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词条 Mireya Moscoso
释义

  1. Background

  2. Presidential campaigns

  3. Presidency (1999-2004)

  4. Post-presidency

  5. Honors

     Foreign honours 

  6. References

  7. Bibliography

  8. External links

{{Hatnote|This name uses Spanish naming customs: The first or paternal family name is Moscoso, the second or maternal family name is Rodríguez and the marital name is Arias.}}{{good article}}{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2012}}{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Mireya Moscoso
|image = Mireya Moscoso.jpg
|office = President of Panama
|vicepresident = Arturo Vallarino (1999-2004)
Dominador Baldomero Bazán (1999-2004)
|term_start = September 1, 1999
|term_end = September 1, 2004
|predecessor = Ernesto Pérez Balladares
|successor = Martín Torrijos
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|7|1}}
|birth_place = Pedasi, Panama
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = Arnulfista Party
|spouse = Arnulfo Arias {{small|(1969–1988)}}
Ricardo Gruber {{small|(1990–1997)}}
|children = 1 adopted son
|alma_mater = Miami Dade College
}}

Mireya Elisa Moscoso Rodríguez de Arias (born July 1, 1946) was Panama's first female president, serving from 1999 to 2004.

Born into a poor family, Moscoso became active in the 1968 presidential campaign of three-time president Arnulfo Arias, following and marrying him when he went into exile after a military coup. After his death in 1988, she assumed control of his coffee business and later his political party, the Arnulfista Party (PA). During the 1994 general elections for the presidency, she narrowly lost to the Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) candidate Ernesto Pérez Balladares by 4% of the vote. In the 1999 general election, she defeated the PRD candidate Martín Torrijos by 8% to become Panama's first female president.

During her tenure in office, she presided over the handover of the Panama Canal from the US to Panama and the economic downturn that resulted from the loss of US personnel. Hobbled by new spending restrictions passed by the opposition-controlled Legislative Assembly, and her administration's corruption scandals, she had difficulty passing her legislative initiatives. Her popularity declined, and her party's candidate José Miguel Alemán lost to the PRD's Torrijos in the subsequent general elections to succeed her.

Background

Moscoso is the daughter of a schoolteacher[1] and was born into a poor family in Pedasí, Panama as the youngest of six children.[2][3] She later worked as a secretary and joined the 1968 presidential campaign of Arnulfo Arias;[2] Arias had already served two partial terms as president, both times being deposed by the Panamanian military. He won the presidency but was again deposed by the military, this time after only nine days in office.{{sfn|Harding|2006|p=66}}

Arias went into exile in Miami, Florida in the US, and Moscoso followed, marrying him the subsequent year.[2] She was 23, and he was 67.{{sfn|Harding|2006|p=129}} During this period, Moscoso studied interior design at Miami-Dade Community College.[4] After Arias' 1988 death, she inherited his coffee business.[5] On September 29, 1991, almost two years after the US invasion of Panama that overthrew Manuel Noriega, she became president of her former husband's Arnulfista Party.[3]

Also in 1991, Moscoso married businessman Richard Gruber. The couple adopted a son, Richard{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} (born 1992). Moscoso and Gruber divorced in 1997.[3]

Presidential campaigns

In 1994, Moscoso ran as the presidential candidate of her deceased husband's Arnulfista Party (PA) in the general election, seeking to succeed PA president Guillermo Endara. Her main rivals were Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) candidate Ernesto Pérez Balladares and salsa singer Rubén Blades, who was then president of the party Papa Egoro.{{sfn|Harding|2006|p=129}} Moscoso and Blades sought to emphasize Pérez Balladares' connection with military ruler Manuel Noriega, broadcasting pictures of the two together,[6] while Pérez Balladares worked to position himself as a successor to military ruler Omar Torrijos, who was regarded as a national hero.[11] Moscoso's campaign, meanwhile, was hindered by public dissatisfaction with the perceived incompetence and corruption of Endara's government.[7] Pérez Balladares ultimately won the election with 33% of the vote, with Moscoso receiving 29% and Blades receiving 17%.[8]

Moscoso was named the PA candidate again in the May 2, 1999 general election. Her main opponent this time was Martín Torrijos, Omar Torrijos' son, named to represent the PRD after the failure of a constitutional referendum that would have allowed Pérez Balladares to run for a second term. Torrijos was selected in part to try to win back left-leaning voters after the privatizations and union restrictions instituted by Pérez Balladares.{{sfn|Harding|2006|p=129}} Moscoso ran on a populist platform, beginning many of her speeches with the Latin phrase "Vox populi, vox Dei" ("the voice of the people is the voice of God"), previously used by Arias to begin his own speeches.[9] She pledged to support education, reduce poverty, and slow the pace of privatization.[2] While Torrijos ran in large part on his father's memory—including using the campaign slogan "Omar lives"[9]—Moscoso evoked that of her dead husband, leading Panamanians to joke that the election was a race between "two corpses".[5] Torrijos allies also criticized Moscoso for her lack of government experience or college degree.[5] However, unlike in 1994, it was now the PRD that was hampered by the scandals of the previous administration, and Moscoso defeated Torrijos with 45% of the vote to 37%.{{sfn|Harding|2006|p=129}}

Presidency (1999-2004)

Moscoso took office on September 1, 1999. Because she was divorced when she assumed the presidency, her older sister Ruby Moscoso de Young served as her First Lady.[10]

Facing a PRD-controlled Legislative Assembly, Moscoso was limited in her ability to make new policy. She was also hampered by strict new restraints Pérez Balladares had passed on spending public money in the final days of his term, targeted specifically at her administration.{{sfn|Harding|2006|p=130}}

On December 31, 1999, Moscoso oversaw the handover of the Panama Canal from the US to Panama under the Torrijos-Carter Treaties.[11] Her government then faced the challenge of cleaning up environmental problems in the Canal Zone, where the US Army had long tested bombs, biological agents, and chemical weapons. Remaining issues included lead contamination, unexploded munitions, and stockpiles of depleted uranium.{{sfn|Harding|2006|p=131}} Though Moscoso fired all of Pérez Balladares' appointments from the Panama Canal Authority[2] and appointed supermarket magnate (and future president) Ricardo Martinelli as its head,[4] the Authority retained its autonomy from her administration.[2] At the same time, Panama's economy began to struggle due to the loss of income from American canal personnel.[12]

Moscoso worked to end Panama's role in international crime, passing new laws against money laundering and supporting tax transparency.[25]{{sfn|Harding|2006|p=134}} The legislation allowed Panama to be removed from international lists of tax havens.{{sfn|Harding|2006|p=134}} Meanwhile, violent crime rose sharply during Moscoso's tenure.{{sfn|Harding|2006|p=134}} In September 2000, under pressure from the US and some Latin American governments, Moscoso's government gave temporary asylum to former Peruvian spy chief Vladimiro Montesinos, who had fled Peru after being videotaped bribing a member of its congress.[13]

In December 2000, human remains were discovered at a Panamanian National Guard base, incorrectly believed to be those of Jesús Héctor Gallego Herrera, a priest murdered during the Omar Torrijos dictatorship. Moscoso appointed a truth commission to investigate the site and those at other bases.{{sfn|Harding|2006|p=131}} The commission faced opposition from the PRD-controlled National Assembly, who slashed its funding, and from PRD's president Balbina Herrera, who threatened to seek legal action against the president for its creation. It ultimately reported on 110 of the 148 cases it examined, of which 40 had disappeared and 70 were known to be murdered. The report concluded that the Noriega government had engaged in "torture [and] cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment", and recommended further exhumation and investigation.[14]

During her term, Moscoso was often accused of nepotism for her administrative appointments[2] and faced several corruption scandals, such as the unexplained gift of US$146,000 in watches to Legislative Assembly members.[15] By 2001, her second year in office, Moscoso's approval rating had fallen to 23%, due to corruption scandals and concern for the economy. That year, she attempted to pass a tax reform package through the Legislative Assembly, but the proposal was opposed by both the private sector and organized labor.[16] In 2003, the US ambassador publicly criticized Moscoso for the growth of corruption during her term.[17] By the end of her term, her presidency was "criticized as rife with corruption and incompetence"[18] and "widely regarded as weak and ineffectual".[19]

Herself barred by the Constitution of Panama from a second consecutive term, Moscoso was succeeded by her former rival Martín Torrijos in the 2004 election. Shortly before leaving office, Moscoso sparked controversy by pardoning four men—Luis Posada Carriles, Gaspar Jiménez, Pedro Remon, and Guillermo Novo Sampol—who had been convicted of plotting to assassinate Cuban president Fidel Castro during a 2000 visit to Panama. Cuba broke off diplomatic relations with the country, and Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez recalled the nation's ambassador.[20] Moscoso stated that the pardons had been motivated by her mistrust of Torrijos, saying, "I knew that if these men stayed here, they would be extradited to Cuba and Venezuela, and there they were surely going to kill them there."[21] Moscoso also issued pardons to 87 journalists for defamation convictions dating back as far as 14 years. On July 2, 2008, all of the 180 pardons Moscoso had issued were overturned as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.[22]

Post-presidency

During the Torrijos presidency, Moscoso remained an active member of the opposition. In September 2007, she criticized the appointment of PRD politician Pedro Miguel González, who was wanted in the US for the murder of US Army sergeant Zak Hernández, as the head of the National Assembly.[23] In the same year, she joined Endara and Perez Balladares in lobbying the Organization of American States to investigate the Hugo Chavez government's refusal to renew the broadcasting license of opposition station Radio Caracas Televisión Internacional in Venezuela.[24]

Since leaving office, Moscoso has also served as a member of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars' Council of Women World Leaders,[25][26] a network intended "to promote good governance and enhance the experience of democracy globally by increasing the number, effectiveness, and visibility of women who lead at the highest levels in their countries."[27]

Honors

Foreign honours

  • {{flag|Italy}}
    • {{flagicon|Two Sicilies}} Two Sicilian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Two Sicilian Royal Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, Special Class[28]
  • {{Flag|Monaco}}: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint-Charles[29][30]

References

1. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/02/world/in-panama-s-new-dawn-woman-takes-over.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |title=In Panama's New Dawn, Woman Takes Over |author=David Gonzalez |date=September 2, 1999 |work=The New York Times |archivedate=September 15, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AhKwqiwy?url=http://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/02/world/in-panama-s-new-dawn-woman-takes-over.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |accessdate=September 15, 2012 |deadurl=no |df= }}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/393400/Mireya-Moscoso |title=Mireya Moscoso |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |archivedate=September 15, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AhGjD7DA?url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/393400/Mireya-Moscoso |accessdate=September 15, 2012 |deadurl=no |df= }}
3. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.cidob.org/es/content/pdf/1540 |title=Mireya Moscoso de Arias |publisher=Centro de Estudios y Documentacion Internacionales de Barcelona |accessdate=14 December 2012 |archivedate=December 15, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6CvngyDgK?url=http://www.cidob.org/es/content/pdf/1540 |deadurl=no |df= }}
4. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-55622671.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307134014/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-55622671.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |title=Awaiting the lady |date=August 28, 1999 |work=The Economist |publisher= {{Subscription required|via=HighBeam Research}}|accessdate=September 15, 2012}}
5. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/03/world/the-widow-of-ex-leader-wins-race-in-panama.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |title=The Widow Of Ex-Leader Wins Race In Panama |author=Mireya Navarro |date=May 3, 1999 |work=The New York Times |archivedate=September 15, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AhBhp8DC?url=http://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/03/world/the-widow-of-ex-leader-wins-race-in-panama.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |accessdate=September 15, 2012 |deadurl=no |df= }}
6. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/21/world/panama-journal-democracy-at-work-under-shadow-of-dictators.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |title=Panama Journal; Democracy at Work, Under Shadow of Dictators |author=Howard W. French |date=February 21, 1994 |work=The New York Times |archivedate=September 3, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6APOVeUGM?url=http://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/21/world/panama-journal-democracy-at-work-under-shadow-of-dictators.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |accessdate=September 2, 2012 |deadurl=no |df= }}
7. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-889827.html |title=Panamanians Vote in Peace, Picking Ex-Aide of Noriega; Millionaire Perez Balladares Bests Widow of Four-Time President |author=Douglas Farah |date=May 9, 1994 |work=The Washington Post |archivedate=March 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329104016/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-889827.html |accessdate=September 2, 2012 |deadurl=no |df= }}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact98/193.htm |title=Panama |publisher=University of Missouri-Saint Louis |archivedate=September 3, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6APS5vhRx?url=http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact98/193.htm |accessdate=September 2, 2012 |deadurl=no |df= }}
9. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-594978.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416044642/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-594978.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=April 16, 2017 |title=Moscoso Is First Woman Elected to Panamanian Presidency |author=Serge F. Kovaleski |date=May 3, 1999 |work=The Washington Post |publisher= {{Subscription required|via=HighBeam Research}}|accessdate=September 15, 2012}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.summit-americas.org/Women/biographies.htm |title=Ninth Conference of Spouses of Heads of State and Government of the Americas |publisher=Summits of the Americas Secretariat |accessdate=14 December 2012 |archivedate=December 15, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Cvp3Dtno?url=http://www.summit-americas.org/Women/biographies.htm |deadurl=no |df= }}
11. ^Mireya-Moscoso, Encyclopædia Britannica, Retrieved July 7, 2007
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-78977376.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030052802/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-78977376.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=October 30, 2017 |title=Becalmed |date=September 22, 2001 |work=The Economist |publisher= {{Subscription required|via=HighBeam Research}}|accessdate=September 15, 2012}}
13. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-65863829.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315092607/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-65863829.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=March 15, 2016 |title=Colombia and its neighbours |date=October 7, 2000 |work=The Economist |publisher= {{Subscription required|via=HighBeam Research}}|accessdate=September 15, 2012}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-87075877.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924164751/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-87075877.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Truth Commission Delivers Its Final Report on Victims of the 1968–1988 Military Regime |date=May 2, 2002 |publisher=NotiCen {{Subscription required|via=HighBeam Research}}|accessdate=November 4, 2012}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-500652.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415175347/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-500652.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=April 15, 2016 |title=Panamanians Sound Alarm Over Gift Watches |author=Serge F. Kovaleski |date=January 18, 2000 |work=The Washington Post |publisher= {{Subscription required|via=HighBeam Research}}|accessdate=September 15, 2012}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-71767166.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054106/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-71767166.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |title=President Mireya Moscoso asks legislature for tax reform, but prospects are dim |date=March 15, 2001 |work=The Economist |publisher= {{Subscription required|via=HighBeam Research}}|accessdate=September 15, 2012}}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-116378324.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928140916/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-116378324.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=September 28, 2014 |title=Not his father's son? Panama's new president |date=May 8, 2004 |work=The Economist |publisher= {{Subscription required|via=HighBeam Research}}|accessdate=18 September 2012}}
18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-168124.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414115843/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-168124.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=April 14, 2016 |title=General's Son Leads in Panama |author=Mary Jordan |date=May 2, 2004 |work=The Washington Post |publisher= {{Subscription required|via=HighBeam Research}}|accessdate=September 15, 2012}}
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-116116366.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120012154/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-116116366.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=November 20, 2018 |title=Manifest destiny meets democracy |date=May 1, 2004 |work=The Economist |publisher= {{Subscription required|via=HighBeam Research}}|accessdate=September 15, 2012}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E0DF1231F931A3575AC0A9629C8B63&ref=mireyamoscoso |title=Panama's New Chief, Sworn In, Inherits a Diplomatic Tempest |author=Steven R. Weisman |date=September 2, 2004 |work=The New York Times |archivedate=September 15, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AhLs56El?url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E0DF1231F931A3575AC0A9629C8B63&ref=mireyamoscoso |accessdate=September 15, 2012 |deadurl=no |df= }}
21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A36924-2004Aug26.html |title=U.S. Denies Role in Cuban Exiles' Pardon |author=Glenn Kessler |date=August 27, 2004 |work=The Washington Post |archivedate=September 15, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AhMDcJCS?url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A36924-2004Aug26.html |accessdate=September 15, 2012 |deadurl=no |df= }}
22. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D91LDL9O0.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308035933/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D91LDL9O0.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=March 8, 2016 |title=Panama's Supreme Court overturns 2004 pardons, including of anti-Castro militant |author=Juan Zambrano |date=July 2, 2008 |publisher=Associated Press {{Subscription required|via=HighBeam Research}}|accessdate=October 29, 2012}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14149837 |title=Election of Panamanian Official Strains U.S. Ties |author=Steve Inskeep |date=September 4, 2007 |work=Morning Edition |publisher=National Public Radio |accessdate=October 29, 2012}}
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-140050235.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081649/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-140050235.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |title=Criticisms of Caracas Reveal Double Standard |author=Diana Cariboni |date=May 31, 2007 |work=Inter Press Service |publisher= {{Subscription required|via=HighBeam Research}}|accessdate=October 29, 2012}}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.goldengirlfinance.ca/articles/mobama-and-the-first-ladies:-does-she-who-rocks-the-pillow-talk-rule-the-world/slide/8#GoldenGirlFinance |title=MObama & the first ladies: Does she who rocks the pillow talk rule the world? |author= |date=September 17, 2012 |publisher=goldengirlfinance.ca |accessdate=December 14, 2012 |archivedate=December 15, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6CvkjRjxk?url=http://www.goldengirlfinance.ca/articles/mobama-and-the-first-ladies:-does-she-who-rocks-the-pillow-talk-rule-the-world/slide/8 |deadurl=no |df= }}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Council_of_Women_World_Leaders_Biographies.pdf |title=Council of Women World Leaders Biographies |publisher=The Wilson Center |format=PDF |accessdate=December 14, 2012 |archivedate=December 15, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6CvkamWJd?url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Council_of_Women_World_Leaders_Biographies.pdf |deadurl=no |df= }}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/program/council-women-world-leaders |title=Council of Women World Leaders |date=December 15, 2012 |publisher=The Wilson Center |accessdate=December 14, 2012 |archivedate=December 15, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6CvkXLNcu?url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/program/council-women-world-leaders |deadurl=no |df= }}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.constantinian.org.uk/president-and-first-lady-of-panama-honoured-by-constantinian-order-at-london-ceremony/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-11-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114011859/http://www.constantinian.org.uk/president-and-first-lady-of-panama-honoured-by-constantinian-order-at-london-ceremony/ |archivedate=November 14, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}
29. ^Nomination by Sovereign Ordonnance n° 15902 of 25th July 2003 (French)
30. ^Nomination by Sovereign Ordonnance n° 15576 of 26th November 2002 (French)

Bibliography

{{refbegin}}
  • {{cite book |title=The History of Panama |last=Harding |first=Robert C. |year=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=031333322X|ref=harv}}
  • Skard, Torild (2014) "Mireya Moscoso" in Women of Power – Half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide, Bristol: Policy Press {{ISBN|978-1-44731-578-0}}.
{{refend}}

External links

  • Biography by CIDOB (in Spanish)
{{s-start}}{{s-off}}{{s-bef|before=Ernesto Pérez Balladares}}{{s-ttl|title=President of Panama|years=1999–2004}}{{s-aft|after=Martín Torrijos}}{{s-end}}{{Presidents and heads of state of Panama}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Moscoso, Mireya}}

16 : 1946 births|20th-century women politicians|21st-century women politicians|Female heads of government|Female heads of state|First Ladies and Gentlemen of Panama|Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles|Knights of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George|Living people|Miami Dade College alumni|Panamanian women in politics|Panameñista Party politicians|People from Los Santos Province|People from Panama City|Presidents of Panama|Recipients of the Order of Saint-Charles
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