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词条 Tangahoe River
释义

  1. Name

  2. Pre colonial value

  3. Defensive sites

  4. Geology

  5. Water quality

  6. Tunnel

  7. Bridges

  8. See also

  9. References

  10. External links

{{Infobox river
| name =Tangahoe River
| image =Tangahoe River estuary.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = 1865 painting of soldiers crossing the river at the beach during the Second Taranaki War
| source1_location =
| mouth_location =South Taranaki Bight
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 =New Zealand
| length ={{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation ={{convert|256|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| mouth_elevation =
| discharge1_avg ={{Convert|4.2|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}
| basin_size ={{convert|297.6|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}

}}The Tangahoe River is a river of the Taranaki Region of New Zealand's North Island. It flows generally southwest from its origins in hill country to the east of Lake Rotorangi, reaching the Tasman Sea in the South Taranaki Bight {{Convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of Hawera.

Name

An elder, of Tangahoe and Ngati Hine descent, said the origin of the name, Tangahoe, is that it was given to the river following the loss of a steering oar (hoe) from a fishing waka (boat) at sea, trying to return to its tauranga waka (landing place). It was said that, had it had two steering oars, as on the Aotea waka, then it would have reached its landing.[1]

Pre colonial value

The Ngati Ruanui Claims Settlement Act 2003 said the river was a major source of resources, providing shellfish and fish, including piharau, kokopu, tuna and patiki,[1] birds such as kereru, pukeko, tiwaiwaka, kahu, kakapo, kiwi, korimako, miromiro and pipiwharauroa and plants, including koromiko, kohia, hinau, piripiri, mamaku, and rewarewa.[2]

Defensive sites

The steep valley sides of the lower river provided good defensive sites, as marked on the 1:50,000 map.

Otapawa pā was held by Tangahoe, Pakakohi and Ngāti Ruanui when it was attacked on 16 January 1866, during the Second Taranaki War. The account of the attack in 'The adventures of Kimble Bent put Māori losses at 7,[3] but others estimated 30 killed and 30 wounded. The Imperial troops lost 11 dead and 10 wounded. A bulldozer has destroyed most of the site.[4]

Te Ruaki Pa has also been damaged - by cattle.[5]

Tangahoe and Inman’s Redoubts date from 17 March 1865. They remain in good condition under pasture.[4]

Geology

The river rises on a sandy mid-Pliocene Tangahoe Mudstone, formed in a shallow sea,[6] then its valley is cut down to early-Pliocene Whenuakura Group rocks (bioclastic limestone, pebbly and micaceous sandstones and massive siltstone), whilst the surrounding land is covered by mid-Pleistocene beach deposits of conglomerate, sand, peat and clay.[7] The river carries about 43,900 tonnes of sediment to the sea each year.[8] It enters the sea between 30 and 50 m tall cliffs, eroded over the last 15,000 years, following tectonic uplift.[8] Of the rivers flowing into the S Taranaki Bight, the Tangahoe ranks 13th for flow but 9th for sediment input, with a sediment rate of 1.39 kg/s.[9]

Water quality

Water quality in Taranaki has been under pressure. Quality varies over the length of the river, as shown in the table -

SiteMCITaxonomic richnessEPT
150m up from Patete Stream[10]good24.541.5%
Tangahoe Valley Rd bridge[11]good25.549%
90m down from rail viaduct[12]fair2040%

In the summer of 2016 the MCI level at the viaduct was the lowest ever, probably due to earthworks by Fonterra, causing the rating to drop to poor.[13] Tangahoe is listed 5th in Taranaki for modification, with {{Convert|2.27|km|mi|abbr=on}} of consented stream modification in its catchment.[14] Fonterra's Whareroa dairy has a consent to draw {{Convert|30,000,000|l|impgal|abbr=on}} of water a day from the Tangahoe's tributary, the Tawhiti Stream,[15] where flows, temperature, etc. are recorded at both Tawhiti Rd[16] and Whareroa.[17] {{Convert|1,741,050|l|impgal|abbr=on}} is also consented for irrigation.[18] The dairy removes silt from the water with plastic microbeads.[19]

Tunnel

Tangahoe Valley Tunnel runs under the ridge separating Pukekino Rd (leading to Lake Rotorangi) from the Tangahoe Valley.[20] The {{Convert|160|m|ft|abbr=on}} tunnel was built in 1928.[21] Digging was from both ends and didn't quite meet in the middle, hence a variation in the roof height in the centre.[22]

In 1954 shotcrete was sprayed to consolidate the walls.[21]

In 1986 part of the roof collapsed in an earthquake and the tunnel was closed. A deep and unstable cutting alongside, which proved to be often unpassable, served for traffic until, in 1996, South Taranaki District Council decided to reopen the tunnel,[22] which re-opened in 1997,[21] at a cost of $245,000.[23]

In 2003 further restoration work was required,[21] costing $250,000 to remove {{Convert|25,000|m3|yd3|abbr=on}} in the tunnel approaches, a further {{Convert|10,000|m3|yd3|abbr=on}} to reach the portal and add {{Convert|1000|m|yd|abbr=on}} of rock bolts.[22] Further repairs were done in 2009.[23]

Bridges

Tangahoe Valley Rd crosses the river on a {{Convert|24.2|m|ft|abbr=on}} through arch bridge which replaced one destroyed by floods in 1937, the new bridge being {{Convert|2.4|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the highest recorded flood level.[24] The road was surveyed in 1898,[25] money had been spent by 1900[26] and the road needed repair after floods in 1903,[27] when £500 was voted for a bridge.[28] A bridge was built in 1920[29] and the road gradually extended up the valley, with money still being voted in 1924.[30]Owhangai Rd crosses the river on a single lane bridge.[31] The road was mentioned in 1877[32] and the bridge was old enough to need repairs by 1919.[33] A new bridge was built in 1920.[34][35]State Highway 3 crosses the river on a {{Convert|65.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} bridge.[36] Until 1871 the route was via Manawapou Rd and the beach at low tide.[37] A bridge was built in 1871[38] and replaced in 1887.[39] In 1935 it was swept away by a flood on 22 February 1935 and temporarily replaced.[40] Relief work to replace it and its winding route[41] had already started in 1933[42] and was completed in 1936 at a cost of £6,000.[43] It was widened from {{Convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}} to {{Convert|7.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} in 2008.[44] There were 7 crashes in the 4 years prior to widening.[45]The New Plymouth railway crosses the river about a kilometre downstream from SH3, on a 9-span trestle bridge {{Convert|220|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} long, the centre span being {{Convert|60|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}}, and the 4 each side of {{Convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} to {{Convert|40|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}}. The smaller spans are on piles driven into the rock, but the centre piers are concrete {{Convert|18|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} deep. The bridge was of totara {{Convert|80|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} above the river, or {{Convert|65|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} above flood level.[46] A tender was accepted for a rebuild in 1910.[47]

See also

  • List of rivers of New Zealand
  • Lake Rotokare on the Te Ararata Stream tributary

References

{{LINZ|id=|name=Tangahoe River|accessdate=12 July 2009}}
1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://trc.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Plans-policies/SoilWaterPlanReview/DraftFLMP-Outstanding-WB-Jan2016.pdf|title=Freshwater bodies of outstanding or significant value in the Taranaki region|last=|first=|date=2016|website=Taranaki Regional Council|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
2. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2003/0020/7.0/DLM193662.html|title=Ngati Ruanui Claims Settlement Act 2003 No 20 (as at 23 May 2008), Public Act Schedule 7 Statutory acknowledgement for Tangahoe River – New Zealand Legislation|website=www.legislation.govt.nz|language=en-NZ|access-date=2017-03-08}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-CowKimb-t1-body-d6.html|title=Chapter VI — The Storming of Otapawa|last=|first=|date=|website=nzetc.victoria.ac.nz|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-03-06}}
4. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/science-and-technical/sap261_10._S_Taranaki.pdf|title=Fortifications of the New Zealand Wars|last=|first=|date=2016|website=Department of Conservation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
5. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.newshub.co.nz/home/syspages/--headline--.html|title=Cows desecrate historical pa|date=1970-01-01|newspaper=Newshub|access-date=2017-03-07}}
6. ^{{Cite journal|title=An integrated sequence stratigraphic, palaeoenvironmental, and chronostratigraphic analysis of the Tangahoe Formation, southern Taranaki coast, with implications for mid-Pliocene (c. 3.4-3.0 Ma) glacio-eustatic sea-level changes|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand|volume=35|issue=1–2|pages=151–196|doi=10.1080/03014223.2005.9517780|year = 2005|last1 = Naish|first1 = Tim R.|last2=Wehland|first2=Florian|last3=Wilson|first3=Gary S.|last4=Browne|first4=Greg H.|last5=Cook|first5=Richard A.|last6=Morgans|first6=Hugh E. G.|last7=Rosenberg|first7=Michael|last8=King|first8=Peter R.|last9=Smale|first9=David|last10=Nelson|first10=Campbell S.|last11=Kamp|first11=Peter J. J.|last12=Ricketts|first12=Brian|hdl=10289/3485}}
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8. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.govt.nz/Publications/TTR_Impact_Assessment_Final_Part_II_Chapters_6-9.pdf|title=Impact Assessment South Taranaki Bight Iron Sand Extraction Project Trans-Tasman Resources Limited Marine Consent Application|last=|first=|date=October 2013|website=Environmental Protection Authority|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.govt.nz/EEZ/EEZ000011/NIWA_Sediment_Plume_Modelling_Report_Full_version.pdf|title=NIWA Sediment Plume Modelling Report|last=|first=|date=October 2015|website=Environmental Protection Authority|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.lawa.org.nz/explore-data/taranaki-region/river-quality/tangahoe/tangahoe-river-150m-us-of-patete-s-confluence/|title=Land, Air, Water Aotearoa (LAWA) - Tangahoe River 150m u/s of Patete S. confluence.|last=|first=|date=|website=www.lawa.org.nz|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-03-07}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.lawa.org.nz/explore-data/taranaki-region/river-quality/tangahoe/tangahoe-river-at-tangahoe-valley-rd-bridge/|title=Land, Air, Water Aotearoa (LAWA) - Tangahoe River at Tangahoe Valley Rd. bridge|last=|first=|date=|website=www.lawa.org.nz|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-03-07}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.lawa.org.nz/explore-data/taranaki-region/river-quality/tangahoe/tangahoe-river-90m-ds-of-railbridge/|title=Land, Air, Water Aotearoa (LAWA) - Tangahoe River 90m d/s of railbridge.|last=|first=|date=|website=www.lawa.org.nz|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-03-07}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.trc.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Environment/Monitoring-SOE/Freshwater-MCI/SEM-MCI16-w.pdf|title=Freshwater Macroinvertebrate Fauna Biological Monitoring Programme Annual State of the Environment Monitoring Report 2015-2016|last=|first=|date=2017|website=Taranaki Regional Council|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
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19. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/news/82322375/millions-of-plastic-beads-dumped-illegally-in-south-taranaki|title=Millions of plastic beads dumped illegally in South Taranaki|website=Stuff|access-date=2017-03-23}}
20. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz45449/Tanahoe-Lodge/Taranaki|title=Tanahoe Lodge, Taranaki - NZ Topo Map|website=NZ Topo Map|language=en|access-date=2017-03-05}}
21. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=http://ketenewplymouth.peoplesnetworknz.info/taranaki_tunnels/topics/show/1138-tangahoe-tunnel-tangahoe-valley-road-hawera|title=Tangahoe Tunnel - Tangahoe Valley Road, Hawera|last=|first=|date=|website=ketenewplymouth.peoplesnetworknz.info|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-03-05}}
22. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=http://pukeariki.com/Learning-Research/Taranaki-Research-Centre/Taranaki-Stories/Taranaki-Story/id/670/title/road-tunnels-of-taranaki|title=Taranaki Story - Road Tunnels of Taranaki|last=|first=|date=|website=pukeariki.com Puke Ariki Museum Libraries Tourist Information Taranaki|language=en-NZ|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-03-05}}
23. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.southtaranaki.com/uploaded_files/Meetings/Council/Asset%20Management%20Plan%20-%20Roading%20-%202013-2014.pdf|title=Asset Management Plan – Roading 2013-2014|last=|first=|date=|website=South Taranaki District Council|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
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{{coord|39|39|S|174|21|E|region:NZ_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki|display=title}}

External links

  • [https://s3.amazonaws.com/gs-geo-images/39c2638e-3cc1-4d27-9fa9-21f178e8dc8a_l.jpg 1895 plans of Tangahoe Valley Rd bridge]
  • [https://s3.amazonaws.com/gs-geo-images/d058d1b7-8463-41a7-8a2b-1589957dd58f_l.jpg 2011 plans for bridge strengthening]
  • photos - [https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP19360619.2.50.5 1936 bridge], bridge scaffolding, tunnel eastern portal, [https://www.lawa.org.nz/media/2632437/tangahoe-ds-railbridge.jpg river at the rail bridge],

2 : South Taranaki District|Rivers of Taranaki
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