“Misère”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Misère

释义

Misère game
Other uses
See also
References

Misere, misère, bettel, betl, beddl or bettler (French for "destitution"; equivalent terms in other languages include contrabola, devole, pobre) is a bid in various card games, and the player who bids misere undertakes to win no tricks or as few as possible, usually at no trump, in the round to be played. This does not allow sufficient variety to constitute a game in its own right, but it is the basis of such trick-avoidance games as Hearts, and provides an optional contract for most games involving an auction.^[1]

A misere bid usually indicates an extremely poor hand, hence the name. An open or lay down misere, or misere ouvert is a 500 bid where the player is so sure of losing every trick that they undertake to do so with their cards placed face-up on the table. Consequently, 'lay down misere' is Australian gambling slang for a predicted easy victory.

In Skat, the bidding can result in a null game, where the bidder wins only if they lose every trick. (Conversely, the opponents win by forcing the bidder to take a trick.)

The word is first recorded in this sense in the rules for the game "Boston" in the late 18th century.^[2] Cannot be played in 6 hand 500.

Misère game

A misère game or bettel game is a game that is played according to its conventional rules, except that it is "played to lose"; that is, the winner is the one who loses according to the normal game rules. Such games generally have rulesets that normally encourage players to win; for example, most variations of draughts (known as "checkers" in the United States) require players to make a capture move if it is available; thus, in the misère variation, players can force their opponents to take numerous checkers through intentionally "poor" play.

In combinatorial game theory, a misère game is one played according to the "misère play condition"; that is, a player unable to move wins.^[3]^[4] (This is opposed to the "normal play condition" in which a player unable to move loses.) For most games this is the same as the ordinary use of the word, but a very few games are actually misère games according to their standard rules, for example Sylver coinage.

Other uses

The game of Nim is often played using the misère play condition, as in the film Last Year at Marienbad.
Perhaps the only misère combinatorial game played competitively in an organized forum is sprouts.
Lowball is a form of poker in which the lowest-scoring hand wins.

References

1. ^Parlett, David (1996). Oxford Dictionary of card Games, Oxford University Press, pg. 162. {{ISBN|0-19-869173-4}}
2. ^Oxford English Dictionary
3. ^{{cite book | last=Berlekamp | first=Elwyn R. | authorlink=Elwyn Berlekamp |author2=John H. Conway |author3=Richard K. Guy | title=Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays | publisher=Academic Press | year=1982 | isbn=0-12-091102-7}} Revised and reprinted as: {{cite book | author= – | title=Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays (2nd ed.) | publisher=A K Peters Ltd | date=2001–2004 | isbn=1-56881-144-6}}
4. ^{{cite book | last = Conway | first = John Horton | authorlink = John Horton Conway | title = On numbers and games | publisher = Academic Press | year = 1976 | isbn = 0-12-186350-6}}
Revised and reprinted as: {{cite book | last = – | authorlink = John Horton Conway | title = On numbers and games | publisher = A K Peters Ltd | year = 2000 | isbn = 1-56881-127-6}}

4 : Board game gameplay and terminology|Card game terminology|Combinatorial game theory|Trick-avoidance games

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Misère game

Other uses

See also

References