“Mirabeau B. Lamar”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar (August 16, 1798 – December 19, 1859) was an attorney born in Georgia, who became a Texas politician, poet, diplomat and soldier. He was a leading Texas political figure during the Texas Republic era. He was elected as the second President of the Republic of Texas after Sam Houston. He was known for waging war against bands of Cherokee and Comanche peoples to push them out of Texas, and for establishing a fund to support public education.

Early life/Childhood

Lamar was born in 1798 in Louisville, Georgia, and grew up at Fairfield, his father's cotton plantation near Milledgeville, then the state capital. His father's family were descended from French Huguenot Thomas Lamar, who had settled in Maryland in 1660. They had connections with other families throughout Georgia and the South.^[1]^[2] As a child, Lamar loved to read and educated himself through books. Although he was accepted to Princeton College, he chose not to attend. He started work as a merchant and then ran a newspaper, but both of those enterprises failed.

In 1823, Lamar's family connections helped him to gain a position as the private secretary to newly elected Georgia Governor George M. Troup. In this position, Lamar issued press releases and toured the state giving speeches on behalf of the governor. On one of his trips, he met Tabitha Burwell Jordan, whom he married in 1826.^[2] They had a daughter together.^[3]

When Troup lost his reelection bid in 1828, Lamar moved with his family to Columbus, Georgia, where he established the Columbus Enquirer.^[4] This venture was much more successful than his previous business attempts. In 1830 his wife Tabitha died of tuberculosis.^[5] Lamar was deeply affected and took time to recover his drive. He withdrew his name from consideration for re-election to the Georgia Senate, in which he had served one term.

After traveling, Lamar began to study law. He was admitted to the bar in 1833 and ran an unsuccessful campaign for a seat in the U.S. Congress.^[2]

Texas Revolution

Lamar's brother Lucius committed suicide in 1834. A grief-stricken Lamar began traveling again to ease his sorrow. In the summer of 1835, he reached Texas, then part of Mexico. He decided to stay, where he was visiting his friend James Fannin. The friend had recently settled there and was working as a slave trader in Velasco.^[2]^[5]

After a trip back to Georgia, Lamar returned to Texas. Learning of a battle for independence, he traveled with his horse and sword to join Sam Houston's army in spring 1836, and distinguished himself with bravery at the Battle of San Jacinto.^[2] On the eve of the battle, Lamar courageously rescued two surrounded Texans, an act that drew a salute from the Mexican lines. One of those rescued was Thomas Jefferson Rusk, later appointed as Texas Secretary of War.^[6]{{page needed|date=January 2018}} Lamar was promoted that night from private to Colonel and given command of the cavalry during the battle the following day.

Houston noted in his battle report: "Our cavalry, 61 in number, commanded by Mirabeau B. Lamar, (whose gallant and daring conduct on the previous day, had attracted the admiration of his comrades and called him to that station), placed on our right, completed our line ..."{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

After Texas achieved independence from Mexico, Lamar was appointed as the Secretary of War in the interim Texian government. In 1836, he was elected to the position.

President of Texas

Lamar, the unanimous choice as nominee of the Democratic Party for president to succeed Houston, was elected. He was inaugurated on December 1, 1838.^[2] Houston talked for three hours in his farewell address, "which so unnerved Lamar that he was unable to read his inaugural speech."^[2] It was given by his aide, Algernon P. Thompson.^[2] Lamar's vice president was David G. Burnet.

Several weeks later, in his first formal address to the Texas Congress, Lamar urged that the Cherokee and Comanche tribes be driven from their lands in Texas, even if the tribes had to be destroyed. He proposed to create a national bank and to secure a loan from either the United States or Europe. Finally, he stated his opposition to potential annexation to the United States and desire to gain recognition of the Republic of Texas by European nations.^[7]

He ordered attacks against the Indian tribes. In 1839 Texan troops drove the Cherokee bands from the state. Houston's friend, Chief Bowles, was killed in battle, and Houston was furious with Lamar. The government conducted a similar campaign against the Comanche. Although losing many lives, the Comanche resisted leaving the area.^[7] Lamar believed the "total extinction" of the Indian tribes was necessary in order to make the lands available to whites.^[8] He drove the Indians out at the Battle of the Neches, where 500 Texans attacked 800 American Indians of several different tribes. Of these 800 Indians, between 400–500 were women, children, and elders. The Texans and Rangers that attacked the tribes were fully armed, while the Indians had an estimated 16–24 rifles and pistols. Before the attack, Duwali, Gatunwali, Big Mush, and other chiefs and leaders asked for time to gather their crops, then they would go in peace, but Lamar would not wait{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}. Lamar ordered the Secretary of War, Albert Sydney Johnston, and General Thomas J. Rusk to run them out of Texas.

Lamar appointed a commission to select a permanent site for the capital of the Republic. After two months of debate, they recommended the small town of Waterloo, along the Colorado River toward the center of the state. The town was renamed Austin after the pioneer. By October 1839, all of the records and employees were relocated there from Houston.^[7] That same year, Lamar founded the Texas State Library (presently known as the Texas State Library and Archives Commission).^[7]

During his administration, Lamar sent three separate agents to Mexico to negotiate a peace settlement. All failed. Lamar failed to gain official recognition for Texas from Great Britain, France, and Belgium; it always eluded the would-be nation. He did succeed in getting the three nations to send observers, who would provisionally investigate the issue.^[9] He did not succeed in getting loans approved from them. To fill the treasury, he authorized issuance of a large amount of Republic of Texas paper money, known as Redbacks. The paper money was virtually worthless. Spending doubled during Lamar's term and, combined with the worthless currency, caused financial difficulties for the government.^[7]^[9]

Lamar wanted the Rio Grande to be the western boundary of Texas. He wanted to send an expedition to New Mexico to conquer it, and convince the residents, still loyal to Mexico, to join the Republic. The Texas Congress refused to fund the expedition in 1839 and 1840. In June 1841, Lamar took $89,000 from the treasury and sent an expedition on his own initiative. It was questioned on constitutional grounds. Its members were arrested when they reached Santa Fe, and were told they would soon be released. Instead, under guard, they were marched to prison in Mexico City, and many died during the journey.^[9]

Lamar has been called "the Father of Texas Education" because of his provisions of land to support it. During his administration, he convinced the legislature to set aside three leagues of land in each county to be devoted to school development. He also allotted 50 leagues of land for the support of two universities, later developed as Texas A&M University (1876), under the Morrill Act, and the University of Texas (1883). Although no facilities were constructed during his term, he provided the base for a statewide public school system.^[7] Government gave 18,000 acres of public land for public schools. He wanted education to be a priority to cultivate a knowledgeable citizenry.

In keeping with other slave societies in the South, Texas prohibited the few free blacks from schools. A public school system was not firmly established until after the American Civil War, when the Reconstruction era legislature created an endowment to finance a school system. In 1869, it passed a law to give the public school fund the proceeds from sale of public lands. The constitution of that year authorized the legislature to establish school districts and appoint directors. Freedmen's children were included in the system, despite much opposition.^[10]

When Lamar left office in 1841, Texas was almost 7 million dollars in debt, the majority of which was accrued from his policies.^[11]^[12]

Later years

Houston was elected again as president after Lamar. The latter returned to service in the army, and distinguished himself in the U.S. Army at the Battle of Monterrey during the Mexican–American War. During this period of time, money was tight in Texas; Lamar borrowed money from his banker cousin Gazaway Bugg Lamar. Some of the letters on this subject between the two are amusing.^[13] In late 1847, he was assigned as a post commander at Laredo, but disliked the job as he wanted more action.^[14]

Lamar was elected from Eagle Pass in the Texas Legislature for several years after Texas was annexed to the United States in 1845. In 1857, President James Buchanan appointed Lamar as the Minister to Nicaragua, and a few months later to Costa Rica. He served in Managua for twenty months before returning to Texas in October 1859 because of poor health. He died of a heart attack at his Richmond plantation on December 19, 1859.^[14]

Lamar's volume of collected poems, Verse Memorials, was published in 1857 (New York, W.P. Fetridge & Co., 224 pages).

Legacy

In popular culture

References

1. ^[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40577432?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Thomas Robson Hay, "Gazaway Bugg Lamar, Confederate Banker and Business Man"], The Georgia Historical Quarterly Vol. 37, No. 2 (June, 1953), pp. 89–128, via JSTOR; accessed 31 January 2018
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶Hendrickson (1995), p. 35.
3. ^¹{{cite web |author=Herbert Gambrell |url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fla15 |title=Lamar, Mirabeau Buonaparte |work=Handbook of Texas History Online}}
4. ^"Prospectus for the Columbus Enquirer, 1828", Texas State Library, retrieved September 2008
5. ^¹{{cite web |work=Giants of Texas History |url=https://www.tsl.texas.gov/treasures/giants/lamar/lamar-01.html |title=Mirabeau B. Lamar |publisher=Texas State Library and Archives Commission |access-date=5 March 2014}}
6. ^Thomas Lamar Coughlin, Those Southern Lamars {{ISBN|0-7388-2410-0}}
7. ^¹²³⁴⁵Hendrickson (1995), p. 37.
8. ^Anderson, Gary C. The Conquest of Texas: Ethnic Cleansing in the Promised Land 1820–1875, 2005, pg. 174, {{ISBN|0-8061-3698-7}}
9. ^¹²Hendrickson (1995), p. 38.
10. ^W.E.B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880, New York: Free Press, 1935/1998 edition, p.560
11. ^{{cite web |title=Mirabeau B. Lamar |work=Triumph and Tragedy: Presidents of the Republic of Texas |publisher=Texas State Library and Archives Commission |url=https://www.tsl.texas.gov/exhibits/presidents/lamar/mrprez.html |access-date=9 January 2017 |quote=... To finance his ambitious schemes, he counted on loans from England and France that never came through. During his term of office, the Texas government collected about a million dollars in taxes and spent almost five million.}}
12. ^{{cite web|author=Encyclopedia Britannica|title=Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar|year=1998|access-date=9 January 2017|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mirabeau-Buonaparte-Lamar|quote=Lamar's constant military campaigning against the Indians and his costly exploits into New Mexico nearly bankrupted Texas. When he left office in 1841, the republic's debt stood at more than $7,000,000.}}
13. ^Gulick, Charles Adams Jr, The Papers of Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar, A.C. Baldwin & Sons
14. ^¹Hendrickson (1995), p. 39.
15. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfAuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA207#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=How Missouri Counties, Towns and Streams Were Named |publisher=The State Historical Society of Missouri |author=Eaton, David Wolfe |year=1916 |pages=207}}