词条 | Telugu wedding ceremony |
释义 |
The Telugu Hindu wedding ceremony ({{indic|lang=te| indic=తెలుగు వివాహ వేడుక|trans=Telugu Vivāha Vēḍuka}})[1] is the traditional wedding ceremony of the Telugu people in India. In the 19th century, the ceremony could last up to sixteen days (Padahaaru Rojula Panduga). In modern times, it can last two or more days, depending on the family's financial and social status. The wedding ceremonies depend on the caste of the bride and groom. Each caste has its own customs with the upper castes engaging the Brahmin caste to performing their ceremonies while lower castes engage non Brahmins. The pendli or wedding is considered the strongest of social bonds, and is said to spiritually merge two souls opening the doors to gruhastaashramam (household life).[1] There is a Telugu saying that "Marriage is supposed to be a family union and not an individual formality."" Telugu marriage is sanctified by seven pledges made by the bride and groom and begins when the bride and groom have completed seven revolutions around a sacred fire. Symbolic gestures and rituals surround the ceremony and ensure that the bride and groom are united in the presence of Panchabhutaalu —five essential elements for life, namely: Bhumi (earth), Akaasham (sky), Agni (fire), Neeru (water) and Vaayuvu (air). The ceremony is held under a Kaḷyāṇa Maṇḍapaṃ or wedding pavilion decorated with fresh flowers. The Nādasvaram (also called the Shehnai in North India) is an Indian musical instrument that traditionally accompanies most Telugu weddings. Each element in the ceremony is connected and is given special importance. Historically, the groom would ride an elephant to the bride's home where the wedding is supposed to take place. This practice is called Gajaarohana. Today this tradition is declining.[2] Some marriage ceremonies are held in a temple in the presence of god, but most are conducted outside because of the number of people in attendance. After every ceremony, they serve food to all the guests, which is also the main part of the culture of offering food to anyone who comes on an auspicious day. It is also a tradition to eat ice cream or sweets after dinner because it is considered auspicious. All the rituals conducted throughout the Telugu wedding ceremony hold religious significance. The decorations mostly consist of rich colourful flowers and mango leaves. Families renovate their houses and invite all the guests going to each of their houses by the use of kumkuma (colourful, decorative powder). Pre-wedding customsThe rich and varied cultural heritage of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh of India, is reflected in the ceremonies conducted there. Almost all festivals are celebrated with religious observances, holding supreme importance in the lives of the state's residents.
Snātakaṃ means "graduation" or "Bath Graduate" or "Post graduation". It is usually performed before householder responsibilities are handed over to the groom.[2] Snātakaṃ ritual takes place at the bridegroom’s residence before the muhūrtaṃ. As a part of this custom, the groom is asked to wear a silver thread on his body. The ritual is conducted a few hours prior to the wedding.
Traditionally, after Snātakaṃ, the groom will be eligible for higher studies and eligible to go to Kashi and study further or become Sanyasi. However, as a pre-wedding ceremony, the groom pretends to go to Kashi and says that he has discarded the worldly pleasures (such as marriage, relations and properties) and is no longer interested in leading a family life. He will then be stopped by the brother (cousin) of the bride, who persuades him to assume the responsibility of a household, and they tease each other quite a lot until the groom readily agrees to do it in the end. Wedding customsThe rituals conducted by the Telugu speaking people during the ceremonious occasion of the wedding are different from those conducted in neighboring southern states of India. In Andhra Pradesh, the Telugu people follow their own traditions while conducting a wedding. The bride’s maternal uncle and her brother play a prominent role at the time of her marriage. Unlike other South Indian weddings, the muhūrtaṃ in Telugu weddings do not take place in the morning, but close to midnight. Telugu Brahmins' wedding customs differ from the wedding customs of the other Telugu communities. In addition to the rituals mentioned below, their weddings start with rituals common in South Indian Brahmin weddings like Punyahavachanam, Niśchitārtham, Matrukapujanam, etc. [4]
In this ceremony at the bride and groom's respective houses, all the relatives and well-wishers gather and they smear them with turmeric paste (Nalugu - which is a mixture of flours and turmeric powder) and oils. This is done to cleanse their skin, so that it radiates a natural glow after they bathe. This is where the actual ceremony begins. They are given a new set of clothing to wear and are blessed that everything goes by well in the preparation. The bride is told not to go out of town until the actual wedding ceremony.
As a part ofMadhuparkaṃ ritual, the bride dresses up in a white sari with a red border. The groom wears a white dhoti with a red border. White symbolizes purity and red represents strength.
Maṅgaḷasūtra Dhāraṇa means tying Maṅgaḷasūtraṃ (holy thread). In order to perform the ritual, the partition between the bride and groom is removed. Then the groom ties the two strings of Maṅgaḷasūtraṃ, each with a golden disc, around the bride’s neck. The Maṅgaḷasūtraṃ represents the physical, mental and spiritual union of the couple. In the Telugu wedding, the groom ties three knots of Maṅgaḷasūtraṃ.
Post-wedding customs
After the culmination of the wedding ceremony, the bride is formally taken to the groom’s house. This is called Gr̥hapravēśam of the bride. As she steps into her new home, she is welcomed by the groom’s family members, including his mother and closest relatives. The uniting of Maṅgaḷasūtraṃ takes place after a fortnight. In karanam caste, the consummation takes place depending on tidhi, usually after a gap of one day. Havan puja is performed before the time fixed for physical consummation of the marriage.
Satyam means "truth" and Narayana means "the highest being" so Satyanārāyaṇa means "The highest being who is an embodiment of Truth". The Satyanārāyaṇa Vratam is very popular in Andhra Pradesh India. Satyanārāyaṇa Vratam is performed by bride and groom after Gr̥hapravēśam in the groom's residence. This pūja (ritual) is first mentioned in the Skanda Purana, Reva Kanḍa by Sūta Mahāmuni to the r̥shis in the Naimisharaṇya (ancient forest). The details are part of the Katha ("story") that is usually read after the pūja. The Satyanārāyaṇa pūja/vratam can be performed on any day except on the new moon.
Gr̥uhapravēśam is followed by a ceremony, wherein the Maṅgaḷasūtraṃ is united. As a customary, the Telugu speaking people unite the two Maṅgaḷasūtraṃs (which was tied by the groom around the bride’s neck), on a common thread. This ritual is done sixteen days after the wedding. This ritual can be performed by either the groom or an elderly member of the family. A few black or golden beads are slipped between the two 'plates' of the Maṅgaḷasūtraṃ, so that they do not clash with each other. The unison of Maṅgaḷasūtraṃ signifies the harmony between the two families. After the ceremony is over, the bride takes a bath and wears a new sari. References1. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.telugubhakti.com/telugupages/Misc/Marriage/hms2.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-05-23 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529101705/http://www.telugubhakti.com/telugupages/Misc/Marriage/hms2.htm |archivedate=2013-05-29 |df= }} 2. ^1 https://books.google.com/books?id=HYdAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA219&lpg=PA219&dq=snataka&source=bl&ots=trMpSdK0HW&sig=grIWRIClp0ErGx4aNwTGZvePUv8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=v9mdUbG4FsjmiwLQl4DACA&sqi=2&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=snataka&f=false {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302120429/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYdAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA219&lpg=PA219&dq=snataka&source=bl&ots=trMpSdK0HW&sig=grIWRIClp0ErGx4aNwTGZvePUv8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=v9mdUbG4FsjmiwLQl4DACA&sqi=2&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA |date=2017-03-02 }} 3. ^http://oiss.rice.edu/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=854 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://surasa.net/panigrahanam/panigrahanam.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-05-23 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722164344/http://surasa.net/panigrahanam/panigrahanam.pdf |archivedate=2012-07-22 |df= }} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://weddings.iloveindia.com/telugu-wedding/wedding-rituals.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-10-04 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010042957/http://weddings.iloveindia.com/telugu-wedding/wedding-rituals.html |archivedate=2012-10-10 |df= }} External links
5 : Culture of Andhra Pradesh|Culture of Telangana|Indian wedding|Indian wedding traditions|Marriage in Hinduism |
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