| 词条 | Talodi–Heiban languages |
| 释义 |
|name=Talodi–Heiban |region=Nuba Hills, Sudan |familycolor=Niger-Congo |fam2=Atlantic–Congo |child1=Talodi |child2=Heiban |map= Kordofan-languages 02.png |glotto=none |glotto2=narr1279 |glottoname2=Talodi |glottorefname2=Narrow Talodi |glotto3=heib1242 |glottoname3=Heiban |glottorefname3=Heibanic }} The Talodi–Heiban languages are a branch of the Niger–Congo family spoken in the Nuba Mountains of Sudan. The Talodi languages and Heiban languages are clearly distinct but relatively closely related.[1] ClassificationRoger Blench (2016) notes that the Talodi and Heiban branches share many typological similarities, but few lexical similarities. Blench (2016) considers Talodi and Heiban to each be separate, independent Niger-Congo branches that had later converged due to mutual contact. Talodi and Heiban had each constituted a group of the Kordofanian branch of Niger–Congo that was posited by Joseph Greenberg (1963); Talodi has also been called Talodi–Masakin, and Heiban has also been called Koalib or Koalib–Moro. Roger Blench notes that the Talodi and Heiban families have the noun-class systems characteristic of the Atlantic–Congo core of Niger–Congo, but that the Katla languages (another putative branch of Kordofanian) have no trace of ever having had such a system, whereas the Kadu languages and some of the Rashad languages appear to have acquired noun classes as part of a Sprachbund, rather than having inherited them. He concludes that the Kordofanian languages do not form a genealogical group, but that Talodi–Heiban is core Niger–Congo, whereas Katla and Rashad form a peripheral branch (or perhaps branches) along the lines of Mande. The Kadu languages may be Nilo-Saharan. {{clade|label1={{nowrap|Talodi–Heiban}} |1={{clade |label1= Heiban |1={{clade |label1= East |1={{clade |1=Ko (Fungor, Kau, Nyaro) |2=Warnang (Werni) }} |2={{clade |label1= Central |1={{clade |1=Kwalib (Koalib, Rere) |2={{clade |1=Logol (Lukha) |2=Laro–Ebang (Heiban) |3=Utoro (Otoro) }} }} |2=Shirumba (Shwai) |label3= West |3={{clade |1=Tiro (Tira) |2=Moro }} }} }} |label2= Talodi |2={{clade |1=Lumun, †Torona |label2=Buram–Saraf |2={{clade |1=Jomang (Talodi), †Nding (Eliri) |label2= Tocho |2=Tocho (Tacho), Acheron (Asheron) |label3= Masakin |3=Ngile (Daloka), Dengebu (Dagik) }} }} }} }}
Lafofa (Tegem), sometimes classified as a divergent Talodi language, has a different set of cognates with other Niger–Congo and has been placed in its own branch of Niger–Congo. Norton & Alaki (2015)Norton & Alaki (2015: 76, 126)[2] classify the Talodi languages as follows. Proto-Talodi, Proto-Lumun-Torona, and Proto-Narrow Talodi have also been reconstructed by Norton & Alaki (2015). {{clade|label1=Talodi |1={{clade |label1=Lumun- Torona |1=Torona, Lumun |label2=Narrow Talodi |2={{clade |1=Tocho, Acheron |2=Dagik |3=Tuwal, Daloka-Aheimar |4=Tasomi-Tata (Talodi), Nding }} }} }} See also
Notes1. ^Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008. "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", Language and Linguistics Compass 2/5:842. * Roger Blench. Unpublished. Kordofanian and Niger–Congo: new and revised lexical evidence.2. ^Norton, Russell, and Thomas Kuku Alaki. 2015. The Talodi Languages: A Comparative-Historical Analysis. Occasional papers in the study of Sudanese languages 11:31-161.
4 : Kordofanian languages|South Kordofan|Proposed language families|Niger–Congo languages |
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