“Tangkhulic languages”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Tangkhulic languages

释义

Languages
Classification
Reconstruction
References

{{Infobox language family
|name=Tangkhulic
|altname=
|ethnicity=Tangkhul Naga
|region=Ukhrul District, Manipur, India; Naga Self-Administered Zone, Myanmar
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=Kuki-Chin–Naga?
|fam3=Tangkhul–Maring
|glotto=sino1246
|glottorefname=Tangkhulic
}}

The Tangkhulic and Tangkhul languages are a group of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken mostly in northeastern Manipur, India. Conventionally classified as "Naga", they are not clearly related to other Naga languages, and (with Maringic) are conservatively classified as an independent branch of Tibeto-Burman, pending further research.

The Maringic languages appear to be closely related to the Tangkhulic family, but not part of it.

Languages

Tangkhulic languages include:

Tangkhul (Indian Tangkhul)
Somra (Burmese Tangkhul){{cn|date=January 2019}}
Akyaung Ari{{cn|date=January 2019}}
Kachai
Huishu
Tusom{{fix|text=where in the family?}}

The Tangkhulic languages are not particularly close to each other.

Brown's "Southern Tangkhul" (=Southern Luhupa??) is a Kuki-Chin rather than Tangkhulic language. It has strong links with the recently discovered Sorbung language, which is also not Tangkhulic despite being spoken by ethnic Tangkhul.^[1]

Koki, Long Phuri, Makuri, and Para are "Naga" languages spoken in and around Leshi Township, Myanmar. These four languages are listed as unclassified Kuki-Chin-Naga languages in Ethnologue, but could possibly classify as Tangkhulic languages or Ao languages.^[2]

Classification

Mortensen (2003:5) classifies the Tangkhulic languages as follows.

Tangkhulic

Northern: Huishu
North-Central: Champhung
East-Central
- Eastern
- Kachai
- Phadāng
- Central
- Standard Tangkhul
- Ukhrul [nmf]
Southern
- Brown's 'Central Tangkhul'
- South-Central
- Khangoi
- Brown's 'Northern Tangkhul'

Reconstruction

Proto-Tangkhulic, the reconstructed ancestral proto-language of the Tangkhulic languages, has been reconstructed by Mortensen (2012).^[3]

Mortensen (2003:5-7)^[4] lists the following phonological innovations (sound changes) from Proto-Tibeto-Burman (PTB) to Proto-Tangkhulic.

PTB s- > th-; PTB ts-, sy- > s-
PTB dz-, dzy-, tsy- > ts-
PTB ky-, gy- > ʃ-
PTB kr-, tsy- > c-
Neutralization of vowel length distinctions in non-low vowels
Dissimilation of aspiration in prefixes

Proto-Tangkhulic also has the nominalizing prefix *kV-.^[4]

Proto-Tangkhulic lexical innovations are:^[4]

war ‘mushroom’ (found exclusively in Tangkhulic)
kɔ.phuŋ ‘mountain’ (found exclusively in Tangkhulic)
kɔ.mi ‘to give’ (found exclusively in Tangkhulic)
khaj ‘fish’ (also found in some Zeme and Angami languages)
pan ‘hand’ (also found in some Zeme languages)
pej ‘foot’ (also found in some Zeme and Angami languages)

References

1. ^David Mortenson and Jennifer Keogh. 2011. Sorbung, an Undocumented Language of Manipur: its Phonology and Place in Tibeto-Burman. In JEALS 4, vol 1. http://jseals.org/JSEALS-4-1.pdf
2. ^Barkman, Tiffany. 2014. A descriptive grammar of Jejara (Para Naga). MA thesis, Chiang Mai: Payap University.
3. ^Mortensen, David R. 2012. Database of Tangkhulic Languages. (unpublished ms. contributed to STEDT).
4. ^¹²Mortensen, David R. (2003). “Comparative Tangkhul.” Unpublished Qualifying Paper, UC Berkeley.

George van Driem (2001) Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill.
Mortensen, David R. and James A. Miller (2013). “A reconstruction of Proto-Tangkhulic rhymes.” Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 36(1): 1-32.
Mortensen, David R. (2012). Database of Tangkhulic Languages. (unpublished ms. contributed to STEDT).
Mortensen, David R. and James A. Miller (2009). “Proto-Tangkhul Onsets in Comparative Perspective.” International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics 42, Chiangmai, November 4.
Mortensen, David R. (2003). “Comparative Tangkhul.” Unpublished Qualifying Paper, UC Berkeley.
Mortensen, David. 2014. The Tangkhulic Tongues - How I Started Working on Endangered Languages.

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