| 词条 | Misandry |
| 释义 |
EtymologyMisandry is formed from the Greek misos (μῖσος, "hatred") and anēr, andros (ἀνήρ, gen. ἀνδρός; "man").[5] Use of the word can be found as far back as the nineteenth century, including an 1871 use in The Spectator magazine.[6][7] It appeared in Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) in 1952. Translation of the French "misandrie" to the German "Männerhass" (Hatred of Men)[8] is recorded in 1803.[9] Misandry is parallel in form to 'misogyny'. A term with a similar but distinct meaning is androphobia, which constitutes fear of men.[10] Writer Helen Pluckrose has argued that the androphobia is the more propitious term in instances where aversion to men stems from a sense of fear.[11] Male disposability{{Main article|Male disposability}}Educator and activist Warren Farrell has written of his views on how men are uniquely marginalized in what he calls their "disposability", the manner in which the most dangerous occupations, notably soldiering and mining, were historically performed exclusively by men and remain so today. In his book, The Myth of Male Power, Farrell argues that patriarchal societies do not make rules to benefit men at the expense of women. Farrell contends that nothing is more telling about who has benefited from "men's rules" than life expectancy, which is lower in males, and suicide rates, which are higher.[12] Concerning male disposability, social psychologist Professor Roy F. Baumeister has written: {{quote|When the news media report some disaster, they sometimes use the phrase “even women and children” if such are among the victims...The phrase expresses the point that men’s lives are valued less...[than] anyone else’s life...This is more than just disrespect. It helps remind each man that, in a desperate situation, he is expected to give up his life quickly and readily and without complaint if doing so will save a woman or child...One of the most famous disasters of the twentieth century was the sinking of the Titanic...[The life-boat] seats were given to the women, while the men stayed on board to drown...[The] richest men had a lower survival rate (34%) than the poorest women (46%). That fact...should give serious pause to anyone who hews to the conventional wisdom (or feminist critique) that society is set up to favor the rich and powerful men at the expense of everyone else...The idea of “patriarchy,” even despite its fallacy of ignoring all the men at the bottom of society, entails that surely these privileged members of the male power elite are regarded by the culture as more valuable than anyone else...Yet their lives were not worth as much as the lives of the lower-class women down in steerage...Those women had hardly any money or power or status, but yet simply by virtue of being female, they were privileged to get some of the too-few seats in the lifeboats while the well-dressed gentlemen stood on the deck and silently watched them leave.[13]}}Within feminist movementsAcademic Alice Echols, in her 1989 book Daring To Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975, argued that the radical feminist Valerie Solanas, best known for her attempted murder of Andy Warhol in 1968, displayed an extreme level of misandry compared to other radical feminists of the time in her tract the SCUM Manifesto. Echols stated: {{quote|Solanas's unabashed misandry—especially her belief in men's biological inferiority—her endorsement of relationships between 'independent women,' and her dismissal of sex as 'the refuge of the mindless' contravened the sort of radical feminism which prevailed in most women's groups across the country.[14]}}Andrea Dworkin criticized the biological determinist strand in radical feminism that, in 1977, she found "with increasing frequency in feminist circles" which echoed the views of Valerie Solanas that males are biologically inferior to women and violent by nature, requiring a gendercide to allow for the emergence of a "new Übermensch Womon".[15]The author bell hooks has discussed the issue of "man hating" during the early period of women's liberation as a reaction to patriarchal oppression and women who have had bad experiences with men in non-feminist social movements. She has also criticized separatist strands of feminism as "reactionary" for promoting the notion that men are inherently immoral, inferior, and unable to help end sexist oppression or benefit from feminism.[16][17] In Feminism is For Everybody, hooks laments the fact that feminists who critiqued anti-male bias in the early women's movement never gained mainstream media attention and that "our theoretical work critiquing the demonization of men as the enemy did not change the perspective of women who were anti-male." hooks has theorized previously that this demonization led to an unnecessary rift between the men's movement and the women's movement.[18] Although hooks doesn't name individual separatist theorists, Mary Daly's utopian vision of a world in which men and heterosexual women have been eliminated is an extreme example of this tendency.[19] Daly argued that sexual equality between men and women was not possible and that women, due to their superior capacities, should rule men.[20] Yet later, in an interview, Daly argued "If life is to survive on this planet, there must be a decontamination of the Earth. I think this will be accompanied by an evolutionary process that will result in a drastic reduction of the population of males."[21] Paul Nathanson and Katherine K. Young argued that "ideological feminism" as opposed to "egalitarian feminism" has imposed misandry on culture.[22] Their 2001 book, Spreading Misandry, analyzed "pop cultural artifacts and productions from the 1990s" from movies to greeting cards for what they considered to be pervasive messages of hatred toward men.[23] Legalizing Misandry (2005), the second in the series, gave similar attention to laws in North America.[24]Wendy McElroy, an individualist feminist,[25] wrote in 2001 that some feminists "have redefined the view of the movement of the opposite sex" as "a hot anger toward men [that] seems to have turned into a cold hatred."[26] She argued it was a misandrist position to consider men, as a class, to be irreformable or rapists. In a 2016 article, author and journalist Cathy Young described a "current cycle of misandry" in feminism.[27] This cycle, she explains, includes the use of the term "mansplaining" and other neologisms using "man" as a derogatory prefix.[27] The term "mansplaining", according to feminist writer Rebecca Solnit, was coined soon after the appearance in 2008 of her essay Men Explain Things to Me.[28] Public attitudesMen's rights activists and other masculinist groups have criticized modern laws concerning divorce, domestic violence, and rape as examples of institutional misandry.{{refn|name=Ouellette}}[29][30]In a study of 488 college students regarding ambivalent sexism towards men, researchers found that women who did not identify as feminists were more likely to be hostile towards men than self-identified feminists, but also more likely to hold benevolent views towards men.[31][32] In a study of 503 self-identified heterosexual females, social psychologists found an association between insecure attachment styles and women's hostile sexism towards men.[33][34] Religious studies professors Paul Nathanson and Katherine Young examined the institutionalization of misandry in the public sphere in their 2001 three-book series Beyond the Fall of Man,[35] which refers to misandry as a "form of prejudice and discrimination that has become institutionalized in North American society", writing, "The same problem that long prevented mutual respect between Jews and Christians, the teaching of contempt, now prevents mutual respect between men and women."[36] Stanford University Professor Philip Zimbardo writing for Psychology Today, argued that there was an empathy gap between young men and young women, with young women receiving more empathy and sympathy, and that young men were sometimes demonized and given conflicting messages about acceptable behavior and that this contributed to negative effects such as high young male suicide rates. The piece was part of a promotion for his book "Man, Interrupted: Why Young Men are Struggling & What We Can Do About It".[37]In government policyIn November 2015, it was reported that the Canadian government was going to resettle thousands of Syrian refugees, but they would exclude single men. Only single women, families and unaccompanied minors would be taken in.[38][39] In 2017, an article on newsdeeply claimed that similar policies were still being carried out. The author went on the say that resettlement countries are acting on the bigoted stereotype of Arab men as dangerous potential terrorists, rather than as the vulnerable refugees and survivors.[40] Asymmetry with misogynySociologist Allan G. Johnson argues in Unraveling our Patriarchal Legacy that accusations of man-hating have been used to put down feminists and to shift attention onto men, reinforcing a male-centered culture.[41] Johnson asserts that culture offers no comparable anti-male ideology to misogyny and that "people often confuse men as individuals with men as a dominant and privileged category of people" and that "[given the] reality of women's oppression, male privilege, and men's enforcement of both, it's hardly surprising that every woman should have moments where she resents or even hates 'men'". Marc A. Ouellette argues in International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities that "misandry lacks the systemic, transhistoric, institutionalized, and legislated antipathy of misogyny"; in his view, assuming a parallel between misogyny and misandry overly simplifies relations of gender and power.[42] Anthropologist David D. Gilmore also argues that misogyny is a "near-universal phenomenon" and that there is no male equivalent to misogyny,[43] further defending manifestations of perceived misandry as not "hatred of men's traditional male role" and a "culture of machismo". He argues that misandry is "different from the intensely ad feminam aspect of misogyny that targets women no matter what they believe or do".[43]In literatureAncient Greek literatureClassics professor Froma Zeitlin of Princeton University discussed misandry in her article titled "Patterns of Gender in Aeschylean Drama: Seven against Thebes and the Danaid Trilogy".[47] She writes: {{quote|The most significant point of contact, however, between Eteocles and the suppliant Danaids is, in fact, their extreme positions with regard to the opposite sex: the misogyny of Eteocles' outburst against all women of whatever variety (Se. 181-202) has its counterpart in the seeming misandry of the Danaids, who although opposed to their Egyptian cousins in particular (marriage with them is incestuous, they are violent men) often extend their objections to include the race of males as a whole and view their cause as a passionate contest between the sexes (cf. Su. 29, 393, 487, 818, 951).[44]}}ShakespeareLiterary critic Harold Bloom argued that even though the word misandry is relatively unheard of in literature it is not hard to find implicit, even explicit, misandry. In reference to the works of Shakespeare Bloom argued "I cannot think of one instance of misogyny whereas I would argue that misandry is a strong element. Shakespeare makes perfectly clear that women in general have to marry down and that men are narcissistic and not to be trusted and so forth. On the whole, he gives us a darker vision of human males than human females."[45] Modern literatureRacialized misandry occurs in both "high" and "low" culture and literature. For instance, African-American men have often been disparagingly portrayed as either infantile or as eroticized and hyper-masculine, depending on prevailing cultural stereotypes.{{refn|name=Ouellette}} Critic of mainstream feminism Christina Hoff Sommers has described Eve Ensler's play The Vagina Monologues as misandric in that "there are no admirable males ... the play presents a rogues’ gallery of male brutes, sadists, child-molesters, genital mutilators, gang rapists and hateful little boys" which she finds out of step with the reality that "most men are not brutes. They are not oppressors".[46] Julie M. Thompson, a feminist author, connects misandry with envy of men, in particular "penis envy", a term coined by Sigmund Freud in 1908, in his theory of female sexual development.[47] Nancy Kang has discussed "the misandric impulse" in relation to the works of Toni Morrison.[48] In his book, Gender and Judaism: The Transformation of Tradition, Harry Brod, a Professor of Philosophy and Humanities in the Department of Philosophy and Religion at the University of Northern Iowa, writes: {{quote|In the introduction to The Great Comic Book Heroes, Jules Feiffer writes that this is Superman's joke on the rest of us. Clark is Superman's vision of what other men are really like. We are scared, incompetent, and powerless, particularly around women. Though Feiffer took the joke good-naturedly, a more cynical response would see here the Kryptonian's misanthropy, his misandry embodied in Clark and his misogyny in his wish that Lois be enamored of Clark (much like Oberon takes out hostility toward Titania by having her fall in love with an ass in Shakespeare's Midsummer-Night's Dream).[49]}}See also{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
References1. ^"Misandry" at Oxford English Dictionary Online (ODO), Third Edition, June 2002. Accessed through library subscription on 25 July 2014. Earliest recorded use: 1885. Blackwood's Edinb. Mag, Sept. 289/1 No man whom she cared for had ever proposed to marry her. She could not account for it, and it was a growing source of bitterness, of misogyny as well as misandry. 2. ^"Misandry" at Merriam-Webster online ("First Known Use: circa 1909") 3. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Synnott|first1=Anthony|title=Why Some People Have Issues With Men: Misandry is not in everyone's dictionary but it's out there|journal=Psychology Today|date=2010-10-06|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/rethinking-men/201010/why-some-people-have-issues-men-misandry|accessdate=24 October 2016}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Definition of "misandry"|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/misandry |website=Dictionary.com |accessdate=November 4, 2018}} 5. ^Oxford Dictionaries http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/misandry 6. ^{{cite web|title="Misandry" the Word – Its Origin |url=http://unknownmisandry.blogspot.com/2011/02/misandry-word-its-origin.html|date=2013-03-18}} 7. ^Review of novel "Blanche Seymour", The Spectator, London, 1 Apr. 1871, p. 389. “We cannot, indeed, term her an absolute misandrist, as she fully admits the possibility, in most cases at least, of the reclamation of men from their naturally vicious and selfish state, though at the cost of so much trouble and vexation of spirit to women, that it is not quite clear whether she does not regard their existence as at best a mitigated evil.” 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://en.pons.com/translate/german-english/M%C3%A4nnerha%C3%9F |title=Translations for Männerhaß in the German » English dictionary |publisher=PONS GmbH, Stuttgart |work=Pons Dictionary German To English |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6OBt5zfJ5?url=http://en.pons.com/translate/german-english/M%C3%A4nnerha%C3%9F |archivedate=19 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 9. ^{{cite book |author=Johann Georg Krünitz |title=Oekonomische Encyklopädie oder allgemeines System der Staats-, Stadt-, Haus- u. Landwirthschaft: in alphabetischer Ordnung. Von Lebens-Art bis Ledecz : Nebst einer einzigen Fig. Friedrich's des Einzigen, u. 3 Karten |volume=90 |year=1803 |publisher=Pauli |page=461|title-link=wikipedia:Oekonomische Encyklopädie }} 10. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/misandry.htm | title=Misandry}} 11. ^{{Cite web | url=https://areomagazine.com/2017/10/17/androphobia-and-how-to-address-it/ | title=Androphobia — and How to Address It| date=2017-10-17}} 12. ^Warren Farrell, The Myth of Male Power, (N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, 1993), Chp. 2 13. ^Roy F. Baumeister, Is There Anything Good About Men? How Cultures Flourish By Exploiting Men (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), pages 162-163. 14. ^Echols, Nicole. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6zaVkAjBuPEC&pg=PA104 Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989, pp. 104-105, {{ISBN|978-0-8166-1786-9}}. 15. ^{{Cite journal|url = http://heresiesfilmproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/heresies6.pdf|title = Biological Superiority: The World's Most Dangerous and Deadly Idea|last = Dworkin|first = Andrea|date = Summer 1978|journal = HERESIES: A Feminist Publication on Art and Politics|access-date = 2015-05-12|issue = #6|series = No. 2|volume = 2|page =46|issn = 0146-3411|author-link = Andrea Dworkin}} 16. ^hooks, bell. (1984), Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center, South End Press; Boston. 17. ^hooks, bell. (2005), The Will To Change: Men, Masculinity and Love, New York; Washington Square Press. 18. ^hooks, bell. Feminist Theory from Margin to Center. Boston, MA: South End, 1984. Print. 19. ^Daly, Mary. (1998), Quintessence...Realizing The Archaic Future, Beacon Press; Boston. 20. ^Daly, Mary. (1990), Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism, Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, pp. 384 & 375–376 21. ^Ridle, Susan (Fall/Winter 1999). "No Man's Land". EnlightenNext Magazine 22. ^{{Harv|Nathanson|Young|2001|p=xiv}} "[ideological feminism,] one form of feminism—one that has had a great deal of influence, whether directly or indirectly, on both popular culture and elite culture—is profoundly misandric". 23. ^{{cite book|author1=Paul Nathanson|author2=Katherine K. Young|title=Spreading Misandry: The Teaching of Contempt for Men in Popular Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGocoMfjt_oC|date=16 October 2001|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-2272-5|page=ix}} 24. ^{{cite book|author1=Paul Nathanson|author2=Katherine K. Young|title=Legalizing Misandry: From Public Shame to Systemic Discrimination Against Men|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqKxhhu55SMC|year=2006|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-5999-8}} 25. ^The Independent Institute 26. ^{{Harv|McElroy|2001|p=5}} 27. ^1 {{cite news |last=Young |first=Cathy |date=2016-07-04 |title=Feminists treat men badly and it's bad for feminism |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/06/30/feminists-treat-men-badly-its-bad-for-feminism |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=2016-10-23}} 28. ^{{cite book|last1=Solnit|first1=Rebecca|title=Men Explain Things to Me|date=2014|publisher=Haymarket Books|location=Chicago IL|isbn=978-1-60846-457-9|chapter=1|quote=The term "mansplaining" was coined soon after the piece appeared, and I was sometimes credited with it. In fact, I had nothing to do with its actual creation, though my essay, along with all the men who embodied the idea, apparently inspired it.}} 29. ^{{cite web |last1=Berlatsky |first1=Noah |title=When Men Experience Sexism |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/05/when-men-experience-sexism/276355/ |website=The Atlantic |publisher=The Atlantic Monthly |accessdate=8 November 2018 |date=29 May 2013}} 30. ^{{cite web |last1=Thériault |first1=Anne |title=The Myth Of Misandry |url=https://ravishly.com/2015/01/07/myth-misandry-misogyny-oppression-marginalization |website=Ravishly Media Company |publisher=Ravishly.com |accessdate=8 November 2018 |language=en}} 31. ^{{Cite journal | doi=10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01491.x|title = Are Feminists man Haters? Feminists' and Nonfeminists' Attitudes Toward Men| journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly| volume=33| issue=2| pages=216–224|year = 2009|last1 = Anderson|first1 = Kristin J.| last2=Kanner| first2=Melinda| last3=Elsayegh| first3=Nisreen| citeseerx=10.1.1.692.9151}} 32. ^{{cite book |last1=Brannon |first1=Lynda |title=Gender : Psychological Perspectives |date=19 December 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=Chapter Three |isbn=9781317221111 |edition= Seventh |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317221111 |accessdate=8 November 2018}} 33. ^Joshua Hart, Peter Glick and Rachel E. Dinero, (2013), "She Loves Him, She Loves Him Not: Attachment Style as a Predictor of Women's Ambivalent Sexism Towards Men", Psychology of Women Quarterly, Vol. 37: 507-517 34. ^{{cite book |last1=Kite |first1=Mary E. |last2=Whitley |first2=Bernard E. |title=Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination |date=10 June 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=Chapter Four |isbn=9781317227236 |edition= First |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317227236 |accessdate=8 November 2018}} 35. ^{{Harv|Nathanson|Young|2001|pp=4–6}} 36. ^{{cite book |last1=Nathanson |first1=Paul |last2=Young |first2=Katherine K. |title=Spreading misandry the teaching of contempt for men in popular culture |date=2001 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |location=Montreal, Que. |isbn=9780773569690 |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIkNxlu8SOcC&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6 |accessdate=11 November 2016}} 37. ^{{cite web |title=Young Men and the Empathy Gap: Why we should be guiding, not demonizing our sons. |publisher=Psychology Today |author=Philip Zimbardo |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/hero/201708/young-men-and-the-empathy-gap |date=Aug 15, 2017}} 38. ^{{cite news|publisher=The Guardian|author=Patrick Kingsley|date=Nov 25, 2015|title=Canada's exclusion of single male refugees may exacerbate Syrian conflict|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/24/canada-exclusion-refugees-single-syrian-men-assad-isis}} 39. ^{{cite news|title=Canada’s plan to accept refugees excludes single straight men|url=https://qz.com/558313/canadas-plan-to-accept-refugees-reportedly-excludes-single-men/|date=November 25, 2015|author=Hanna Kozlowska|website=www.qz.com}} 40. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2017/02/13/politics-of-fear-excludes-single-syrian-men-from-resettlement|title=Politics of Fear Excludes Single Syrian Men From Resettlement|author=Lewis Turner|website=www.newsdeeply.com|date=Feb 13, 2017}} 41. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nnxlqbN-IEC&pg=PA107|page=107|title=The Gender Knot: Unraveling Our Patriarchal Legacy|edition= 2, revised|last=Johnson|first=Alan G.|publisher=Temple University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-1592133840}} 42. ^{{cite book |last=Ouellette |first=Marc |editor1=Flood, Michael |editor1-link=Michael Flood |display-editors=etal |title=International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities |chapter=Misandry |pages=442–3 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books/about/International_Encyclopedia_of_Men_and_Ma.html?id=T54J3Q_VwnIC&pg=PA442&dq=misandry |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, UK; New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-415-33343-6}} 43. ^1 Gilmore, David G. Misogyny: The Male Malady. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009, pp. 10–13, {{ISBN|978-0-8122-1770-4}}. 44. ^1 {{cite journal|first=Froma I.|last=Zeitlin|title=Patterns of Gender in Aeschylean Drama: Seven against Thebes and the Danaid Trilogy|date=April 1, 1990|url=http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=ucbclassics|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-12-21}} Princeton University, paper given at the Department of Classics, University of California, Berkeley 45. ^Brockman, Elin Schoen. (25 July 1999) "In the Battle Of the Sexes, This Word Is a Weapon", New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/25/weekinreview/in-the-battle-of-the-sexes-this-word-is-a-weapon.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Ar 46. ^What’s Wrong and What’s Right with Contemporary Feminism?, Hamilton College. Retrieved 2014-01-27. Sommers, Christina Hoff. (2008), {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302081135/http://www.aei.org/files/2008/11/19/20090108_ContemporaryFeminism.pdf |date=2 March 2012 }} 47. ^Emphasis added. Julie M. Thompson, Mommy Queerest: Contemporary Rhetorics of Lesbian Maternal Identity, (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002). 48. ^Kang, N. (2003), "To Love and Be Loved: Considering Black Masculinity and the Misandric Impulse in Toni Morrison's "Beloved", Callaloo, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 836-854. 49. ^[https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=SH8r3ntJG8AC&oi=fnd&pg=PA279 Gender and Judaism: The Transformation of Tradition], Harry Brod Further reading
External links{{Wikiquote}}{{Wiktionary|Wikisaurus:misandrist}}
6 : Gender|Misandry|Sexuality and gender-related prejudices|Discrimination|Sexism|Violence against men |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。