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词条 Telefol language
释义

  1. History

  2. Orthography

  3. Phonology

     Consonants  Vowels  Phonotactics 

  4. Grammar

     Verbal aspect  Counting system  Kinship 

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. Bibliography

  8. External links

{{Infobox language
|name=Telefol
|ethnicity=Telefol people
|states=Papua New Guinea
|region=Sandaun Province, Telefomin District.
|speakers=5,400
|date=1994
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Papuan
|fam1=Trans–New Guinea
|fam2=Central & South New Guinea ?
|fam3=Ok
|fam4=Mountain
|iso3=tlf
|glotto=tele1256
|glottorefname=Telefol
|notice=IPA
}}

Telefol is a language spoken by the Telefol people in Papua New Guinea, notable for possessing a base-27 numeral system.

History

The Iligimin people also spoke Telefol, but they were defeated by the Telefol proper.[1]

Orthography

Telefol alphabet[2]
Phonemicɑ}}ɑɑ}}e}}ee}}i}}ii}}o}}oo}}u}}uu}}b}}d̪}}ɸ}}k}}kʷ}}l}}m}}n̪}}ŋ}}s̪}}t̪}}w}}j}}
Lowercase a aa e e i ii o o u ui b, p d, g f k, g kw l m n ng s t w y
Uppercase A Aa E I Ii O U Uu B D F K Kw M N S T W Y

Single {{angbr|e}} and {{angbr|o}} represent both their single and long vowels, since they rarely contrast.

{{IPA|/b/}} is written {{angbr|p}} pre-consonantally and word-finally.

Single {{IPA|/k/}} is written {{angbr|g}} intervocalically, and {{IPA|/kk/}} is written {{angbr|k}} intervocalically.

{{IPA|/kd/}} and {{IPA|/ŋd/}} are written {{angbr|kg}} and {{angbr|ngg}} (since they're pronounced {{IPA|[ɡ]}} and {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}} respectively).

Initial {{IPA|/ɡ/}} is also written with {{angbr|g}} in loan words, e.g. Got 'God'.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants[2]
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar (Glottal)
Plosive(p) b}}t̪ d̪}}k kʷ (ɡ)}}ʔ}})
Nasalm}}n̪}}ŋ}}
Fricativef}}s̪}}h}})
Approximantw}}j}}
Laterall}}
{{IPA|/ʔ/}} and {{IPA|/h/}} only appear in a few particles and some exclamations. {{IPA|/p/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} only appear in a few loans.
Allophones[3]
Phoneme(s) Condition Allophone
{{IPA|/b/ intervocalic[b~β]}}
syllable-final[pʰ]}}
/k/ intervocalic[ɣ]}}
/l/ intervocalic[ɾ]}}
/kd/ (everywhere)[ɡ]}}
/ŋd/ (everywhere)[ŋɡ]}}

Vowels

Vowels
Front Central Back
Closei iː}}u uː}}
Mide eː}}o oː}}
Openɑ ɑː}}

There are two contrastive phonemic tones in Telefol, high and low. For example, ùlín 'club' vs. úlìn 'planted'.

{{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/eː/}}, {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/oː/}}, are nearly in complementary distribution. Also, single /e/ and /o/ don't occur in one-syllable words or in terminal syllables.

Vowel length only contrasts in initial syllables. However, in initial syllables single {{IPA|/u/}} and {{IPA|/o/}}, and {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/e/}}, don't contrast.

Phonotactics

Syllable structure is {{IPA|(C)V(ː)(C)}}.

{{IPA|/l/}} does not occur word-initially.{{IPA|/ŋ/}} is allowed in medial, but not word-initial, onsets.[4]

Grammar

Telefol is a subject–object–verb language.

Verbal aspect

Telefol has a rich aspectual system.[5] Telefol verbs have "punctiliar" (momentary/completed) and "continuative" stems.[6]

Counting system

Telefol uses a base-27 counting system. This is mapped onto the body by counting each of the following: the left pinky to the left thumb (1-5); the wrist, lower arm, elbow, upper arm, and shoulder (6-10); the side of the neck, ear, and left eye (11-13); the nose (14); and similarly on the right side in reverse order, from the right eye to the right pinky (15-27).[7]

Kinship

Telefol has dyadic kinship terms (terms referring to the relationship two or more people have to each other), which are present in less than 10 languages and not prevalent in Papua New Guinea. However, they are a salient feature of the Ok languages. Related terms are found in Oksapmin, Mian, and Tifal.[8]

See also

  • Ok languages

References

1. ^{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3800/is_200704/ai_n19198593/pg_11/ | work=Human Organization | title=Ironies of Organization: Landowners, Land Registration, and Papua New Guinea's Mining and Petroleum Industry | first=Alex | last=Golub | year=2007}}
2. ^1 Telefol Organised Phonology Data, p. 1.
3. ^Telefol Organized Phonology Data, p. 3.
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://helios.hampshire.edu/~kfCS/papers/flack-prosodic-domain-edges-LSA.pdf |title=Phonotactic restrictions across prosodic domains |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905155646/http://helios.hampshire.edu/~kfCS/papers/flack-prosodic-domain-edges-LSA.pdf |archivedate=2008-09-05 |df= }}, p. 2.
5. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~exponet/mowl/Abstracts/Fedden.pdf. |title= Aspectual stem distinctions in the Mian verb }}{{Dead link|date=December 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 1.
6. ^Foley 1986, p. 146.
7. ^Telefol counting
8. ^The Oksapmin Kinship System {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920071406/http://conferences.arts.usyd.edu.au/program.php?cf=19 |date=2009-09-20 }}, retrieved May 21, 2009.

Bibliography

  • Telefol Organised Phonology Data. [Manuscript] http://www.sil.org/pacific/png/abstract.asp?id=333
  • Healey, Alan. 1964. Telefol phonology. Linguistic Circle of Canberra Publications B, 3. Canberra: Australian National University. 53
  • Healey, Alan. 1974. "A problem of Telefol verb classification." In Richard Loving (ed.), Studies in languages of the Ok family, 167-75. Workpapers in Papua New Guinea Languages, 7. Ukarumpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Telefol Organised Phonology Data. [Manuscript] http://www.sil.org/pacific/png/abstract.asp?id=333
  • {{cite book | first = William A. | last = Foley | authorlink = William A. Foley | year = 1986 | title = The Papuan Languages of New Guinea | location = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 0-521-28621-2 | oclc = 13004531 }}

External links

  • Telefol on globalrecordings.net
  • WALS - Telefol
  • PNG Language Resources: Telefol information
  • Paradisec has a number of collections that include Telefol language materials.
{{Languages of Papua New Guinea}}{{Central and South New Guinea languages}}

3 : Languages of Sandaun Province|Languages of Western Province (Papua New Guinea)|Ok languages
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