| 词条 | Tangwang language |
| 释义 |
|name = Tangwang |nativename = |states =China |region =Gansu |speakers = 20,000 |date = 1995 |ref = [1] |familycolor =Mixed |family=mixed Mandarin–Santa |script=Arabic, Latin |iso3 =none |glotto=tang1373 |glottorefname= Tangwang }} The Tangwang language ({{zh|唐汪话}} Tángwàng huà) is a variety of Mandarin Chinese heavily influenced by the Mongolic Santa language (Dongxiang). It is spoken in a dozen or so villages in Dongxiang Autonomous County, Gansu Province, China. The linguist Mei W. Lee-Smith calls this creole language the "Tangwang language" ({{zh|唐汪话}}), based on the names of the two largest villages (Tangjia 唐家 and Wangjia 汪家, parts of Tangwang town) where it is spoken.[2] SpeakersAccording to Lee-Smith (1996), the Tangwang language is spoken by about 20,000 people living in the north-eastern part of the Dongxiang Autonomous County (Tangwang town). These people self-identify as Dongxiang (Santa) or Hui people. The Tangwang speakers don't speak Dongxiang language.[2] DescriptionThe Tangwang language uses mostly Mandarin words and morphemes with Dongxiang grammar. Besides Dongxiang loanwords, Tangwang also has a substantial number of Arabic and Persian loanwords.[2] Like standard Mandarin, Tangwang is a tonal language. However, grammatical particles, which are typically borrowed from Mandarin but used in the way Dongxiang morphemes would be used in Dongxiang, do not carry tones.[2] For example, while the Mandarin plural suffix -men (们) has only very restricted usage (it can be used with personal pronouns and some nouns related to people), Tangwang uses it, in the form -m, universally, the way Dongxiang would use its plural suffix -la. Mandarin pronoun ni (你) can be used in Tangwang as a possessive suffix (meaning "your"). Unlike Mandarin, but like Dongxiang, Tangwang has grammatical cases as well (but only four of them, instead of eight in Dongxiang).[2] The word order of Tangwang is the same as Dongxiang subject-object-verb form. Tangwang combines the characteristics of Mandarin Chinese and Dongxiang Mongolian.[3] The hybrid language is a symbol of language blending. According to Lee-Smith, the blending is caused by the Silk Road.[2] See also
References1. ^{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Norval |year=1994 |chapter=An annotated list of creoles, pidgins, and mixed languages |title=Pidgins and Creoles |editor1-first=Jacque |editor1-last=Arends |editor2-first=Pieter |editor2-last=Muysken |editor3-first=Norval |editor3-last=Smith |publisher=John Benjamins |page=371}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{citation|last=Lee-Smith |first=Mei W.|contribution=The Tangwang language|publisher=International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies (Walter de Gruyter) |year=1996|isbn=978-3-11-013417-9|title=Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, Volume 2, Part 1. (Volume 13 of Trends in Linguistics, Documentation Series). |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=glU0vte5gSkC|pages=875–882|editor1-link=Stephen Wurm|editor1-last=Wurm |editor1-first=Stephen A.|editor2-last=Mühlhäusler |editor2-first=Peter |editor3-last=Tyron |editor3-first=Darrell T. }} 3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Wurm|first=S.A.|title=The Silk Road and Hybridized Languages in North-Western China|journal=Diogenes|volume=43|issue=171|pages=53–62|doi=10.1177/039219219504317107|year=1995}} Further reading
5 : Chinese-based pidgins and creoles|Languages of China|Gansu|Mandarin Chinese|Mongolian language |
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