Parliamentary Secretaries. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609203649/http://www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie/S/0028/S.0028.194406200003.html |date=9 June 2011 }} Seanad Éireann - Volume 28–20 June 1944 12. ^Matter Raised on Motion for Adjournment. - Air—Raid Precautions. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609203714/http://www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie/S/0024/S.0024.194008280009.html |date=9 June 2011 }} Seanad Éireann - Volume 24–28 August 1940 13. ^Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. - Death of Longford Soldier. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609203808/http://www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie/D/0090/D.0090.194305260015.html |date=9 June 2011 }} Dáil Éireann - Volume 90 - 26 May 1943 14. ^Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. - Black-out Regulations {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20121218165320/http://www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie/D/0077/D.0077.193909270026.html |date=18 December 2012 }} Dáil Éireann - Volume 77 - 27 September 1939 15. ^Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. - Training of Roof-Watchers. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609204005/http://www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie/D/0081/D.0081.194010020033.html |date=9 June 2011 }} Dáil Éireann - Volume 81 - 2 October 1940 16. ^{{cite book |last=Breuer |first=William B. |title=The spy who spent the war in bed: and other bizarre tales from World War II |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |date=2003 |pages=51–2 |chapter=Roosevelt in a shouting match |isbn=0-471-26739-2 }} 17. ^Nomination of Members of Government—Motion (Resumed). {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609204024/http://www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie/D/0091/D.0091.194307010007.html |date=9 June 2011 }} Dáil Éireann - Volume 91 - 1 July 1943 3 : Éamon de Valera|Independent Ireland in World War II|Lists of defunct government ministers of Ireland |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。